SPECIAL DAYS in our ERICAN ,HERITAGE SPECIAL DAYS in our AMERICAN HERI11\GE
Co~piled by BEULAH CROUCH
Illustrated by WITMER S. HUNT
SARAH FOLSOM, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION • PHOENIX, ARIZONA, OCTOBER, 1966 •• ~-'vv, ,,.,, I lS THE PROPEf\H - NUMBER OF THE: DEPARTMENT OF :l852ef LIBRARYANl)ARCHIVES RECEIVED - ARIZONA MAY 8 1967 STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
Mr. Louis McClennen, President Dr. Taylor Hicks Mr. James F. McNulty, Jr., Vice-President Miss Mary O'Brien Mrs. Sarah Folsom Mrs. Anna Margaret Osborn Miss Jean Hansen Mr. Robert W. Taylor Dr. J. Lawrence Walkup
STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION STAFF
Mrs. Sarah Folsom, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Mr. Ralph Goitia, Assistant State Superintendent of Public Instruction Mr. Charles McDowell, Administrative Assistant Miss Noelle Smith, Information Officer Mr. John Freestone, Director of Certification Mr. Harvey Johns, Director of Civil Defense Dr. Robert L. Pickering, Director of Designing Education for the Future Mr. Harvey Stern, Director of Elementary Education Mr. W. M. Gemmell, Director of Indian Education Mr. Vidal Rivera, Jr., Director of Migrant Programs Mrs. Creta D. Sabine, Director of Research and Finance Mr. Herschel Hooper, Director of Secondary Education Mrs. Mayme Mitchell, Director of School Lunch Mr. Floyd Baribeau, Director of Special Education Mr. Herbert Hackett, Director of Title I, Federal Programs Miss Nina Mahaffey, Director of Title II, Library Dr. E. Roby Leighton, Direc,tor of Title II-B, Adult Education Mr. Ralph Ferguson, Director of Title III, NDEA Dr. Murel Gurr, Director of Title V-A, NDEA Mr. J. R. Cullison, Director of Vocational Education Mr. M. W. Holdship, Director of Vocational Rehabilitation Mr. John Zucq.owski, Director of Western States Small School Project: Ford Foundation l
THE COMMITTEE Ii
Mr. Robert Alley Mrs .. Lucille Haworth Mr.. Wayne Prentice Mr .. Stephen Bargas Mr Herschel Hooper, Vice Chairman Miss Florence Reynolds Mrs .. Beulah Crouch, Compiler and Editor Mrs .. Mary MacCready Mrs. Sue Riddle Mrs .. Christine Dickinson Mr .. Charles Phillips Mr. Fred Rolater Mr. Bert Fireman, Consultant Dr Robert Pickering, Chairman Mr. Harvey Stern, Vice Chairman Mr. John Gilcrease Mr.. R. W .. Taylor
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SARAH FOLSOM, SUl'>ERINTENDE:N"r ~fnte Qfo:.pihrl J~nenilt
Dear Reader:
America means many things to many people. It means a government founded on the proposition that all men are created equal, that they are endowded by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. And it means also a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
Yet, as important as those things are, America means more than that. It means a spirit--a spirit capable of brightening the world with incandescent flashes of hope and courage and faith. Yes, America is both substance and spirit. / Fortunately, contained in the pages of this American Heritage Guide are the substance and spirit, the ideas and ideals, which best personify America. The guide will be an indispensable aid for teachers, and invaluable help to students.
I personally would like to thank the committee members whose tireless efforts made this guide possible. Further, we are all indebted to the many wonderful Arizonans who contributed in so many ways to its preparation.
Sincerely, ~~~ I Sarah Folsom State Superintendent of Public Instruction I
I II CONTENTS
Song of America -·------1 Labor Day ------····-·------·---·-----·- 2 Constitution Week Citizenship Day ---··-·--···-···-··-- 6 Columbus Day ····-·-···-···-··--··-··-·--··· 10 Hallowe'en -·-·····-··-······-·-······--·· 14 United Nations Day --··-·····--·--···--· 16 General Election Day ····-···-···-·--- 20 Veterans Day -·-···- -··-····-·······---- 22 Thanksgiving Day ··-·-·-·············--- 26 Christmas ···-·······--- -········-··-··-·-- 29 New Year's Day··-·-······--·--······_ 32 Arbor Day ·--·····-···-·-·-···-······-····- .34 Lincoln's Birthday -·-···-·-·- -·-····· 38 Admission Day···················-·········· 41 Valentine's Day··--·-···-·-·-···-······-- 50 Brotherhood Week ········-· ······-· 52 Washington's Birthday -··--·-·-·-··· 56 Easter ······················-·······-·-·····-····---· 58 Holidays of Our Neighbors to the South ·-······················· 61 Mother's Day -·····--· -···-······-···- ···-·· 66 Memorial Day ··-·-·-·-····-·-··-·- ··-- 68 Flag Day __ ··-·-··· ············-······· ..... 71 Father's Day ·---··------···-···---···--- 78 Independence Day -···-·-·--··---··-··- 80 Instructional Aids ·-·--······-·---··-·· 86
IV o'fmertca,I • ' J JV ewe.Ji Patriotic Song SINC FOR AMERICA 1966 By CB Products
Patriotic songs have always been a port of history. Their role hos been one of uniting men in their pursuit of a com mon cause and in creating and perpetuating a true feeling of brotherhood
SING FOR AMERICA is such a song in that it wi!! help stimulate all AmeriCons to 'sing' •· 'work' and 'fight' for America This dedicated, American promise will not only strengthen our own Notion, but will ultimately make FREEDOM a reality for al! mankind
Copyrighted 1966 by C.B Products, Scottsdale, Arizona ---fl-. Hymn-like I Al) rights reserved Mode in U S A
Words by Music by Cecil Simpson Betty Simpson Ma.-ny men Mve fought for peace~ hoping I I Moden.tely [ I I
I I I I I I I I - ' I
- M!tn of ev-ery r•ace and cr·eed ALI A-MER-l .. CANS we need to ., i h I I I I
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a tempo
found, and they all Sing for A- m.er-i-ca, Sing fol" A- mer-1.. ca, Work for A- mer-1-ca, Fight for A- ----..-.0 _.'? - /';'I
I - r.-, > ' + --,~_J_ --:---,-- ·~ -· V Wor·k for A- mer-1-ca, Fight for· A- mer--i-ca, lliey•r-e proud of the mer - i- ca, We're proud of the U. s. A. ;;,d when ~ Sing for· A- ,, I I ,7 I I";'\ t:'\ t:'\ . - I r r I 1 'r fi r I I I r r.-,. > I - - . ' I So•let U1S - u. s. A. Sing for A- mer!'i-ca 1 Work for A- . r.-, 1ner•-i-ca, Work fo, A- met-1-ca, F1i
I I I I I I r r repr educed by permission of C-B Products - code 1 entry
A shortened, recorded version of this song for use in primary school classes is * available on Vol. II - Getting A "Headstart'' Through Music. 19 * \ LABOR DAY First Monday in September
arking as it does the end of the summer workday to be twelve hours long, the pay poor, and vacation period, the beginning of autumn, conditions unsafe. and the return to school, Labor Day is a McGuire became active in emerging labor unions. national holiday whose observance is more Eventually he became president of the United Brother widespread than when it began late in the 19th Century. hood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, and was Originally established as a rallying point in the struggle active in the Knights of Labor, a national movement for public acceptance of labor unions, Labor Day now predating the American Federation of Labor An elo does honor to much broader concepts of employment. quent speaker, McGuire persuaded labor organizations The parades, outings, picnics, and speeches of to set aside a day on which to increase public sensitivity labor organizations still are_ a vital part of Labor Day, and respect for all fields of labor .. but no longer is the emphasis solely upon labor union The first Labor Day observance was a parade held activities. The importance of all kinds of employment at Union Square in New York City on September 5, and the interdependence of all workers in a complex 1882, with more than ten thousand participants .. It was society is stressed now.. The day is observed as fully followed by picnics, dancing, and evening fireworks .. and enthusiastically by employers as by their employees Soon afterward the Knights of Labor passed a resolution In providing nearly everybody an extended weekend making it an annual affair.. holiday, the dignity and necessity of labor is highlighted .. Oregon was the first state, in 1887, to make Labor All who labor - whether in factory, field, office or Day a legal holiday .. In 1894, a dozen years after Peter store - are reminded that there is virtue in honest McGuire conceived the idea, Congress set aside the first endeavor. Monday in September as a national holiday "to honor Labor Day had its beginnings at a time in Ameri the wage earners and the industrial spirit of the Nation .." can life when oppressive working conditions were com Since 1894 the observance has grown steadily, but partly mon, and when men of heroic devotion became the away from the original purpose .. The three-day week leaders in organizing workers to seek improvement in end is now the occasion for countless public affairs, their lot races and festivals. Peter McGuire, the tenth child of an Irish-Ameri The Sunday before Labor Day is marked by special can family, was such a leader in the labor movement sermons in many churches .. When his father joined the Union Army during the In the attempt of society to secure satisfying labor Civil War, Peter went to work in a furniture factory and the rewards of labor for all, the observance of Labor in New York City although he was only eleven years Day itself is an important factor .. old. A child helping to support his family, he found the
2 1. Plan and construct with the pupils a bulletin board 7. Invite a custodian, cafeteria worker, nurse, teacher, or showing many of the types of work which they know some other member of the staff or faculty to explain about. Establish separate sections for jobs connected the relationship of his particular job to community life in general with the home, operating the community's business, 8 .. Prepare a bulletin board of occupational alternatives distributing goods, offering services, providing enter facing the class. Project possible new jobs; list quali tainment, etc. fications and educational requirements for jobs shown; 2. Arrange a display of tools representative of the work study charts of possible earnings from different types done by the fathers and mothers of the pupils .. Is a of jobs; consider the leisure or responsibilities of typewriter a tool? A pencil? The steering wheel of various jobs; encourage each student to make a selec a truck? An IBM punch card? tion of three possible work careers for himself and 3. Find out about the kinds of training necessary for the explain these choices jobs studied. 4. Learn about the division of labor by planning the work to be done in the care of the classroom, the WORK home, or some other simple institution. Let me but do my work from day to day, In field or forest, at the desk or loom, 5. Take a short walking trip through the immediate In roaring market-place or tranquil room; neighborhood or a shopping center to see what Let me but find it in my heart to say, When vagrant wishes beckon me astray, workers there are around us. Is the owner of a small "This is my work; my blessing, not my doom; Of all who live, I am the one by whom shop or store-such as a laundry, a shoe repair shop, This work can best be done in the right way." Then shall I .see it not too great, nor small, an ice cream parlor-a person who labors? To suit my spir# and to prove my powers; Then shall I cheerful greet the laboring hours, 6. Role play some of the work of parents, wearing some And cheerful turn, when the long shadows fall article of clothing to help with the transfer of At eventide, to play and love and rest, Because I know for me my work is· be.st. identity .. -Henry van Dyke
Labor Day is a national holiday set aside to honor and give rest to all the working men and women of America. Work can be more than a job; it can be a satisfaction in itself. Good work habits acquired at school influence future plans and success of each individual. We should all have a wholesome respect for work and the laborer; for every currently needed job is necessary and essential for the ,<;,~f,ficient progress of complex society. ,:,;;,The interdependence of all workers, from the unskilled laborer to the top executive, is such that no particular individual can ever completely alienate himself from the joint interests of capital and labor-they succeed or fail together. THE NATION'S FIRST LABOR DAY PARADE i\' E W l' O R K C 1 T Y , S E P T . 5 , 1 8 8 2 From Fran!: Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper of Sept. 16, 1882
4
Ill WORK VIEWPOINTS Work! Thank God for the might of it, Whatever there is of greatness in the United The ardor, the urge, the delight of it, States, or indeed in any other country, is due to Work that springs from the heart's desire, labor. The laborer is the author of all greatness and Setting the brain and the soul on fire - Oh, what is so good as the heat of it, wealth. Without labor there would be no government, And what is so glad as the beat of it, and no leading class, and nothing to preserve. And what is so kind as the stern command, - President Ulysses S. Grant Challenging brain and heart and hand? Work! No man needs sympathy because he has to Thank God for the pride of it, work ... Far and away the best prize that life offers For the beautiful, conquering tide of it, Sweeping the life in its furious flood, is the chance to work hard at work worth doing. Thrilling the arteries, cleansing the blood, - President Theodore Roosevelt Mastering stupor and dull despair, Moving the dreamer to do and dare. The willingness to recognize Labor Day in the Oh, what is so good as the urge of it, United States might be attributed to the strength And what is so glad as the surge of it, of our representative institutions, the spirit of com And what is so strong as the summons deep, Rousing the torpid soul from sleep? promise that prevails, and the dynamic character of Work! our economy, which extends benefits to all who are Thank God for the pace of it, willing to work ... Labor Day has become an integral For the terrible, keen, swift race of it; Fiery steeds in full control, part of the American way of life. It reflects a degree Nostrils a-quiver to greet the goal. of optimism and mutual confidence on the part of Work, the Power that drives behind, all segments of society ... Guiding the purposes, taming the mind, Holding the runaway wishe.s back, - Theodore Saloutos Reining the will to one steady track, Speeding the energies faster, faster, Triumphing over disaster. Forr Study and Discussion Oh, what is so good as the pain of it, And what is so kind as the cruel goad, 1. Why do we have a special day set aside called Forcing u.s on through the rugged road? "Labor Day?" Work! Thank God for the swing of it, 2. Why do we work? For the clamoring, hammering ring of it, 3. What kind of work does your father or mother Passion and labor daily hurled do? Why? On the mighty anvils of the world, Oh, what is so fierce as the flame of it? 4 What kind of work would you like to do? Why? And what i.s so huge as the aim of it? 5 Why do people choose different jobs? Thundering on through dearth and doubt, 6. Why were unions formed originally? What are their Calling the plan of the Maker out. Work, the Titan: Work, the friend: purposes today? Shaping the earth to a glorious end, 7 Why do people join unions or not join them? Draining the swamps and blasting the hills, 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Doing the Spirit wills-• Rending a continent apart' unions? To answer the dream of the Master heart; 9. What are the reasons for having or not having Thank God for a world where none may .shirk unions among such producers of services as teachers, Thank God for the splendor of Work! policemen, firemen, doctors or nurses? -•Angela Morgan 10 What is the role of the worker in capitalistic, social istic, communistic, and fascistic economies? 11. Has American labor supported or undermined the capitalistic system? 12. What are some possible guideposts for the future in the field of labor?
I
,... ,I '<,.,(¥ - ' v I vll-\ l/h,, 11M I ~4 II~~ I -- ,(~fl 5 CITIZENSHIP DAY
September 17 - 24
n September 17, 1787, delegates to the Consti•• distinguished delegates were James Madison, Alexander tutional Convention in Philadelphia proudly Hamilton, and Gouverneur Morris. Credit for author signed their names to a remarkable document ship of a large part of the Constitution has been given -the Constitution of the United States. It to Morris and James Wilson has been termed "the finest expression ever made of the By September 17 the delegates were satisfied that determination of a free people to govern themselves they had produced a fair document. Thirty-nine of the and protect their liberty." forty-two delegates present signed it, some with reser Although the thirteen colonies, comprising some vations, but with the knowledge that the Constitution four million people, had banded together eleven years had to be ratified by nine states before it would become before to fight for independence, they were far from the law of the land. united under the Articles of Confederation which had Delaware, on December 7, 1787, was the first state been their basic law since they separated from England. to ratify, followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, They operated almost as independent nations, and often and Connecticut. Next came Massachusetts, then Mary were jealous of their rights. They had won independence land, South Carolina, an_d New Hampshire.. A new but endured chaos. They were in debt as well. government had been formed. Realizing that the principles expressed in the The original copy of the completed Constitution Declaration of Independence would never be achieved has been kept at the seat of government, first in New under the Articles of Confederation, delegates from fiv~ York City, then in Washington, D C, except for a states proposed that on May 14, 1787, all the states period during the War of 1812 and again during World should send delegates to meet in Independence Hall to War II when it and the Declaration of Independence consider revision of the Articles were placed in hiding. Until 1921 these documents were George Washington, hero of the war, left his farm kept in a vault when at the request of President at Mount Vernon to represent Virginia as its deputy or Warren G.. Harding they were displayed in glass cases delegate. He was chosen presiding officer of the con in the Congressional Library .. In 1952 they were trans vention as it met in closed sessions for nearly five ferred from the Library of Congress to the National months. Archives Building where they are viewed by thousands Acknowledging the weaknesses of the Articles of Americans each year of Confederation, the delegates sweltered through a Constitution Day has now expanded to Constitution hot summer debating, arguing, and compromising on a Week - a week-long observance of this great event and basic law which was to implement the charter of Ameri document September 17 has come to be known as can freedom adopted in the same building on July 4, Citizenship Day, an outgrowth of an observance for 1776. The venerable Benjamin Franklin was the oldest merly held in May under the title of "I Am An Ameri delegate at eighty-two, most being fairly young men, can Citizen Day." This particular day has special signifi many lawyers or large land-owners. Among other cance for naturalized citizens
6 ACTIVITIES 1. Using pictures of historical personalities connected with the Constitution, familiarize the pupils with the story of the writing of the document. 2. Display pictures of the Capitol Buildings, a map of the United States, a copy of the Constitution and pictures of present congressmen from the local area and encourage the pupils to talk about them, or write a composite story about them. 3. Present biographical sketches of persons connected with the beginnings of constitutional government Leave in library as resource material .. 4. Show how the Constitution was the extension of the principles of freedom set forth in the Declara I tion of Independence I 5. Formulate a constitution for the classroom. 6. Make a collage showing different aspects of citizen ship. 7. Recognize examples of misuse of rights based on the specific restrictions listed in the Bill of Rights. 8. Choose a citizen of the week, or in some way recog ~ nize performance of duty 9 Illuminate portions of the constitution by use of simulated press conferences, imaginary trials, mock ~~~~\~-~Ti,--~,,~~:§§§~~~~~~~~~~~~ sessions of congress. » 10. Collect and interpret political cartoons and pictures .. 11 Collect commemorative material to be given to the school library.. 12. Debate current issues involving the Constitution .. 13. Interview or invite to the classroom an elected official to discuss the Constitution or a naturalized citizen to share his experiences in gaining citizenship status.
THE DECLARATION Of IKD~PlMDENCE ••4 CONSTITUTION llt TME UNITED STATES OF AMIRl(A \ ANO TIU( 811L or Rl611TS
7 The Bill of Rights 0789) In the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Consti tution, protection of those "inalienable rights'' asserted so eloquently in the Declaration of Independence, was written in 179 I became a pan of the Constitution. It is inscribed on into the fundamental law of the land.. The document known parchment and is signed by Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, as the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing such precious liberties as Speaker of the House of Representatives, and John Adams, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the Vice President of the United States arid President of the Senate press, is the joint resolution of Congress of September 25, 1789, Faded though the writing be and yellow the parchment, this proposing 12 amendments, only 10 of which were ratified and original document symbolizes the extraordinary personal and civil liberties that are a cherished pan of our American heritage 8 Lent to The Freedom Train by the National Archives VIEWPOINTS For Study and Discussion The American Constitution is the most wonder 1. In what ways was the Constitution a better and ful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man. stronger document of government than the Articles William E. Gladstone of Confederation had been? Great were the hearts and strong the minds, 2. What are the main parts of the Constitution and Of those who framed in high debate, why is each necessary? The immortal league of love that binds 3. What are the qualifications for the pr~sident and Our fair empire, state with state. for senators and representatives? William Cullen Bryant 4 .. Where was the U S. Constitution written? The American people will advance step by step, surely and inevitably, to a realization of their ideals, 5 Why has the U S. Constitution been amended so and nothing whatever will stand in the way in the seldom? course of time of that equality of opportunity and of 6. Is the U S. Constitution more "a set of principles equal rights before the law which the Declaration of and a rule of order" or "instructions in detail" for Independence announced, and which the Constitution governmental operation? Explain. was intended to conserve. Charles Evans Hughes 7. Do you think we should make it eaiser to amend the Constitution? The Constitution deserves the veneration with which the Americans have been accustomed to regard 8.. Discuss the "limitation of power" concept of the it ... it ranks above every other written constitution Constitution .. for the intrinsic excellence of its scheme, its adapta 9 What has happened to the concept of "state's rights" tion to the circumstances of the people, the simplicity, the brevity, and the precision of its language, its versus "centralized authority" of the federal govern judicious mixture of definiteness in principle with its ment in nearly two centuries? ela.sticity in details. 10. What has been the role of the Supreme Court under James Bryce the Articles of the Constitution? The Constitution, of course, is still in force but 11. Relate the Bill of Rights to the Constitution in time, it is a solemn •contract made i'n the name of "We the purpose, and function. What were the primary People" and it is an agreement that should be renewed reasons that caused each of these first ten amend by each generation. John F. Kennedy ments to be written?
RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OF A CITIZEN
I may think as I please I have the right to a prompt trial by jury, if I should be I may speak or write as I please, so long as I do not interfere accused of a crime with the rights of others I may seek justice in the courts where I have equal rights with have the right to vote. By my vote I choose the public others. officers who are really my servants. I have the privilege of sharing in the benefits of many of the have the right to choose my work, to seek any job for natural resources of my country which my experience and ability have fitted me. I may educate my children in free schools .. have the right to try to improve my lot through various I have the right to worship as I think best means I have the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness "
THE DUTIES OF A CITIZEN
It is my duty to obey my country's laws. It is my duty to serve on a jury when called upon. It is my duty to vote, so my government may truly represent It may sometimes become my duty to hold a public office for the will of the people which I am suited, so my government may function It is my duty to keep informed as to the honesty and ability efficiently. of candidates for public office It is my duty to defend my country, if need should arise It is my duty, by my votes and my influence, to correct injustice It is my duty to abide by the will of the majority, to stand It is my duty to pay such taxes as have been devised by repre behind my government, so my nation may be unified in sentatives elected by me, to defray the cost of government time of crisis.
9 he educated men in Columbus' day - with the world in 1521 did people generally accept the fact few exceptions - agreed that the world that the hidden half of the world had been brought to was round.. It remained for Christopher light Columbus, who dared to sail beyond the Azores, Columbus, the son of a Genoa weaver, to by this time had been dead fifteen years. ventureT out into the unknown and uncharted Atlantic Columbus Day was first observed in the United Ocean to extend the knowledge of world geography in States in New York City in 1792 - three centuries 1492 He sailed west seeking a shorter route to Cathay after the famous voyage. The first observance was a (India) , and to the end of his days believed he had private affair arranged by the Columbian Order, which found such a route. held a dinner and erected a temporary statue of Colum His lively curiosity, mixed with a stubborn, bus at their club headquarters .. dogged persistence and faith, overcame all obstacles and The full significance of this day in our national brought him to the shores of a new continent on October life came about on the 400th anniversary of his voyage 12, 1492 We now celebrate this day as Columbus Day, of discovery when the Columbian International Exposi in honor of the Italian who entered the service of Spain, tion was being planned for Chicago. Delays in con and daringly opened the Western Hemisphere to the struction postponed the event until 1893 but Congress sight of men. already had designated Friday, October 12, 1892 as a Even so, not until Magellan actually sailed around national holiday. LUM Colorado celebrated Columbus Day in 1905 and the City of Chicago again in 1906. In 1892 a statue of Columbus had been erected at the southwestern entrance to Central Park in New York City, at a place now known as Columbus Circle. This area was the focal point of a 1909 celebration after the New York Legis lature voted to make Columbus Day a legal holiday in that state. Sixty Italian societies marched up Fifth A venue to Columbus Circle. In the parade were crews of two Italian cruisers that had come to New York f,
-=== ~-- - __:=-- •• ... ·---....-- _ . Harbor for the event. Replicas of the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta sailed up the Hudson River while American warships in the harbor dipped their colors and fired cannon in salute. Still it was not until 1934 that a proclamation issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked for the nationwide observance of Columbus Day. Forty states have made it a legal holiday. Columbus Day also is observed in some parts of Canada, but it is most ardently celebrated in Central and South America, in Italy and in Spain. The celebrations in our own country have grown VIEWPOINTS in variety and in prestige.. Cities from the east coast His discovery was a blunder; his discovery was to the west have presented spectacular programs over a new world; the New World is his monument! the years .. In 1954 a bronze statue of Columbus, a gift Justin Winsor from the city of Genoa, Italy, was dedicated in Colum bus, Ohio. On Columbus Day in 1960 Stanford Uni Columbus had all the spirit of a crusader, and versity dedicated an overseas campus in Florence, Italy. at the same time, the investigating nature of a The day has become one in which the people of the modern man of science. Western Hemisphere join hands in remembering Chris Edmund Arthur Helps tofero Columbo.. The remembrance of Columbus is In all parts of the Old World, as well as the also attested to by the continued use of his name for New, it was evident that Columbus had kindled a streets, cities, and a country. lire in every mariner's heart. That lire was the har binger of a new era. for it was not to be extinguished. CONCEPTS Charles Kendall Adams Columbus' discovery of America, more than any He began in error yet reached a triumph greater other single act of exploration, changed the face that he lived to know. of the known world. W. J. Cameron America's store of gold soon was to make improverished Columbus put the evidence to the test; and Spain one of the world's great empires. the very obstacles which he overcame, by his lofty Although Spain became rich as the result of Colum assurance, in which his enemies could see only the bus' discovery, the explorer died without profiting arrogance of an over-weening vanity, and by his from his enterprise. Furthermore, to his dying day he persistence until his faith had overcome mountains, did not know he had discovered a new hemisphere but raise him above the ranks of common men. thought he had found a better route to India. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1892 Columbus' discovery of the ,New World stimulated Columbus discovered no isle or key so lonely the maritime interests of other coastal nations, and as himself. soon brought England to a new position in world Emerson affairs. He gained a world; he gave that world The Spanish heritage in the Western hemisphere is Its grandest lesson, "On! sail on!" the direct result of the voyage of Columbus and the Joaquin Miller following exploration and settlement of new lands by Spanish conquistadors.
' ~ ...... ,_ - -:-:__~__:_,..• '----•- ACTIVITIES
L Read orally from some of the books about Colum the Spanish tradition. bus, or assist some of the pupils to prepare an oral 14. Correlate with math by putting the dates on the presentation. appropriate bases. 2. Study pictures available and tell some of the events 15. Check some authorities of modern times for their of Columbus' life. opinions on the abilities of Columbus as a navigator .. 3. Talk about any visits pupils may have made to a 16. Discuss the likelihood of Columbus were he living harbor and what they saw. today wanting to become a space navigator .. 4. Use the sketches of the ships for a writing lesson. 17.. Discuss the results of Columbus' taking Indians 5. Use grocery boxes to make the ships .. Draw across to Spain as slaves .. the "stage" with strings .. 18 .. Make a study of the currents and winds with which 6. Role play such scenes as "Talking with the Queen," Columbus dealt as to their influence upon the rate "Leaving the Mainland," "The Mutiny Conver of travel of his fleet sation," "Sighting Land," "The First Christmas in 19. Construct simple compasses. America." 20. Have a spice box for examining various kinds of 7. Dispel these myths through research: Numerous spices. places claim to be the birthplace of Columbus; 21. Participate in a choral reading.. the learned men of Salamanca rejected Columbus' 22 .. Lay out the length of the ships on the school scheme because they did not agree with his theories grounds. about the shape of the earth; Columbus sailed in 23. The sailors adapted the Indian hammocks for old leaky "tubs"; his crews were made up of shipboard use.. Find out what other contributions released murderers and thieves; Columbus was an they received from the Indians. ignorant day-dreaming landsman. 24. Compare a map of the world of Columbus' time 8.. Describe to the class Columbus' feats of dead to a modern map. reckoning performed with the crude instruments 25. Compare the situation of Spain in the world of of his time. Columbus time with that of today. 9. Estimate the number of miles Columbus sailed 26. Carve styrofoam figures for use in dioramas. Smooth during his four voyages .. them with fine-grained sandpaper .. 10. Write a theme on the influence of Columbus' 27. Sketch large pictures of events of Columbus' life .. brothers Bartholomew and Diego. Outline with black crayon or felt tip pen. Oil 11. Show on a map of the Western Hemisphere, those lightly to insure transparency and use in large nations which speak Spanish today. window. 12. Collect pictures of Spanish architecture of early 28. Embed tissue shapes and bits of stone or colored times and today. plastic in liquid resin to make panels, representing 13. Discuss the modern trend of decorating homes in ocean waves and sky .. 1
Christopher Columbus' accurate m~p of the northwest of Hispanola. This region is now Haiti and Dominican Republic ..
12
Ii Letter by Christopher Columbus IC~iffola ~zfffofozf totom:cuf ttas noftra mu?tii t!tbcr: de on the Discovery of America 0493} '.Jnfillie Jodie fupza C8angnn nupcrinuctie•tld quae pcrgrm, On returning from his first .. voyage, Columbus wrote an das ocrauo antta mmfc aufpidie 1 ere inuicrifTcmo~ fcrnsdi 1 official letter to Gabriel Sanchez, crown treasure.r of the King 'bdifabct l>ifpania7jt 'R YOUNG CHRISTOPHER A little boy like you and me Watched the ships sail out to rea, 1 Pretend that you have studied the ocean currents "Some day a sailor I will be and have made maps for others to use in their And sail around the world," said he. voyages. You believe that you can reach India by The people laughed, and made some sailing west on the "Sea of Darkness." How would fun, And many said, "It can't be done." you obtain help for your voyage? He said, "It can." Our land he found. 2 You are on your way to France to try to raise money And proved to all the world is round. for the voyages A messenger tells you that Queen -Lyda B. Brubaker Isabella wishes to see you Would you return or proceed? 3 Storms at sea have depleted your food supply. THE BOY COLUMBUS Sailors want to return home. What would you do? 4 Why was our country not called Columbus? How 11 'Tis a wonderful story," I hear you say, "How he struggled and worked and plead and prayed, did the invention of the printing press affect the And faced every danger undismayed, situation? With a will that would neither break nor bend, 5 What did Columbus hope to do on his first voyage? And discovered a new world' in the end - But what does it teach to a boy of today? 6. What did Columbus mean when he spoke of the All the worlds are discovered, you know of course, Indies' All the rivers are 'traced to their utmost source: 7 What preparation did Columbus have for these There is nothing left for a boy to find, If he had ever so much a mind voyages' To become a discoverer famous: 8. What characteristics did Columbus possess that And if he'd much rather read a book affected his actions? About someone else, And the risks he took, Why nobody, surely, can blame us." 9 In what ways are we indebted to Columbus? So you think all the worlds are discovered now; 10 .. Compare the situation under which the space All the lands have been charted and sailed about, explorers work today with that of Columbus and Their mountains climbed, their secrets found out; his explorations All the seas have been sailed, and their currents known To the uttermost isles the winds have blown 11 What saving in time did Columbus hope to achieve They have carried adventuring prow? by sailing west to India instead of around Africa? Yet there lie all about us new worlds, everywhere, How much distance did he hope to save? That await their discoverer's footfall; spread fair 1.2 What were the immediate changes brought to the Are electrical worlds that no eye has yet seen, And mechanical worlds that lie hidden serene Old World by Columbus's discovery? And await their Columbus securely. 13 What new products did Columbus take back to There are new worlds in Science and new worlds in Art, Spain1 And the boy who will work with his head and his hea1t Will discover his new world surely. 14 How many journeys did Columbus make to the Anonymous New World? 13 nee an event surrounded by superstition and dedicated to mischief, today Hallowe'en is a rollicking play time. In modem American life it has come full circle. While Hallowe' en still retains some of the traditions and trappings of the Middle Ages, this is only symbolism, not the serious concern for ghosts and witches that once was common place More and more each year American children find Hallowe' en is a time to do good and share their bounty with less fortunate children of the world. Trick-or-Treat is now only a phase used on the holiday in jovial visits to neighbors, a greeting instead of a threat. There is a growing movement to dispense with the collection of unwanted goodies on Hallowe' en in favor of the col tion of food, clothing, or money to be sent to other rough UNICEF. lowe'en stems from a mixture of early religious ·nally it was called All Hallow's Eve, be October 31, the eve of All Saints Day. r was shortened to Hallowe'en. the case with our holidays, Hallowe'en g over of a pagan festival and its ristianity. Both the Romans and celebrated an autumn holiday at f the customs of Hallowe'en are rs of past times the Celtic new year's day when nfined in the bodies of lower proceed to the Dmid heaven s, and fairies became representa ·etlirned for the evening. became associated with Hallowe' - s and beliefs .. The jack-o' -lantern at a stingy Irishman named Jack m the earth until Judgment Day, nee the holiday came at the harvest made a convenient lantern. arity of telling fortunes might have Celtic new year, since the first day of considered a proper time to foretell the squerading probably came from the merry s in English parades and the guizarts in Scot ' who dressed in queer costumes and went about chanting rhymes Bobbing for apples and other Hallowe'en games were played as long ago as the time of Queen Elizabeth, when Hallowe'en saw shops close for parties and parades. The origin of Trick-or-Treat has a precedent in the processions of Muck Olla in Ireland .. Young men went from house to house receiving contributions of produce from farmers to help secure prosperity in the new year ahead. 14 • CONCEPTS Realization that ancient rituals and customs have left their mark on modern festivities, adding inter esting contrast and color to this holiday which has changed its meaning with the passage of centuries. Once a serious harvest and religious festival clothed in superstition, Hallowe'en has become a time for harmless fun and merrymaking. There is a difference between harmless fun and harmful pranks .. The opportunity that is offered American children at ACTIVITIES this festival to share our material blessings through L Fasten two small foil pie tins together with needle the collection of funds (or goods) to aid less-for and yarn and just before the last few stitches put tunate children in other lands is a helpful and a little gravel inside for a noisemaker healthful practice. 2 Make a friendly ghost by using a small cotton ball, or a soft rubber ball for the head, covered with a sheet of tissue and tied with a ribbon for the body Swishers made from strips of corrugated cardboard will help a group of small children keep the ghost in the air. 3 Use a large paper bag lightly stuffed with news paper for the body and a smaller bag for the head of a mobile witch. Staple on twisted paper arms, and a peaked hat. Use crepe paper for a cape .. Paint as desired. Insert a small broom in the bottom of the sack Suspend from the ceiling. 4. Encouraging the children to make masks from large paper sacks of some one they would like to be may help some with their self-image 5. Create music for these or similar words: Oo-00-00, 'tis the night of Hallowe'en. Oo-00-00, when the goblins may be seen Helping you along the street As you knock for trick or'. treat - HALLOWE'EN SCARE Oo-00-0 On Hallowe'en my friends and I 6. Decorate for a party with wildly colored witches Dre15 up in frightening clothes. riding in modern rockets, fiercely painted racers, or We each put on a funny face, imaginative modes of travel With an e-nor-mou.5 no5e. 7 Use geometric shaped scraps of paper to create We 1· ing our neighbors' door bell5, Hollowe'en figures And they get an awful fright To see 5uch 5cary creatures 8. Staple one half of a small paper plate to a whole Standing there at night.1 plate for a hand puppet Cover the front with - Charlotte Yoder Cutler pumpkin or other faces .. Children ~ay carry on conversations with the puppets or use them in songs. 9 Shape faces out of clothes hangers covered with NIGHT OF MYSTERY nylon stockings or tissue and decorate for mobiles Mystic night of 5plendor 10. Upper grades may supervise UNICEF "trick or Beneath a golden moon, treat" efforts for their own and for primary grades lVith many gay surpri5e5 11 Make spiced cider for the party.. Put one gallon That disappear too .won. of apple cider in a large granite pan .. Add 1 cup Giant jack-a-lanterns brown sugar, 12 whole cloves, 12 whole allspice Smile frnm every pane, And happy little goblins and four or five sticks of cinnamon. Heat very March boldly down the lane. slowly, remove and serve steaming hot. - La Verne P. Larson 15 I E I October 24 ctober 24 has been designated as a day to call attention to the United Nations in its continuing efforts to achieve world peace The idea of a United Nations was advanced by President Franklin D Roosevelt during the darkest days of World War II. On New Year's Day of 1942 he, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Foreign Min ister Maxim litvinov of the Soviet Union, and President T V Soong of the Chinese Republic signed the United Na tions Declaration, a document which pledged these nations and twenty-two others to work together to end World War II and guarantee everlasting peace. President Roosevelt's death left to President Harry Truman the herculean task of establishing a world organization to quench the angry postwar animosities and prevent a new war. The failure of the league of Nations provided an ex• ample of mistakes to be avoided. A meeting of the four major powers was called at Washington in the autumn of 1944, at which a preliminary out· line was drafted, becoming the basis of a charter issued from a conference of fifty nations convened at San Francisco in April 194 5 as the war in Europe drew close to an end and victory in the Pacific seemed assured. The Charter of the United Nations established an international body measurably stronger than the old League of Nations. But it had the same basic defect of giving each of the five nations on the Security Council the United States, Britain, Russia, China, and France-a veto on every decision. The United Nations was stronger than the league of Nations in providing for the collective use of force against aggression. The Security Council could recom• mend to the General Assembly to sever diplomatic relations, or to apply economic sanctions, or to bear arms against an aggressor The United Nations established a separate com· mission, UNESCO, to help backward or impoverished nations, possibly the most effective arm of the U N. In 1947 the General Assembly adopted a resolu tion establishing October 24 as United Nations Day, marking the anniversary of the day in 1945 on which irma.jorsi~y of the signatory nations had ratified the U N Charter Tffe,.Jl S. Senate ratified the Charter by a vote of 89 to 2 on .fuJy 28, 194~~,o:s,;,;:;,:/ .:#~, ',, o\;, The first ses$iQn of Jf!-g''t; N was h~lhin London on January 10, ·19415'.''~The next year the or~,;;i}~:?;S!?n moved into temporary headquarters at lake ,Sticcess 8h Long Island.. Construction thereafter began on the United Nations Center beside the East River at the foot of East 43rd Street in New York City, with completion Ill in 1950 making that striking complex of buildings the 111111 111111 center of a world effort to maintain peace 111111 lllfll 1111 ACTIVITIES L Make United Nations scrapbooks which might in 8 Make a U N. flag from cloth or paper, or draw one clude some or all of the following: on the chalkboard, using blue and white chalk Dis a .. Biographies of outstanding personalities con cuss the meaning of the flag's emblem nected with United Nations, with their pictures 9 .. Write a class letter, requesting materials for class b Charts showing the organization of the UN room use, to the United Nations, Department of c Current events clippings about the activities of Public Information, New York, New York; and to the UN the American Association for the United Nations, d Maps showing locations of member nations. 45 E 65th St, New York, New York 10023 e. Thumbnail descriptions of the specialized agencies 10. Cook from some of the recipes of foreign nations 2. Listen to radio broadcasts of United Nations meet found in the United Nations Cookbook. ings or to news about the United Nations .. 1 L Compile arguments on both sides of the question 3 Organize the class into a "United Nations" with as to whether the United Nations has enough each group doing research on its functions and re authority to accomplish its purposes, or whether it porting to the class. has too much authority for the good of the member 4. Make a detailed study of the United Nations Chart nations. er and compare it with the Constitution of the 12 Prepare and give reports on the work of some of United States. the UN.'s specialized agencies. 5. Invite speakers who have traveled or lived in other 13 Compare the work of local health agencies with countries to address the class on problems of other that of the World Health Organization; local labor peoples. organizations with the International Labor Organi 6. Have an "Art Show" of original posters on U N zation; local courts with the International Court topics, or of art from other lands. of Justice 7 Listen to or play music of other countries such as 14. Discuss some of the problems currently being con the national anthems, folk songs, and works of sidered by the U N General Assembly or Security representative composers. Council. Nations as well as families and communities need a chance to talk over thE?ir problems: in the simplest language this is the mission of the United Notions, to keep lines of communication open. Although the United Nations hos not been successful in all its endeavors, it is the most effective and universal meeting ground on which the notions of the world con discuss com mon problems and, hopefully, resolve conflicts without resorting to armed conflicts. The United Notions has mode progress in the fields of health, education, eco nomics, and human welfare, and has hod some success in avoiding large scale warfare. 15 On a world map or globe, pinpoint the spots where CHORAL READING the U N.. has helped ease dangerous simations, Unison Prayer for the United Nations leading with string or thread to labels explaining God of the measureless universe Creator of men's con- what happened there and when science to Thee in this our fervent prayer for peace, we lift our voices in unison. 16. Give reports on the progress being made in the We , .. people of every faith .. of every creed .... Trust Territories administered under U N super join together pleading for truth, justice and charity vision. among men We pray for Thy omnipotent aid in this hour of 17.. List and analyse criticisms of and arguments for imperiled civilization That Thou shalt cast out forever from human thought that theU N flaming intolerance which makes for war and breeds bloody 18. Compare one's responsibility as a citizen of a demo aggression . cratic country with one's responsibilities as a citizen That the advocates of war shall beat their swords into of the world plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. 19. Draw on the chalkboard a time-line for all the We pray to Thee for the restoration of concord and amity among all the peoples of the earth , .... international peace efforts that can be found to the That all persons recognize the liberty due religion, and for present time. the renewal of the way of life that is fruitful and of great and 20. Make puppets to depict dramatically important good works. events in the U N.'s history.. This, 0 Lord, is our fervent prayer, and this is our mingled tribute to Thy everlasting mercy. 21.. Read about and report on other examples of inter -AMEN national friendship and cooperation: The Interna (This prayer, written by famed producer John Golden, tional Red Cross, Peace Bridge, Statute of Liberty, received in 1951 the approval of Bishop Charles K.. Gilbert, then President of the Protestant Council of the City of New Christ of the Andes, etc York; Robbi Simon G Kramer, President of the Synagogue 22 Participate where possible in the annual model Council of America; and His Eminence Francis Cardinal Spellman, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese United Nations program held at and sponsored by of New York) the University of Arizona (Distributed by the American Association for the United Nations, 345 East 46th Street, New York 17, N Y) 18 Ii (COURTESY OF FATHER FOX, BOURGADE H S ) Model UN Assembly held on U of A Campus While the security factor in the United The Purposes of the United Nations Are:* Nations has been emphasized by many, the departments which emphasize development are To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to working effectively The need for these segments the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches has been underscored in the recent concept of of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity alternative service,, From the negative and nar with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settle row notion of defense our' leaders may move ment of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach toward the point that the decisive security of the peace; factor is not military hardware but the devel 2 To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the opment of other nations, principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take "In a modernizing society, security means the other appropriate measures to strengthen univer'sal peace; development , , without development there can 3 To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of be no security0 Alternative, nonmilitary service, economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and "would underscore what our whole purpose is encouraging respect for, human rights and for fundamental freedoms for anywhere in the world where coercion, or all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or' religion; and injustice, or lack of decent opportunity still 4 To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment holds sway It would make meaningful the of these common ends central concept of security: a world of decency *United States Department of State, Article I, Charter of the United Nations and development,_ where every man can feel Together with the Statute of the International Court of Justice, (Publication 2353 Conference Series 74) that his personal horizon is rimmed with hope 0 _, Robert McNamara For Study and Discussion 1 Where does the United Nations meet? 5 What languages are spoken in the U N, sessions? 2 Give a biographical sketch of our chief delegate to How are the language difficulties overcome? the United Nations 6 How is the United Nations financed? Who decides ) Upon what is membership m the United Nations based' the amount and the purposes for which it is spent? 4 What is symbolized by the design of the United 7. What purposes are served through the thirteen Nations flag? When and how is it displayed? specialized agencies under the United Nations? 19 GENERAL ELECTION DAY Tuesday Following the first Monday in November ince 1845 the Tuesday following the first Monday In Arizona, where the closed primary is used, in November of years divisible by four has been to vote in the primary a citizen must register as a party General Election Day in the United States. At member and may vote only for members of that party this time American citizens vote for candidates for in the primary. Persons unwilling to make a party President and Vice President of the United States and choice may register as non-partisan, but cannot vote in for members of the United, States Congress Most of the primary .. When changing address, name ( in the case the states use this same date for local elections as well of a woman), or party, a citizen must re-register. Failure Arizona holds a general election every even num to vote in primary or general elections may also require bered year, at which time we elect state and county re-registration before the next election. When a voter elective officers, members of the state legislature, and knows he will be away from home or unable to go to precinct committeemen In Arizona some county of the voting place because of illness or other cause, he may ficials have two-year terms, while others have four-year obtain and mail an absentee ballot terms Eight weeks before each Arizona general election, Eligibility for voting varies from state to state. the state holds its primary elections, which fall on a In Arizona the requirements are U S. citizenship, active Tuesday between September 7 and 13 registration, the age of 21 or over, and residence in In American voting procedure the primary elec the state one year and in the county and precinct 30 tion is composed of separate nominating contests within days. In bond elections there may be the additional individual parties. Candidates for each office thus are requirement that the voter be a taxpayer or property chosen by members of their own party to oppose each owner. other in the general election, which is the contest be Since the United States has a republican form tween parties for final election .. A few states hold nom of government, ( sometimes called a representative de inating conventions rather than primary elections mocracy), the individual does not vote on each issue Special elections for school trustees, school and that comes before legislative bodies, nor does he have a city bond issues, and city councilmen usually are held direct voice in decisions made by executive officers, such at other times. as the President, governor, or mayor 20 ACTIVITIES VIEWPOINTS 1. Conduct a mock election in the school on the same Those who expect to reap the blessings of free basis as it is done in the community in which the dom, must, like men, undergo the fatigue of sup pupils live. If the community does use a voting porting it. machine, try to examine and experiment with one .. - Thomas Paine 2 .. Try to find out the percentages of voters in any Act as if the whole election depended upon your given election which would be meaningful to the class .. That is, if it would be meaningful, find out the single vote, and as if the whole Parliament (and percentage of people who voted in Arizona in a therein the whole nation) on that single person whom particular election.. Make suitable comparisons, with you now choose to be a member of it. other states, with a similar group in another country, - John Wesley or with Arizona voters in other elections In a free country, every man thinks he has a 3 Debate the following issue: concern in all public matters; that he has a right to Our American system of elections is truly democratic. form and a right to deliver an opinion upon them. 4.. Primary grades may elect officers for their room in They sift, examine and discuss them. They are curious, whatever manner is best suited to the classroom. eager, attentive, and jealous; and by making such matters the daily subjects of their thoughts and dis coveries, vast numbers contract a very tolerable For Study and Discussion knowledge of them, and some a very considerable one. And this it is that fills free countries with men 1. What are the requirements for voting privileges? of ability in all stations. What is our present possible voting population? - Edmund Burke 2. How can we distinguish a democracy? a republic? a representative democracy? a democratic republic? The very essence of a free government consists 3 Under majority rule, what are the obligations of in considering public offices as public trusts, bestowed minorities? for the good of the country, and not for the benefit 4 How does a primary election differ from a general of an individual or party. election? - John C. Calhoun 5 What factors are prerequisite to successful govern It is the common fate of the indolent to see their ment in our country? rights become a prey to the active. The condition 6 Why do the developing countries have difficulty in upon which God hath given liberty to a man is eternal establishing government by the people? vigilance ... 7 How valid are these statements? "My vote doesn't - John Curran count .." 'Tm not interested." "I don't like to use that voting machine." "There are so many people I don't know whose names are on the ballot." Theyt all have an axe to grind .." 'Tm not sure I'm eligible .. " 8. What are the values of the two-party system? ~f~iii~!ii1;~1tf ~tj{ ::. ·P,.;;Z1;r:',~.: govemmerJ,~ith a11,~,ets nof specificaUy ,granted being reserve~ · pr r:etained,b,y,,the peqpl~·•themselv~s, •.·: · · · ··· · CONCEPTS •¢itizens'5~~edtk11;~l~d~eif tlte" pro~ediJre of. nomiriCJfilfQ elet:ting pyb,lic ~ffici~(~;".: :, ·• · ·· · · · ·· · ' · 'An" iildiii4ii';i1s'8bli~qtf~n[io .his goverririiJ11t do not ~nd ballof~9f·•··· :'./t --~.::::l -·- ··:_]:>· ·-• ;_'.i: -, 21 November 11 VET eterans Day is an occasion for honoring United States veterans of all branches of military serv ice .. It is also a time for Americans everywhere V to rededicate themselves to the cause of peace for which these veterans sacrificed. Originally known as Armistice Day it commemorated the cease-fire which brought World War I to an end November 11, 1918. On June 1, 1954, President Eisenhower signed a bill, introduced by Representative Rees of Kansas, which changed the name to Veterans Day The focal point of the November 11 observance has long been Arlington National Cemetery .. It's 420 acr-es established in 1864, are located on the gently rolling Virginia hills overlooking the Nation's Capital across the Potomac River. This cemetery holds the remains of more than 126,000 men and women who gave their lives serving their nation in uniform or as statesmen The stately and majestic Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was completed on April 9, 1932 It is made of Colorado marble and is decorated with various symbolic figures. The Tomb is guarded 24 hours a day by spe cially selected soldiers of the US Army's 1st Battalion (Reinforced), 3rd Infantry ( The Old Guard), Fort Meyer, Virginia.. Sentinals relieve one another during a simple but impressive guard-changing ceremony every hour on the hour .. The Unknown Soldier was selected on October 24, 1921 An unknown American soldier of World War I was exhumed from each of the American cemeteries in France .. They were placed in identical caskets and assembled at Chalons sur Mame. Sergeant Edward F. Younger; US .. Army, carrying a spray of white roses entered the room where the four unmarked flag-draped caskets were resting After walking slowly around the caskets three times he seemed drawn to the second one where he placed the flowers. The three remaining un- 22 known Americans were then returned to the Meuse Scouts, Campfire Girls, and other organizations, includ Argonne Cemetery The body of the Unknown Soldier ing elementary schools at times.. Patriotic music and a was brought home on the cruiser Olympia, reaching speech by a respected local person or a visiting high Washington DC. on November 9. The body lay in ranking officer of the armed forces are often a part of state until November 11, when it was lowered into the the day's program. tomb at Arlington. In 1958 two other unidentified war The emphasis at these community ceremonies is dead, one killed in World War II, and one in Korea, one of honor to all veterans, living as well as dead, who were similarly selected and interred beside the World have served our nation in uniform. People are reminded War I soldier. that it is the responsibility of the individual citizen to On each November 11, just before 11:00 am, a serve national interest when governmental policy and combined honor guard, representing all branches of the the commander--in-chief call for military vigilance or military, presents arms at the Tomb of the Unknown action.. Attention is drawn to the fact that the chief Soldier. The nation's tribute to its war dead is sym task of service personnel is to prevent war with military bolized by the laying of a Presidential Wreath. A bugler preparedness, and that while the devotion of the United blows "Taps" and the ceremony is concluded by a brief States to the cause of peace is uppermost there is also address in the open-air marble amphitheater. As a part the determination to be ready to defend principles of of the Veterans Day National Committee's "People to American life and our secmity. People" salute to the war dead, six flaming torches, Many junior high school classes plan programs at symbolic of the veterans of the free world, are given a school, since it correlates well with their intensive study place of honor on the rostrum. In the 1960 ceremonies of American History .. Numerous essays are written on Belgium presented a torch that had been lighted in patriotic themes and class produced slide and sound Antwerp as a "symbol of the timeless effort for peace." shows are popular and call attention not only to the Nearly every community across the United States services which are a part of the past, but also to those observes this day with some kind of appropriate cere of the present such as the exploration of outer space, monies. Often these are sponsored by the local veterans the sea, and unknown land areas, and the present em organizations.. There may be a parade in which the phasis upon physical fitness. members of the American Legion and the Veterans of Congress has signified this day as "expressive of Foreign Wars participate. Marching units may also om gratitude for peace and our desire for the contin-• represent the RO.TC, the high school band, the Boy uance of friendly relations with all other peoples." " * * * The difficulties of building enforceable world law are great, but the hazards of a world without enforceable law are greater. We have heard all the reasons why it cannot be done, but we know it must be done." -From summary of World Congress of World Federalists VIEWPOINTS We keep a vigil of peace around the world. Veterans Day is our annual renewal of our Until the world knows no aggressors, until the arms pledge of unending indebtedness to the great host of of tyranny have been laid down, until freedom has Americans who have been called to stand between risen up in every land, we shall maintain our vigil to the homeland and its enemies. make sure our sons who died on foreign fields shall If we have been disillusioned by the failure of not have died in vain. the first Armistice Day to fulfill its place in history -Lyndon B.Johnson as the end of all war, we still live in hope that the Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human objective of permanent peace will some day be qualities because it is the quality that guarantees all achieved, with faith that the ultimate destiny of man others. kind will thus be served. --:-Sir Winston Churchill •-Newspaper Editorial What we suggest for the theme of this day of We loose our freedoms by default, simply be- commemoration is the long, slow and endless task of cause we take them for granted. strengthening justice and right in the world. -General Albert Wedemeyer -Editorial, New York Herald Tribune 23 CONCEPTS \ Veterans Day is a time when we honor all who .have served our country in uniform. We deplore the necessity .for further sacrifice ancl our country expends c.ontinuous effort to bring about peace in the world. Each individual may find ways of contributing to the peace, welfare and security of our country. All the branches of service work at .the problems of peace~keeping in many ways besides actual combat. By working for peace, by practicing and promoting international understanding we honor those who died .that we might live in a peaceful land. ACTIVITIES L Discuss who veterans are and why we have a day 14. Prepare suitable assembly programs, using English to honor them. List questions raised by pupils' in and music departments as well as social studies terests on chalkboard Have one or more veterans classes. visit the classroom, in uniform if possible. Have 15. Economics classes may discuss costs and compen them tell what they did in service and point out sations and ways in which we recognize our obli the differences in the branches of service .. Some of gations to veterans. the responsibilities and privileges of their branch 16. Find out who some of the veterans are who have of service may be noted. Follow with a question graduated from the local school and answer period, using the chalkboard questions 17. Do some research concerning the service men from as guidelines. Arizona who have received the Medal of Honor: 2 Make a mural of the Veterans Day Parade which Sgt. Achesay, Indian Scouts the children may see or have seen. Pfc Sylvestre S. Herrera, 36th Inf. Div 3.. Make a collection of poems, songs, quotations Sgt Jim, Indian Scouts which were written during the period of wars in 2nd. Lt .. Frank Luke Jr .. , 1st Pur.. GP, Air Service which our country has engaged. Cpl. Isaiah Mays, 24th US .. Inf. (Fort Grant) 4. Recite in costume some of the classic speeches1 Cpl. John H. Pruitt, 2nd. Div .. USMC written during the armed conflicts in which our Sgt Rowdy, Co. A, Indian Scouts country has engaged. Sgt. Max Thompson, 1st Inf. Div.. (Prescott) 5. Read portions of Drinkwater's Abraham Lincoln Bernard J. D. Erwin, Ass't Surgeon orally. Pk Wm C Barnes, Signal Corp US. Army 6. Write a theme on "What Veterans Day Means 18. Sing songs of the branches of service. to Me .. " 19 Review flag etiquette. 7.. Find out what memorial days are observed in some :20. Use the Flander's Field poppy as a symbol m an other countries and why they are observed art lesson 9 Obtain from the war office of the Defense Secretary 21. Fill some needs of veterans in local hospitals. the number of American veterans buried in foreign 22 Read some of the writings of correspondents such soil and the location of the cemeteries as those of Ernie Pyle 10.. Display dolls representing the various branches of 23 Find out about the ways in which the branches of service. service assist in some projects for civilian use, 11. Do some research and composition for a reenact such as building dams and bridges, perfecting radar, ment of the signing of the Armistice of 1918 making advancements in electronics, aviation, en 12. Prepare a bulletin board with the material repre gineering and photography. senting the branches of the Armed Services .. 24. Find out about how women have served as nurses, 13. Discuss some ways in which we are protected by x-ray technicians, control-tower operators and in the armed services offices 24 Songs of the Armed Forces AIR FORCE HYMN THE MARINES' HYMN Lord, guard and guide the men who fly From the Halls of Montezuma Thro' the great spaces of the sky; To the shores of Tripoli; Be with them traversing the air We fight our country's battles In dark'ning storms or sunshine fair. In the air, on land and sea; Aloft in solitudes of space First to fight for right and freedom Uphold them with Thy saving grace. And to keep our honor clean, Oh, God protect the men that fly We are proud to claim the title Thro' lonely ways beneath the sky. Of United States Marines. Mary C. Hamilton Anonymous ANCHORS AWEIGH U.S. NA VY SONG THE CAISSONS GO ROLLING ALONG Through our last night on shore U.S. ARMY SONG Hail to the foam until we meet once more Here's wishing you a happy voyage home. Over hill, over dale, Heave a-ho there sailor, everybody get up We have hit the dusty trail, while you may, And those caissons go rolling along. Heave a-ho there sailor, for you're gonna sail at "Counter march!" "Right about!" break of day, Hear those wagon soldiers shout Heave away, heave away for you sail at While those caiuons go rolling along. break of day. (Chorus) (Chorus) For it's Hi! Hi! Hee! in the Field Artillery, Anchors aweigh, my boys, Call off your numbers loud and strong; Anchors aweigh; And where'er we go, Farewell to college joys, You will always know We sail at break of day, day, day, day. That the caissons are rolling along. Alfred H. Miles Edmund L. Gruber THE AMERICAN'S CREED WHAT AMERICA MEANS TO ME I believe in the United States of America I love to live in America. I love it for its freedom and as a government of the people, by the peo for its forests, mountains, barren lands and plains. I like ple, for the people; whose just powers are its warm summer weather and the cold of winter. derived from the consent of the governed; I may go anywhere I please, but now I am not quite a democracy in a republic; a sovereign na old enough to do so. tion of many .sovereign states; a perfect My father fought in World War II. He was wounded on union, one and inseparable; established up Saipan, and he lost a leg on Okinawa. He can't do many on those principles of freedom, equality, 1 of the things that I can, and he doesn't talk much about jmtice, and humanity for which American the war. He received the Purple Heart with a leaf, a Vic patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. tory Medal and a Bronze star. I'm proud of my father, I therefore believe it is my duty to my very proud, because he helped win for America. country to love it; to support its constitu I love America, it is like heaven on earth. I have fun tion; to obey its laws; to respect its flag; doing many things because I live in America. We are free and to defend it again.st all enemies. to do almost anything that we want to do. -William Tyler Page --Stan W ollersten, Seventh Grade For Study and Discussion 1. When and why was Armistice Day first proclaimed? 6 How do the branches of service protect and assist 2. When and why was the change in the name of this our country during peace time? holiday made? 7 In what ways does our country show respect to 3 In what manner is the Unknown Soldier honored veterans through national benefit programs? each year at Arlington? 8. What educational advances have been achieved by 4 .. In what ways may we contribute to the local Vet the branches of service which have been of value erans Day service? to the public schools? 5 What obligations can people of school age assume 9. What is meant by "preservation of fundamental for the peace, welfare and security of our country? principles of freedom?" 25 a tvtng Fourth Thursday m November hanksgiving is probably the most American and Governor Bradford, following a custom practiced the least changed of the holidays we celebrate. in one way or another for many centuries, declared that As the name implies, it is a day for giving December 13, 1621, should be set aside as a day of f thanks for our blessings .. Some Americans cele feasting and expressing gratitude for their harvest brate by attending special church services and for many 1 Squanto was sent to invite Chief Massasoit to the feast. it is largely a day of home-coming, a time for renew The chief came with ninety of his braves .. ing family ties and strengthening feelings of kinship The Indians brought deer meat and helped the Thanksgiving is also a time for sharing.. The first Pilgrims gather oysters. The Pilgrims furnished turkeys, Thanksgiving Day set a pattern for this and today few partridges, geese and ducks from the woods .. Along with families sit down to a sumptuous dinner without first this game they served clams, eels, various kinds of fish having given to those who would not have such a meal. and baked goods such as Indian pudding and hoe cake The first American Thanksgiving was celebrated Such was the first American Thanksgiving Day.. during the second winter that the Plymouth colonists Mrs. Sarah Joseph Hale, editor of a magazine, spent in New England .. The first winter had held many Godey's Lady's Book, did more than anyone to promote hardships for them and forty-three of the 103 persons a national day of Thanksgiving. For forty years she had died .. Only five of the eighteen women and five of wrote editorials, sent letters to presidents, governors, and the children remained alive.. In the spring, under the other influential persons and gave countless speeches direction of Squanto, an Indian who lived with them, urging the adoption of a special day for giving thanks the Pilgrims had planted corn, having obtained the seed Her last editorial on the subject was printed in Septem from a cache they found earlier .. They also planted ber, 1863. On Oct. 3, of that year, in the midst of the grain and peas. The sun dried up the peas, but the Civil War, President Lincoln issued the first national corn and grain •promised food for the winter so that Thanksgiving Proclamation setting apart the last Thurs in the fall the weekly ration of one peck of meal was day in November as the day to be observed. Congress augmented by one peck of corn per person. changed this date to the fourth Thursday 26 ACTIVITIES 1.. Show by drawings differences in early and present com How did they prepare it for eating' modes of celebrating Thanksgiving. 13 Make a feeder for the bird's Thanksgiving .. 2. Make tagboard animals that are usually associated 14 .. Draw a still life of fruits with crayons .. Wash with with Thanksgiving, cut on a double fold so that black watercolor. they will stand. 15. Make some Thanksgiving treat in the classroom 3. Make decorative centerpieces for the cafeteria such as pop com made with maple syrup, or pump tables. Then make Indian and Pilgrim headdresses kin pie. Integrate science, mathematics, etc. and wear them to lunch. Serve popcorn with the 16. Make individual pictures comparing today's cook reading of the book Pilgrim Thankrgiving, by ing processes with those of early times. Wilma Pritchard Hays .. 17. Using road maps find where the children might 4. Put up a large paper cornucopia and let the chil vacation in order to see the Pilgrims' landing place dren fill it with fruit and vegetable cut-outs .. 18. Invite a foreign studnt or a newcomer to the com 5. Use large illustrations drawn by the pupils and dis munity to visit school. Help them to feel at home played one after another on an easel while singing in the community. "Over the River .. " 19 Develop class letters from the Pilgrims to England 6. Develop a creative rhythm sequence of planting and telling of Thanksgiving harvesting com. 20. Write an article on Indian corn, its history and 7.. Write stories starting with "I am thankful for." development to the present. 8. Write a "thank you" letter to someone, such as 21 Find out which tribes of Indians lived near the the author of a favorite book Pilgrims .. What is their situation today? 9. Plan ways of being helpful at home during the 22. Find out which historical spots in Arizona would Thanksgiving holiday. compare in age with Plymouth Rock 10 Learn how to set the table correctly and attractively 23 Find out about the Hebrew autumn Feast of the for Thanksgiving dinner. Tabernacles. 1 L Make a bulletin board showing where the dinner 24. A Thanksgiving mobile can be made by cutting items come from Thanksgiving figures from construction paper and 12. Find out how Indians planted, fertilized and stored balancing them on sticks at different levels. AT THANKSGIVING (k-c) A candle, a kettle, a cup and a chair, A curhion, a kitten with calico hair, A clock, and a curtain, a churn with itr cover, A comb, and fat cookies with currantr all over; A can full of kernelr of golden popcorn, A keg of curled rhavingr to kindle at morn-- With all of these comforts at hand, don!t you ree How pleasant a visit to Grandma can be;; Runa B. Ruhle VIEWPOINTS TODAY I AM THANKFUL When a wise man of old declared, "It is a good For the courage of our forefatherr who, through great thing to give thanks," he meant it is a saving thing, hardrhip, ertablished a new nation on this continent. a restorative thing, an invigorating and fortifying For the faith of our forefathers who, after a winter of much ruffering, set aside a special day to give thanks to and nourishing thing - the sense of thankfulness. Almighty God for life and daily food. W. J. Cameron For the faith, the hope, the courage, and the racrifice of those who rustained and strengthened thir Nation Give thanks, 0 heart, for the high souls through the years by building on the foundationr of liberty That point us to the deathless goals - and justice laid down by our forefatherr For the chance once again to work for peace through a victory bought at so great a price Souls that have***** built our faith in man, For the sure, but terrible, knowledge that if we once And lit the ages as they ran. again lose the peace, then we are unworthy of the price Edwin Markham paid for victory. For the understanding wirdom throuih which we may Let us be thankful, then, for all the right come to know that we must rhare with all nation.i and choices we make when we have to choose; for all the peoples the liberty and justice which we desire for our selves. unseen influences that help us to choose right; for For home, rchools and churches which are the rtrength whatever withholds us, or diverts from a course that of our Nation. is not our true course; for any denial of apparent For good teachers, good mothers and fatherr and, above all, for good children who are the hope of our Nation. advantage or present ease which constrains us toward For kindness one to another, for love and fri~ndship the fulfillment of a nobler destiny. which are the rpirit of our Nation. Edward Sanford Martin For all that is good and clean and beautiful, and for the strength to work for those thingr, I am thankful Dr .. Harold W. Smith, Glendale, Arizona There was no recorded Thanksgiving the second By the early 1700's the Thanksgiving feast North and winter but this proclamation was issued the third winter. South was becoming a high family festival.. Menus grew to elaborate proportions.. The baking of pies and cakes aloite TO ALL YE PILGRIMS often required the better part of a week Inasmuch as the great Father has given us this year an abundant harvest of Indian corn, wheat, A menu used on Thanksgiving Day 1863 included: beans, squashes, and garden vegetables, and has made Cranberry Juice forests to abound with game, and the sea with fish Roast Turkey with Dressing Cranberry Sauce and clams, and inasmuch as He has protected us from Sweet Potatoes Creamed Onions Sauash Pumpkin Pie Plum Pudding Mince Pie the ravages of the savages, has spared us from pesti•• Milk Coffee lence and disease, has granted us freedom to worship God according to the dictates of our own conscience; For Study and Discussion now, /, your magistrate, do proclaim that all ye Pil grims with your wives and little ones, do gather at ye 1. What are some differences in our ways of living meeting house, on ye hill, between the hours of 9 and and those of the Pilgrims for which we can be 12 in the day time, on Thursday, November ye 29th thankful? of the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and 2. What ways of celebrating Thanksgiving today are twenty-three, and the third year since ye Pilgrims similar to those used by the Pilgrims? landed on ye Pilgrim Rock, there to listen to ye pastor, 3 Why is the Mayflower Compact frequently referred and render thanksgiving to ye almighty God for all to as the first New World democratic document? His blessings. 4. By what various ways will you express thanks this William Bradford Thanksgiving? Ye Governor of ye Colony 28 e bells on earth shall ring n Christmas day, on Christmas day; II the bells on earth shall ring On Christmas day in the morning. hristmas, or the Feast of the Nativity, is the annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ. The second chapter of the book of Luke in the New Testament tells of the journey of Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem to pay their family taxes and of the birth of the Christ Child. ~ ~~~ '-,_ The church of Rome assigned December 25 as the day for this ~ ''\ celebration about 350 AD. The Eastern Church °"~ '---~ ~ observes January 6. At about this time of year the Romans .~ ~'--..'. ~\'\·~~ celebrated the Saturnalia, the Jews celebrated the feast ""'-"' ~~ ~\1 '\._~ ~ ' \~ of Hanukkah and the people of northern Europe held ~~"" "' the festival of the Yule. Some of the customs centering around this time ~ ' ' of year were adapted to the Christian celebration of the Nativity. ~ The Puritans did not favor celebrations and in this country enthusiasm for the observance of Christmas was revived in the nineteenth century by German and Irish immigrants. Our celebration of this event has become a combination of holiday customs from all over the world. There will be re-enactment of the shepherds and the wisemen visiting the Christ child. Special music and drama will be presented. Telcasts of plays old and new and carols and songs fill the air. Decorations range from luminaries and lighted streets, to the tree on the lawn of the White House in Washington. The giving of gifts, found in many cultures for many purposes is especially evident at this time. Street caroling, religious services, family reunions, and festive Christmas meals have become part of the Christmas season. The events of Christmas have inspired some of the world's most beautiful music, art and literature, especially those of a sacred nature 29 If you were to visit Bethlehem at Christmas you duct services in different parts of the church. Except might participat~ in the dramatic observances of the for a break at three o'clock in the afternoon, these serv season. On December 25, Catholics, some Orthodox ices continue through the night Through all this time Christians, and various protestant churches hold lengthy the people are standing, there being no pews in the and impressive services in the Church of the Nativity church, and have eaten no food on this day of fasting January 6, the various language groups of the About 2: 00 a .. m. on Christmas morning travelers Orthodox Church observe Christmas. Their dramatic from Beth-Sahoor, which in the Aramaic language means reenactment of the events surrounding the birth of the "Field of the Shepherds," arrive inquiring after the Christ child begins early the day before, when their child which was to be born in Bethlehem At 4:00 a.m patriarch, bishops of each language group, government the patriarch and bishops go beneath the altar of the officials and visitors gather in Jerusalem to begin the church into the cave which is said to be the stable in parade to Bethlehem Automobiles are used for the first which the child was born After thirty or forty minutes part of the twelve mile trek At a point outside Bethle the patriarch dramatically returns to the people an hem multitudes of people including visitors from all nouncing the birth of the Christ-child. Immediately the over the world await the arrival of these dignitaries. people burst into cries or tears of joy.. The priests and From there, led by several bands, they walk into the their assistants followed by the people and singing in city of Bethlehem and directly to the Church of the unison form a slow procession through the cave. For Nativity .. It is about 11: 00 a.m by this time. the rest of the day the people celebrate with prayers, The patriarch and the bishops simultaneously con- family feasts and visiting with friends Many early cultures had some type of tree worship The Yule log originated among the tribes of The legend of the Christmas tree that comes from Ger northern Europe as part of the celebration of the winter many is that when Winifred of England found the solstice. It was a widespread European custom The log pagans of northern Europe worshipping at an Oak tree was selected on Candlemas Day and stored to dry during he cut it down and pointed out a small fir tree as the the summer. On Christmas eve the Yule log was dragged holy tree of the Christ child, and thus introduced them into the house and kindled with the unburned parts of to Christianity. The evergreen is a symbol of eternal last year's log which had been saved for that purpose life.. The tree was used in the early German mystery The use of candles in celebrations may be a rem-· plays and later in the home where it was decorated with nant of sun worship. Hanukkah is known as the "Feast cookies, fruit and candles. The custom spread to other of Lights" and at Christmas they may symbolize Christ European countries and was brought to this country by as the "light of the world .. " The four Sundays of Advent immigrants. Our country began the custom of lighted may be marked with candle lighting, and candle light trees in public places Today Christmas trees may be 1 services are held in churches on Christmas eve evergreens, or they may be made from almost any material, and often form the center of the decorations for the season. The use of evergreens in wreaths and in other ways may have some beginnings in the use of laurel, other greens and flowers used in the processions and in the homes during the Roman Saturnalis observance. Mistle roe was believed by the British Druids tO have miracu lous powers. The Romans held it as a symbol of peace and declared that when enemies met under it they could discard their arms and declare a truce.. Holly was also believed to be endowed with unusual powers One legend says that Christ's crown of thorns was made of holly and from this began the cusrom of making Christmas wreaths. The poinsettia is known as the "flower of the Holy Night" in Central America. It was called to general attention by Joel Poinsett, our ambassador to Mexico in 1828. It has several legendary origins 30 1. What local customs do we have for the celebration 3. Compare an Arizona setting with the original setting of Christmas? Are any of them unique to our com of Christmas. muity? 4 .. What organizations and institutions could we assist 2 What are the backgrounds from which some of the as individuals and as classl'ooms at Christmas? special celebrations in Arizona have grown, for ex 5 What can we plan to do during the holidays which ample those held by the Yaqui Indians? wiII assist in our home and family life? 1. Make composite pictures or stories to present to shears and stitching together. Paste in pictures which school custodians, librarians or other personnel children wiII enjoy. Hospitals can burn these when whom the little children feel are important to their soiled .. school life. 15. Make scrapbooks of cartoons and jokes for shut-ins. 2. Write Christmas letters to those in hospitals or 16. Collect magazines for the county jail or other places homes, or small children can send drawings where no provision for reading matter is made 3. Suggest a composite poem using such beginnings as 17 Make alphabet or building blocks for children out "Christmas smells like, Christmas feels like, Christ of scraps in the woodshop .. Rub down smo6thly and mas sounds like, Christmas tastes like, Christmas immerse in vegetable dye. Stencil on the letters. looks like," or other themes. The spools from large sizes of thread could also be 4. Foliow the reading of Christmas stories with creative used These could then be packed in the string play. vegetable bags that could be collected. 5 .. Present to the class the meanings of the various 18. Make jig-saw puzzles for rest homes and hospitals Christmas symbols and something about their origin 19 Adopt a needy family and provide their Christmas 6.. Invite a foreign born person or a person who has turkey traveled to help with the study of Christmas in 20 Tell stories or play games with those in chi]drens' other lands. homes. 9 Contribute to the Give-a-Doll or the Dress a Living 21. Package books to send to Latin American schools DoII projects, or other seasonal cause by having the and libraries .. class unite to raise money, or have a homeroom 22 .. Learn Christmas carols in other languages project. 23 Design original Christmas seals and paper. 10. Decorate a tree with cards from each homeroom 24 Set up a chreche or other symbol.. Use as art lesson and send it to a Veterans hospital. for Christmas cards. 11. Homerooms can cooperate by giving a Christmas 25. Study some of the world's great Christmas art party for children of "less chance" or deprived areas. 1 26. Have a play written and produced by students born 12 Repair toys for needy children in December .. 13. Make tray decorations for hospitals. 27. Allow time for creative writing about Christmas 14. Make books for small children by cutting scraps of Encourage hymn writing smooth cotton material into page sizes with pinking 28 Make a book of Christmas recipes to give Let children make a chimney from a large card baking or decorating cookies, making change, work board carton.. One side can be open so that they can assignments. play going in and out of it Middle graders can pretend a visit to a children's hospital 01 to older people. They may represent chil Help the children to have a shop. A toy shop or dren from other lands The Italian child brings a a bakeshop are favorites. They wiII learn many mean Presepio and a Pannetone .. The German children bring ingful terms if they rent the corner, issue money, a tree decorated with wrapped cookies and candy, bring toys to sell for the day, and keep accounts. They and the French child a cake and some mistletoe. A learn to save for a toy they want to play with. Such yule log could be carried in by some English children terms as producer, consumer, goods and services are and other characters can represent their country as the better understood. A Christmas bake shop may have children plan. As they enter each might use the the same results.. Both of them involve construction, Christmas greeting in the language of the country oral and written English, role playing, telephone usage, he represents 31 New Year's Day is the oldest and most generally who called and to serve a supper in the evening. While celebrated holiday Even primitive people have some this is still done, it is also common for people to go way of marking the new year and people of all nations out to some public celebration of New Year's Eve where observe the day within their own traditions. there is much gaiety, music and noise .. Equally common As far back as 3000 B.C the Babylonian New Year is the practice of going to church to attend Watch festival was celebrated at the time of the spring equinox Night services. These begin at eleven o'clock, often con The ancient Egyptians used the overflowing of the Nile ducted by candlelight There will be music and a special and later the atumnal equinox as the time of the New meditation accenting the significance of the occasion. Year The time of the winter solstice was used in some Then the church bells "ring out the old and ring in European countries. The root idea seems to have been the new" at twelve o'clock the revival of the sun's strength There are two famous parades on New Year's Day In 46 B.C Julius Caesar reformed an erratic lunar The colorful Mummer's parade is held in Philadelphia, calendar and moved New Year's Day to January 1. This and the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena, California calendar however, had discrepancies which were altered Football games are played in stadiums throughout the when Pope Gregory introduced a new calendar in 1582. I country during the day In the early years of our country it was the practice of some people to hold "open house" on New Year's Many people plan how they may have a successful Day and to serve refreshments during the day to all new year and make a list of resolutions to guide them. I January 1 32 I. Count the months and note their division into class which appeared during the year. weeks. 14. Review the year by naming news events and the 2. Note other divisions of time such as day, night, people who were newsworthy. hours, minutes, seconds. 15 Do "crystal gazing" or make prognostications about 3 Name the seasons, and act out the drama of the the events of the new year. earth in the solar system 16. Choose the ten best articles from their news maga 4 Introduce a globe with the tilted axis. zines of the past year. 5. Introduce the way in which centuries are named. 17 Start a personal record of reading library books. 6 Have pupils make new resolutions for classroom 18. In a "March of Time" program show how time pas living been measured by man. 7 Make new individual resolutions concerning the 19 Find out from the new yearbooks some patents improvement of work at school. which were issued in the past year. 8. Introduce or review the reasons for the spring and 20. Make a local ~who's who" for the past year. fall equinox and the summer and winter solstice .. 21. A clock club or good time club features a poster 9 Include discussions of the heat and cold lag, time announcing its advent with embellishments of a sun lag in beginning of longer days, solar time and dial, water clocks, and a picture of Big Ben, and clock time. issuing cardboard watches to members. A new book 10 Study the happenings that took place in each of the read and reported advances the individual's time twenty-four time zones of New Year's Day, includ clock five minutes and the classroom clock one ing the type of observances. minute.. Groups may have contests by having as 11. "Interview" the Egyptian scientist who helped ar many colored hands as groups. The contest is in range the Julian calendar .. seeing which group can strike twelve first by report 12. Have the "old year" engage in lamentations con ing on sixty worthwhile books. cerning the items which he had been unable to 22. Find out details about the various New Year's day achieve, and call to the "stage" eminent persons who celebrations which are not held on January 1. did achieve 23. Prepare papers on the astronomers of the Mayas, the 13. Make a list of the new books of interest to the Aztec calendar stone, or the sun dial of the Incas. a scuss I. What influences have led to the observance of New 4. In what countries 1s the Moslem calendar used Year's Day? today? 2 How does the observance of the new year vary in 5 What reforms are suggested by the Thirteen Month time and in custom? Calendar and by the World Calendar? What are the 3 Compare by a time line the astronomical observations obstacles to reform? of the Sumerians and Mayans.. How were the develop 6. In what ways has calendar building been related to ments of these astronomers used by other early tribes the religious rites of various ancient peoples? of people? 33 ARBOR DAY The Friday following February 1 or The Friday following April 1 rbor Day provides an opportunity for planting trees or shrubs, helping to make the earth a more wholesome and beautiful place in which to live .. It was first formally observed in Nebraska. J. Sterling Morton had grown up in Michigan where there were beautiful A forests .. In 1854, after college, he began working in the newspaper business in Detroit. The next year he came to work on a newspaper in the newly created Nebraska territory.. He bought 160 acres of land at twenty-five cents an acre near Fort Kearney .. There were some cottonwoods and scrub oaks, but he and his wife missed the trees to which they were accustomed. Although Morton was busy in his business and in public life, both local and national, he imported many trees, finding those that would survive in the dry climate with its hot winds .. He taught the great values of tree planting, not only for their beauty but for windbreaks and for conserving soil moisture. He suggested the idea of setting aside one day each year for tree planting.. On the first Arbor Day, April 10, 1872, more than a million trees were planted. The Nebraska date was later changed to April 22, Morton's birthday. A later home of the Morton family at Nebraska City is now a state park, called Arbor 16dge.. On the grounds which overlook the Missouri River, trees have been planted representing every state in the union .. Many persons have been active in promoting the desirability of planting trees. Dr. Birdsey Grant Northrup of Connecticut was one of the very first to direct attention to such a project. He was the founder and organizer of village improvement associations .. He traveled in this country and in Europe advocating the planting of trees. When Theodore Roosevelt was president, he made the conservation of our natural resources one of his principal aims and added over 125,000,000 acres to our national forests.. Gifford Pinchot, at one time governor of Pennsylvania, and an enthusiastic pioneer in the work of pre serving the forests of the nation, served as chief of the U. S.. Forest Service under Roosevelt and carried out the program of planned conservation of our forests. The importance of forestry and the reforestation of waste lands was impressed upon the people through the schools and the press, and gradually Arbor Day came to be observed in all of the states. In some states the date is fixed by law and in others by proclamation. Arbor Day is also observed in Canada, Great Britain, Africa and Japan. In ancient times, the Aztec Indians and more recently the people of Palestine planted a tree for each child. Children in Israel now plant trees on the festival of the New Year. 1. What is the meaning of palo verde? the work of John Muir and others interested in trees .. 2. What laws do we have against littering our forests? 12 What is the economic value of Arizona trees? the 3 What kinds of trees grow best in our locality? cost of our tree services? Which of these are native? 13. What percent of Arizona forests are nationally 4. What is the purpose of tree farms? Does Arizona owned? have any? 14. How are tree seeds distributed? 5. Where does Arizona have experimental services with 15. How does a tree pump water? Feed itself? - 16. How and why do leaves change color? trees? 6.. Make a depth study of the earth's forested regions .. 17. How are saguaro blossoms used by the Indians? 7. Can we plan and construct a nature walk near to 18. What uses have been found for desert plants? the school? 19. What purposes are served by the Boyce Thompson 8. What laws have been passed in Arizona concerning Southwestern Arboretum? the forests? How are our trees protected? 20. Locate the state and national parks in Arizona, the 9. Plan carefully the questions to ask an expert from botanical gardens and other such areas and discuss the Forest Service. the values they serve. 10 .. Work with proper authorities to increase commu 21 What adaptations have been made so that the nity participation in Arbor Day activities.. Plan Joshua tree, the mesquite, the saguaro, the ironwood, procedures carefully the palo verde and others thrive on the desert? 11. Share with others the results of research concerning The oaks and the pines, and their brethren of the woods have seen so many suns rise and set, so many seasons come and go, and so many generations pass into silence, that we may well wonder what "the story of the trees" would be to us if they had tongues to tell it, or we had ears fine enough to understand. •- Anonymous The groves were God's first temples. Arbor Day is observed by planting, protecting and - William Cullen Bryant preserving trees and shrubs. Trees are used for construction, windbreaks, beautification, shade, bird What does he plant who plants a tree? sanctuaries, and for conservation of other natural He plants the friend of sun and sky. resources. A nation's growth from sea to sea The Palo Verde tree, deriving its name from the Stirs in his heart who plants a tree. Spanish meaning "green stick" or "green pole" is - Henry Cuyler Bunner the Arizona state tree. We are the Trees, The new things people learn about trees and their Our dark and leafy glade uses influence changes in homes, neighborhoods, in Bands the bright earth with softer mysteries. dustry and ways of making a living. Beneath us changed and tamed the seasons run; Governmental agencies, such as forest services, were In burning zones, we build against the sun Long centuries of shade. developed by man to promote his welfare. They are -Mary Co/borne-Vee/ paid for through taxes, gifts, fees. Property in National Forests is leased to private citi The young should plant trees in recognition zens, usually for a nominal fee. of the obligation they owe to those who planted trees for them. The old should plant trees to illustrate There are state problems in providing enough forest their hope for the future, and their concern for those areas for recreation for the increasing population, a who are to come after them. probleni of limited resources and increasing needs, -J. Wilson of scarcity rather than abundance. UNUSUAL TREES OF ARIZONA Arizona has some of the most unusual trees m SAGUARO America. T hi.s patriarch The Joshua tree, related to the palms, another of desert trees, Weathered by wind, product of the desert, has been called the "ugliest tree of centuries, in the world." It grows to a height of 20 to 30 feet. Impervious Its trunk and branches are covered with a heavy shaggy to drought and sun, Houie.1 the hawk bark The Joshua produces lovely ivory-white blossoms and owl as one as if to say to the world "I can't be all bad .. " Lends lean shadow The Mesquite, abundant in the Ariana desert, to creeping thing,, But itandi aloof produces a vast quantity of pods which, when green, In the way of kings. are good fodder for cattle. The leaves are divided into - Betty Isler paired leaflets and the nectar of the greenish-yellow flower is a source of honey. A fast growing, hardy tree, mesquite spreads like wildfire, killing grass as it goes. TREE PLANTING The Eucalyptus, a native of Australia, has been transplanted in Arizona.. A big eucalyptus looks some Dig a hole both deep and wide, Make it crumbly looie iniide, thing like an immense, fluffy cone of cotton candy. Place the rootlets so they hide Its leaves, long and thin like the willows, are very From each other. Give them space aromatic. The branches droop down and the bark is To .spread and grow at their base. constantly peeling. Next to the sequoia and douglas Then tamp the loose soil into place. fir, the eucalyptus which often grows to 200 feet high Let cool water slowly ffow On the surface, sink below. is one of the tallest trees that grows in America .. Get ready, now, to watch it grow. Last but not least, the State tree, known as the Upward the tree trunk will ascend, Palo Verde tree which is notable for its green bark and Outward the branches stretch and bend, And downward itrong root., will descend. apparent absence of leaves throughout most of the year.. The name Palo Verde is Spanish in origin and - Lillie D. Chaffin means green pole or stick. In April, May or June depending on the elevation these trees burst forth in masses of glistening yellow flowers - making the Palo Verde a show piece of the desert 21 Visit construction work in process, find out what uses of wood are being made. L Gather information about the Palo Verde, the Ari 22. Make an overlay transparency, showing the parts of zona state tree, and assemble for the school. a tree. 2. Make carbon paper impressions of leaves by laying 23 Try grafting, practicing under direction. leaf on carbon paper vein side down. Cover, press 24. Create some verse, using Tree.s are for the first words with warm iron. by blackened leaf on paper, cover, of each line .. press. 25 Make a booklet giving the history of some of these 3. Use sawdust and wheat paste for modeling fruit or other trees: 4. Draw "watercolor over crayon" tree designs and Avery Oak Lafayette Sycamore make tempera scenes of seasonal trees by dipping A Sovereign Cypress Lombardy Poplar small piece of sponge in tempera. Black Walnut Tree Louisa May Alcott Elm 5 Use a large branch for a holiday tree in the class Charter Oak Lincoln Memorial Hackberry room, hanging on it the leaves for children's birth Council Oak Mother of America Tree days and the holidays, changing monthly. Famous Weeping Birch Penn Treaty Elm 6.. Make end papers or other decorations with leaf Friendship Elm Road to Remembrance prints made by pressing a leaf on a stamp pad, vein General Sherman Tree Washington Grandchild Elm side down Place on paper, cover with clean news paper, rub. 7 Mount blue print paper on cardboard .. Lay leaf on WHEN WE PLANT A TREE paper, cover with glass, expose 50 counts in sun What do we plant when we plant a tree? light, hold under running water, blot dry with paper We plant a home that is to be- toweL A ship to sail aero!! the sea- 8. Preserve leaves by soaking the bruised stems in one A desk, a chair, a book maybe- These we plant when we plant a tree. part glycerin and two parts water or by bathing the What do we plant when we plant a tree? leaves in the solution .. Twist on wire stems wrapped Beauty and joy for all to .see- with crepe paper A home for birds to bide a wee 9 Create slogans for tree preservation, correlating with Grateful .shade for you and me conservation unit These we plant when we plant a tree. -Warren P. Landers 10. Construct a class poster showing stages of growth of trees, structure of trees and leaves, shapes and kinds of trees. ABOUT A TREE 11 Display kinds of tree leaves and wood, giving uses Here is a tree so tall and strong. of wood and products of trees other than wood. ( Rest elbowi on table. Hold forearm! upright close together.) 12. Study or memorize some of the songs and poems It took a long time to grow. about trees and write others; or write floor talks ( Indicate a "long time" by itretching armi wide.) Patches of sunshine come through its boughs or plays. Use wooden spoons for making pupp~ts And shine on the ground below 13 Plan and execute with administrative approval, ( Make circle with thumb and index finger of each hand. school grounds beautifiqi.tion, including a "School Move handi here and there as though directing runlight to area! on the ground.) Pride Day." The leaves of the tree stir in the breeze, 14, Design original postage stamp suitable for Arbor (Resume tree poiition of arm!, Wave fingen for "leaver".) Day. The trunk bends in a "blow " ( Bend armr reprerenting tree trunk as though hit by a gale.) 15 Find out about current legislation affecting trees, or Squirrels leap from limb to limb write some needed legislation ( Keep left arm and hand ai the tree. Uie fingen of right hand 16. High School service clubs may assist primary classes for "squirreli " Make them "leap" on the left fingers.) While birds fly high and low in Arbor Day observance, naming a tree for a local, ( Make a bird with each hand-three middle fingers together, ,. ,~ esteemed person. thumbr and little finger! f/,apping like wingr "Fly high and 17 Learn to identify Arizona's trees through study trips, low.") I like to climb from branch to branch, locally or to a national Forest. ( Ure arms and hands in a kind of upward crawl movement ) 18. Provide research materials on the Arizona wood and Or sit in a leafy nook, paper industries. ( Arch armi overhead to reprerent the "nook.") Listen to the story of Johnny Appleseed And watch the birds and squi1rels play, 19 ( Show birds fiying and squirrels climbing or leaping.) 20. Have a community carpenter talk to the class, While seeming to read a book showing blueprints .. ( Hold imaginary book in both hands.) 37 LINCOLN'S BIRTHD FEBRUARY 12 Daniel Cheiter French designed and made the model for this statue of the reated Lincoln. It represents Lincoln as the War Presi dent. T-he statue from head to foot ir 19 feet high. r-·~c~- he first bational celebrat' of Lincoln's birthday was held in the Capitol in ry 12, 1866, less 1 than a · • • assinati~Ja,~daition,~0-.memofil&-Of-b.GJ;h,,,~O , ~~•,.J;;IJJi'ident Andrew TJohns and his cabine~ the Supreme Court Justices, the diplomatic corps, ar and naval ofli ers, and many other citize at~ended. On tis same day the Lincoln Association which had been fo ed in Atlantic C ty, New Jersey, observed the nmversary. 1/J In 18 Hannibal Ha~Jn of Maine, who was Vice President during Lincoln's rst term, urged½in an address to the Linc n Club of New~ork, that the day be made a national holiday. The n year the legisl ure of Illinois i l'I' . did make tlf day a legal hoflay. In later years other states followed that example · j The yfar 1909 was thezj,bne hundredth anniversary of Lincoln's birth Elaborate elebrations wer held in New York, Chica}o, Boston, and ~Jttsburgh. The day was observed at the battlefield of ttys burg, and i cities as Low on, Berlin, Pari~ and Rio de Janeiro. In our own country New Orleans irm:ingham, Li risburg, .v•.eral~ties=~~~mmemorar.ed-rhe_da¥,Jl1e-grea~st ~rh to the e ll.e/4l..m,~g~~l:i~~~~tQ~J:}1L~"~uw--x,w--==- ,, . a a no an a ear o rormal schoolin ,he read all the books and at he became successful in law and politics. :z untry well during the Civil War .. In his pursuit of justice and fre om for all he iss ed the famo ~- test traits were humilit honest sin rit friendlin d his ability to study and improve himself. He believed he had been elected to execute the will of the people. A fitting tribute to Abraham Lincoln has been the designation, through a nation-wide, inter-faith, inter-denomi national effort, of the Sunday before Lincoln's Birthday as Race Relations Sunday. 38 CONCEPTS Lincoln's background from a humble pioneer home helped him to have a deep understanding of the common people of his time. Lincoln's desire to learn led him to make personal sacrifices in order to study, improve his knowledge and skills, and to speak well in public. Lincoln exemplified tolerance and patience in dealing with any problem. Lincoln's attitude in victory typified his empathy and wisdom and was expressed in part in his second inaugural address in the fervent plea "to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations." For Study and Discussion 1. What qualities are most respected in national heros with the difficulties encountered by Lincoln? of our country? 5 Find examples of Lincoln's philosophy concerning 2 .. Which of these qualities are reflected in lincoln's government in his writings and speeches. leadership? 6 Try to obtain for your library as many items as you 3 Lincoln is known as "Honest Abe" Give examples can which other classes could use in their future of his conduct which earned this designation. Share research studies on the life of Lincoln.. In so doing this anecdotal material with other grades .. study and discuss the ways in which historians have 4. What difficulties does a modern national leader have worked to discover the many authentic documents in communicating with the people? Contrast these now available to scholars ACTIVITIES 1. Try to illustrate the words loyalty, integrity, and patriotism by choosing acts from Lincoln's life, or by reading his statements which might help to explain how these words become meaningful through the life of a great person. 2. Read to the children or help them to read portion/of Lincoln's biographies which will illuminate some of the ways in which he worked hard to educate himself. 3 By film or flat picture or other means, help the pupils visualize pioneer conditions of Lincoln's early life .. 4. Using some props, such as articles of clothing, present the Gettysburg address as a dramatic reading. 5. Read from Drinkwater's play "Abrahilffi Lincoln .. " h 6.. Make a panorama depicting events of Lincoln's life. 7. Arrange an interest center or exhibit of items in use - at the time of Lincoln's life. t,·'-::::.=\,:--=----C:-.:0- ~,;Jr 8. Visit local museums to see more of the artifacts and . ----C-!D~ depicted ways of life of Lincoln's time. - 1[t,,,/iJ -}:)l;'}.,':1~ 9. Lincoln often said "The best way to deal with an enemy is to make a friend of him" Try to think creatively about this statement, allowing the pupils ____.,..,_~ to discuss all the sides of it that they are capable - -~- of doing. 39 r• ! VIEWPOINTS ' Lincoln loved the truth for truth's sake. He To know him personally was to love and respect r would not argue from a false premise; or be deceived him for his great qualities of heart and head, and for himself, or deceive others, by a false conclusion. He his patience and patriotism. did not seek to say merely the thing which was best - Ulysses S. Grant for that day's debate, but the thing which would stand the test of time and square itself with eternal justice. He held his place - - James G. Blaine Held the long purpose like a growing tree - Held on through blame and faltered not at If you look at his portraits they always give you praise. an indelible impression of his great height. So does - Edwin Mark/am his life. Height of purpose, height of ideal, height of cha;acter, height of intelligence. The important thing today is not what we say -· David Lloyd George of Lincoln but what Lincoln would say of us if he were here in this hour and could note the drift and tendency No political theory stands out from his words or in American life and American politics. actions; but they show a most unusual sense of the - Steven Samuel Wise possible dignity of common men and common things .. - Lord Charnwood He is tall, slender, and angular. His face is sharp, large featured, and unprepossessing. His eyes In his freedom from passion and bitterness; are deepset, under heavy eyebrows; his forehead is in his acute sense of justice; in his courageous faith high and retreating, and his hair dark and heavy.. In in the right, and his inextinguishable hatred of wrong; repose, I must confess that "Long Abe's" appearance in his warm and heartfelt sympathy and mercy; in his is not comely. But stir him up and the fire of his coolness of judgment; in his unquestioned rectitude genius plays on every feature. His eyes glow and of intention - in a word, in his ability to lift himself sparkle, every lineament, now so ill-formed, grows for his country's sake above all mere partisanship, ilJ brilliant and expressive, and you have before you a all the marked traits of his character combined, he man of rare power and magnetic influence. He takes has had no parallel since Washington, and while our the people every time, and there is no getting away republic endures he will live with him in the grateful from his good sense, his unaffected sincerity, and the hearts of his grateful countrymen. unceasing play of his good humor, which accompanies - Schuyler Colfax, his close logic and smooths the way to conviction .. He was one of the few great rulers whose wis He is clear, concise, logical; his language is eloquent dom increased with his power, and whose spirit grew and at perfect command. gentler and tenderer as his triumphs were multiplied .. -Anonymous corresoondent from the - James A. Garfield New York Evening Post FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES The world has never had a good definition of the word nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by liberty, and the American people, just now, are much in suicide want of one We all declare for liberty; but in using the same Let reverence for the laws be breathed by every American word we do not all mean the same thing. mother to the lisping babe that prattles in her lap.. Let it What constitutes the bulwark of our liberty and inde be taught in schools, in seminaries, and in colleges. Let it pendence? It is not our frowning battlements, our bristling be written in primers, spelling books, and in almanacs.. Let sea coasts. These are our reliance against tyranny. Our reliance it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, is in the love of liberty which God had planted in our and enforced in courts of just;ce. And, in short, let it become bosoms Our defense is in the preservation of the spirit which the political religion of the nation; and let the old and the prizes liberty as the heritage of all men, in all lands, every young, the rich and the poor, the grave and the gay, of all where Destroy this spirit, and you have planted the seeds sexes and tongues, and colors and conditions, sacrifice un of despotism around your own doors ceasingly upon its alters At what point shall we expect the approach of danger? By what means shall we fortify against it? Shall we expect Let us strive to deserve, as far as mortals may, the continued some transatlantic military giant to step the ocean and crush care of Divine Providence, trusting that, in future national us at a blow? Never! All the armies of Europe, Asia and emergencies, He will not fail to provide us the instruments Africa combined could not by force take a drink from the of safety and security. Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusa thousand years. At what point then is the approach of danger tions against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruc to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring tion to the Government nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher .. As a to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it. - 40 FEBRUARY 14, 1912 rizona became the 48th of the United States on February 14, 1912; AStatehood was achieved after an extended tenure as a territory. From 1850 until February 24, 1863 it was the western portion of the Territory of New Mexico, and for the following half-century was the Territory of Arizona. For approximately one year-from February 14, 1862, until President Lincoln on the following February 24, 1863, signed the act establishing civil government for Arizona Territory the area was a Territory of the Confederate States of America. As early as 1872 Arizona was asking Congress for full status as a separate state. In 1891 and again in 1893 constitutional conventions were held in Phoenix with the hope that bills introduced in Congress by Delegate Marcus A. Smith would lead to statehood, Smith's bills were turned down in the U. S. Senate after passing the House of Representatives. Until the end of the Spanish-American War other political matters sidetracked Arizona's hopes for full membership in the family of states. For several years resistance to the clamor for statehood in Arizona and New Mexico was led by U. S. Senator Albert J. Beveridge of Indiana, an eloquent and strongly-opinionated public figure. He found countless excuses for opposing statehood for Arizona and New Mexico, but then became the champion of a "jointure" move whereby the two territories would be joined together as one huge state (Arizona) with its capital at Santa Fe. President Theodore Roosevelt threw his support behind the meas ure, but it was opposed bitterly in Arizona. Arizona's delegate managed to have the bill provide for a referendum vote in the two territories, with disapproval by either sufficient to block jointure. Arizona voted overwhelmingly against jointure. President Roosevelt finally was persuaded to change his position and in 1908 in his last annual message to Congress advocated admission of Arizona and New Mexico as separate states. The tide thus was turned. In 1910 an enabling act was passed which called for constitutional conventions and set up the machinery that would lead to statehood. Arizona's period of travail with the federal government was extended by the populist fervor for initiative, r~ferendum and recall, with President William Howard Taft adamantly placing himself in op position to recall of judges. Only when Arizona agreed that it would delete a provision for judicial recall from its constitution did President Taft agree that he would approve the new state's constitution and thus admit it to the family of states. Sentimental Arizona citizens, recalling that President Lincoln had signed the bill creating the Ter ritory, asked President Taft to sign the statehood proclamation: on Lincoln's Birthday. Taft declined, but allowed movie cameras in the White House as he signed the measure on February 14. ~.;.J\ ... 1 I J I' PROCLJI.MJI.TION. TO THE PEOPLE OF ARIZONA: I, JOHN N. GOODWIN, having been appointed by the President of the United States, and duly qualified, as Governor of the TERRITORY OF ARIZONA, do hereby announce that by virtue of the powers with which I am invested by an Act of the Congress of the United States, providing a temporary government for the Territory, I shall this day proceed to organize said government. The provisions of the Act, and all laws and enactments established l thereby, will he enforced by the proper Territorial officers from and after this date. I A preliminary census will forthwith be taken, and thereafter the Judicial Districts will be formed, and an election of members of the Legislative Assembly, and the other officers, provided by the Act, be ordered. I invoke the aid and co-operation of all citizens of the Territory in my efforts to establish a government whereby the security of life and property will be maintained throughout its limits, and its varied resources be rapidly and successfully developed. It/~ r lflfi.~~ ,t;,_ _z:-, -!---='t.f:~ JOHN N. GOODWIN. By the Governor: - - RICHARD C. M'CORMICK, 42 CONCEPTS We have acquired a heritage of sacrifice raphy and the history of our state. and service from the pioneer builders of our state. We can increase our knowledge of the re sources and the development of the state. Admission Day was the culmination of a long struggle for statehood by the builders of Arizona. We can develop our knowledge of the state flag, song, flower, bird, and tree and their We can increase our knowledge of the geog- symbolism. ACTIVITIES 1. With overlapping sheets of butcher's paper or 6. Ask your neighbors for early photographs of Arizona wrapping paper, make a map of Arizona reaching scenes and people, for old account books, diaries, from the ceiling to the floor of your classroom .. Fasten etc. Bring these to class for a display honoring the top to a light strip of 1 x 2 lumber with paste pioneer days. With the permission of the owners, and tacks .. Fasten the bottom to an empty plastic or then give the collection to your local historical soci cardboard tube.. With clothesline cord and small ety in the name of the donor, so it can become part pulleys, the map can be rolled up like an old of a permanent historical collection available for fashioned theater curtain. future research. 2 .. Mark all county borders with dotted lines. Print the 7 For special homework, read a book about Arizona names of county seats and principal cities with black ( other than fiction) and give a report on it to your paint.. Use blue for the rivers and for lakes and class. reservoirs behind dams.. Use actual pictures of the 8 .. Invite a mineral collector (rockhound) to bring dams: paste them in place. Carefully paint moun representative rocks from different parts of Arizona tains with brown paint Cut small pine trees from to your class and explain what minerals each green construction paper to show forests.. The larger contains and its importance. cities of Phoenix and Tucson ( and your home town 9 Make Kachina dolls in class, using spools from the as well ) can be shown by cutting the shape of the rolls of paper butchers use, spools from thread, city limits from actual aerial photographs of 1the feathers, etc cities .. Use red for railroads and yellow for the main 10 At your school carnival, your class could build an (US.) highway system. Apache wickieup and from it sell jerky, parched Show farming areas with criss-crossed fields of corn, and soda pop.. Each salesman should dress like green.. Cut out small pictures of farm products to an Indian. show where each is grown.. Using mining scenes to locate the large copper mines. Show small ones with 11. Make a collection of pictures of the pioneers living crossed pick and shovel.. Use a cut-out airplane to in your community. Ask them for pictures of them show main airports. selves to become part of a special collection in your library or historical society. Use this map to study all phases of Arizona's excit ing history. 3 Visit historical sites in your city .. Locate historical markers along highways and write short reports on the events they commemorate. 4. Invite the legislator from your district to speak to your school ( preferably at an assembly) telling about the main problems before the legislature 5. On Arbor Day plant a Palo Verde tree ( the state tree) on each side of your school flagpole 43 r l THIS IS YOUR LIFE, ARIZONA BRAVE: We left the land because of flood from under ground (Written by 8-M) The land became water-logged Crops would not Madison School No. 2 grow Evelyn Pyle, Teacher M. C : Yes, but with the use of pumps the land was restored You were the real pioneers You were here nearly OPENING SONGS: "Arizona, The Gold Spot of the West" 1,000 years before Columbus came to this continent "A-R-I-Z-0-N-A" Thank you for helping on our show today. You (Girlr dres.red in mapr of Arizona with Arizona certainly got Arizona off to a good start ( Indianr spelled out-one letter on each map) leave) And now, Arizona, are you ready for the COMMERCIAL: next voice in This is Your life? M C : Good evening everyone and welcome to another episode ARIZONA: Yes I think I'm ready. It's just that it has been in This is Your life. lets just take a trip out into nearly 560 years since I last saw any of the Hohokam the audience and find our special guest Oh! Here, M. C : It has been a long time And now for our next guest this looks like a good prospect What is your name? VOICE (DE NIZA): I was the first white man to see you. I ANY GIRL OR BOY: (Gives name) came in 1539 Across never-ending stretches of desert, M C : Do you think this is your life? through great forests, over rugged mountain ranges GIRL OR BOY: (An.rwerr) my companions and I pushed our way into your M. C: Well, come back in twenty years. land I thought I had found Seven Cities of Gold but (Leaver and goer on to a teacher) I was disappointed. I did not find the real gold in Hello there! What is your name? your land TEACHER: (Giver name) ARIZONA: Fray Marcos de Niza, of course .. ( He enterr) M. C: What do you do for a living? ( At thir point Coronado could be introduced and TEACHER : I teach school. appropriate converration inrerted if derired.) M. C: How do you like your job? M C: Listen! TEACHER: (Anrwer.r) M. C: Do you think this is your life? TEACHER: (Anrwerr) M .. C: Well, I'm sorry but you're about 20 years too late. (Walkr to back and lookr around and startr to talk to "Arizona") What is your name, young lady? ARIZONA: Arizona M .. C: Where are you from? ARIZONA: The Southwest M. C : Are you enjoying the show? ARIZONA: Yes, very much. M C: I have a surprise for you. THIS IS YOUR LIFE, ARIZONA! ARIZONA: ( garp.r) M. C : Surprised? ARIZONA: ( Breathlerrly) Why, yes, ( M. C. leads her to the VOICE ( KINO) : I was another of your early visitors. I came to rtage) Pimeria Alta in 1681. I established many missions M. C: Now, Arizona, if you will just sit here we'll start a where I taught the Indians many things .. I established review of your life Now listen to the voices which the first mission near San Xavier close to the present will come over that speaker .. town of Tucson, in 1700 M. C : What about that voice, Arizona? ARIZONA: Oh, that is Father Kino! M C : That's right! Arizona's first Cattle King, Father Kino KINO: (Enter!) They called me the Cattle King because when I came here as a missionary for Spain I brought herds of cattle to the Indians and taught them to care for the animals M C de Niza and Father Kino, you were two of the many people who helped Arizona so very much in those early days of hardship .. You gave so much and asked nothing in return. VOICE: (GERONIMO) : I acted as the big chief of the Apache. VOICE OF INDIAN: (Very slowly) We were the first to know I was famous for raids on the white settlers. you. We knew you in the year 300 AD We went VOICES (SEI'ILERS): We were the early trail breakers and through many hardships together Our civilization had to stand great hardships We came in small flourished for many moons groups and made friends with some of the Indians M C : Do you know the voice? but many of our people were killed by the warring ARIZONA: Could I hear him once more? Indian tribes VOICE: We dug canals to water our crops. We were artistic ( Wild rcream over .rpeaker) (Then .rettler rcream.r) and made jewelry; we wove cloth from cotton we HELP! grew. We made beautiful pottery. (White rettler runr out being chased by Geronimo. ARIZONA: The Hohokam! Settler iJ wearing wig. Geronimo rnatche.r wig and ( Hohokam Indianr enter) make! it appear ar if rettler ha! been .rcalped. Two M. C : Yes, the Hohokam, or people who are gone. Now tell white men come out and capture chief) us something about your farms ARIZONA: In 1866 I was mighty happy because of Geronimo's INDIAN: We dug the first canals. We started irrigation of your capture. He had done a lot of harm. land. We worked hard SETTLER: We think now there were wrongs done on both ANOTHER INDIAN: Our braves had no horses or animals to sides, in Apache wars in Arizona. But this we do help. We used hand made stone tools know: Geronimo was cunning and the most deadly 44 of all Apache leaders, a cut-throat and a murderer Now stir in generous quantities of Silica, manganese We cannot have much sympathy for such a man. and for coloring, add iron as desired. Pour in a M C I'll bet the settlers were very happy the day he was layer of sediment about 3000 feet deep. Allow to captured. settle for a couple of hundred million years (You ( Instead of Geronimo, Cochiie could be u.ied ar iimply can not ru.ih this) then gradually drain off a character here) the water. Set out to dry in a strong breeze When Our next voice represents a country.. Listen care the wind has blown away the 3000 foot layer you fully, Arizona. will find that the minerals have soaked into the tree, replacing the cell structure of wood with stone and if you've been careful to shape it properly you will have a beautiful petrified cake.. MONEY BACK IF IT DOESN'T WORK and ladies, after all this, if you haven't regained your husband's affections it VOICE (MEXICO) : We are friendly now but once fought a will probably be because you've both reached that bloody war. The United States won and got control stage in life when you are living with the . angels. over the land north of the Gila River in 1848 M .. C: Now let's listen to the voice of our next guest through the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo .. Five years VOICE (POSTON) : Hello, Arizona. I helped you later Mr. Gadsen persuaded me to sell to your country ARIZONA: (lumping) My Father! I can't mistake that voice! the land south of the Gila which is called the M. C: Come on out, Mr. Poston. (Rusher out and hugs Gadsden Purchase. Arizona) M.. C: What country was that, Arizona? ARIZONA: Mexico, I'm sure. M. C: Absolutely correct! MEXIOO : ( enter i) Yes, at one time I owned all of the land that is now Arizona, Texas, California and New Mexico In 1846 I fought with the United States over this land and in 1848 I sold it for $15 million Then, in 1853 Mr .. James Gadsden, representing the United States, bought a strip of land south of the Gila for $10 million. M.. C : Mexico, you were the loser but Arizona has certainly flourished since those early days. ARIZONA: He certainly did a lot for me. In 1863 he helped' VOICE (LT BARRETT): I lost my life helping to save you! In persuade Congress to pass the Organic Act which 1862, for a short time, the Confederate Flag flew made me a separate territory from New Mexico. over your ground but I led a group of Union soldiers M.. C : Mr.. Poston, you and your business associates went to and saved you for the Union. Washington, talked with out senators and representa ARIZONA: That was during the Civil War. Let me hear his tives, and told them our needs. Your father-in-law was voice again a friend of President Lincoln .. I am sure that helped BARRETT: I was with the California Volunteers and we were Arizona's cause. led by Col James B Carleton. I was a Lieutenant POSTON: Few legislators knew anything about Arizona in and led a small group on a skirmish at Picacho Peak those days, and still fewer cared to spend the time ARIZONA: Oh, of course Lt. James Barrett! finding out M C : The Confederate soldiers retreated from Arizona as M. C But you made them realize the mistake they would your comrades pushed ahead with a big army .. Once make if they did not take Arizona into their group .. more Arizona was under the Stars and Stripes Thank Well done! Father Poston, you sit here by your you, Lt. Barrett We'll be back in a minute. First daughter our announcer! Our next voice to be heard is that of a woman who played a part in your life, Arizona VOICE (HUGHES): I was one of the most interesting women who came to Arizona in those early days.. I reached Tucson in 1874. I made a home for my family and helped to make Tucson a fit place to live M .. C: Have you guessed this person's identity? ARIZONA: Not yet MRS. HUGHES: My husband came a year or two ahead of me, and later he became governor of the Territory of Arizona. I helped him start the "Tucson Daily Star" newspaper.. I also worked hard to help the women here to gain the right of Woman suffrage ARIZONA: Oh, Now I know. It is Josephine Hughes, the woman crusader? M. C: Yes it is! Will you come out now, Josephine? It took courage to do the things you did, Mrs. Hughes. MRS. HUGHES: In 1874 Tucson was not the modem city it is today Most of the houses were made of adobe and COMMERCIAL: Ladies, have your husbands ignored you lately? many had dirt floors The insects were so numerous Well then, make them a beautiful petrified cake The that I soon got a flock of chickens to help get rid directions are simple, even though a bit time con of them There were no electric lights in Tucson then suming - but what is time to a woman in love? Do Each house was lighted with candles, kerosene lamps you have your pencil and paper so you can copy this or a burning rag dipped in a saucer of grease. Water never-fail recipe? Ready? was sold for drinking purposes by peddlers.. This Take one large slice of tree and immerse it in water water was brought from springs miles away. Stir gently till it becomes waterlogged and sinks to M. C Mrs Hughes, did your children have candy and fudge the bottom of the pan (Several centuries will do) cicles? 45 r l MRS HUGHES: No, they didn't. The first all-day suckers in I'll see you a little later .. I Arizona were sticks of sugar cane from which they VOICE (ENABLING Acr): I am not a man - I am an event. sucked the sweetness. No doubt the squeaking of the I was brought about largely through the work of old ox carts, bringing pomegranates and cane stalks Marcus Aurelius Smith, a territorial representative through the streets of the old Pueblo was as delight Congress passed me in 1910 ful to little children as the tinkling bell of the ice ARIZONA: The Enabling Act! It made it possible for me to cream wagon is on a hot afternoon today. draw up a constitution and ask for statehood. ( En M. C. : Arizona, do you remember anything else about life in abling Act comes out) Tucson in those days? M.. C. : And you are one of the most important steps in ARIZONA: Well, I remember how Mrs. Hughes and other Arizona's life housewives made long fly brushes of strips of colored ENABlING AcT: After I was passed by Congress Arizona paper. These brushes were waved over the table by could hold her Constitutional Convention and actually someone to shoo away the flies while the family ate begin work toward statehood. There was much argu their meal in peace. ing over whether she would include "direct legisla M C: I'm glad I'm here now and not back in 1875 And, tion" in her Constitution but the popular vote of the now, we have another woman guest. people settled the question and you, Arizona, became a :;rate on Feb .. 14, 1912 .. ARIZONA: And what a glorious day that was! M.. C.: And Arizona became the Baby State of the Union Listen, Arizona! VOICES: (Teacherr and children) (Singing "School Dayr") M. C : Arizona, do you identify those youthful voices? ARIZONA: ls it Education? M .. C: That's right. ( People enter) Do you remember that first school house? ARIZONA: Yes, that first school was San Xavier Mission Among other things the Indians were taught about VOICE (Cashman): I did much for the town of Tombstone, conservation of their land. but I also worked on other frontiers. Children all TEACHER: The influence of the school helped the Indians called me "Auntie " learn to live together and get along with other M. C Arizona? people. Many of our boys and girls who came to Arizona very early did not have very much educa ARIZONA: It must be Nellie Cashman. tion but when the Constitution was made those M C.: ( As Nellie Cashman comer out) Nellie Cashman, the men were very anxious that everyone should have Angel of Tombstone! an education Arizona believes in schools Better Miss Cashman, did you spend all of ypur time in than 50% of the tax money is spent on education. Tombstone? ARIZONA: I am very proud of my school system. MISS CASHMAN: No, I moved from one frontier to another CHILD: You have given us elementary schools, high schools, I even spent some time in Alaska helping people. industrial schools, junior colleges, and three fine M .. C: No towering monument has been erected to her memory universities but she lives in the memory of those whom she ANOTHER CHILD: Your schools help the young people get helped.. Thank you, Miss Cashman, for coming to ready for grown-up citizenship. be on our show You and Arizona will have a lot ARIZONA: Education is one of my greatest prides to talk over after the show. M. C : Our next guest is a special surprise. One to whom you are very grateful VOICE (PRESIDENT TEDDY ROOSEVELT): I helped with the Reclamation Act in 1902 Something of importance to you was named after me. I was in a political office but I liked the outdoors even more than politics. 1 ARIZONA: How could I forget Teddy Roosevelt? ( Prerident comes out and they rhake, handr) ( Spot Arizona and Prerident and have a slide of Roosevelt Dam on side) M. C : It was partly through your efforts that an act creating the Bureau of Reclamation was passed in 1902 How did this affect Arizona? M .. C.: The next guest was one of your brave young men who served in W odd War I His plane was shot down and he was shot by a firing squad VOICE (FRANK LUKE, JR.): I knew you when you sent soldiers into the Army in 1917 I died fighting for my country. (Ure slide of statue) You may not remember me it has been so long ago. ARIZONA: Oh, but I do! Down through the years many of my boys have died to secure freedom, - before your time and since My boys are still in the service of our country and I am proud of the way they serve ( Shift ROOSEVELT : I was very much interested in conservation of rpot back to Arizona) It makes me so sad to think water and soil and I could see possibilities for of these boys who have given their lives. This has Arizona. A dam was built and named for me and as been quite a shock Do you think I could have a a result the thousands of acres of reclaimed land in glass of water? the Salt River Valley have pushed Arizona forward M. C.: Of course .. May I have a glass of water for Arizona? in the work of agriculture. (Someone brings it to Arizona) ARIZONA: For many years it was considered the largest and ARIZONA: (Drinks) Thank you .. ( Starts to drink again) most successful federal irrigation project in the ( Silvestre Herrera may be rubrtituted for Luke, 01' Southwest. Thanks for the boost you gave me, Teddy added, as desired ) 46 VIlLIAN CALIFORNIA: (Comer in) Stop! Don't drink that water .. It probably came from the Colorado River and it is MINE! ARIZONA: But you have plenty of water. Look at me, I have a large desert region and I need water badly. M. C. : California, Arizona is right Go along now ARIZONA: And just look at my poor, wilted crops. ( Crops come in, tongues hanging out, etc.) They need water so badly. And look at your crops ( Calif crops come in) they are so healthy, with plenty of water. Cali fornia gives villian's laugh and leaves (Grabr water as he goes) M C: He is so selfish! ARIZONA: If he could just see how he is hurting me! But maybe some day he will have a change of heart. M.. C.: The past few years of your life have seen the coming of some famous characters - people who have spread your name and fame all over the world. First we have a great King; one who has dotted your terri tory with picturesque ranches and haciendas; one who has been responsible for your own western folk lore, the western story and your folk character, The ARIZONA: No, I would recognize King Copper any time W estem Cowboy.. This great individual wanders over ( Copper leaves) ¼ of your vast domain. Who is he Arizona? VOICE (SUN): Some would call me a devil should they meet ( Sort of a fashion parade of there following me on the parched and open desert.. But, coupled characters) with man, in the great irrigated areas of the state, ARIZONA: One could not mistake him. He is the Cattle King, I become a most sought after Queen. I attract many one of our most famous personages thousands to your doors every year .. You must know M.. C : And now another in the parade of recent development who I am, for you, Arizona, and I are inseparable. This is a dainty maid - a maid who dresses in soft ARIZONA: With your big, yellow, smiling face anyone would and downy fibers and brings you recognition as she know you.. You are our chief winter visitor, Miss spreads her fame throughout the world .. This maid's Sun, and are responsible for our world famous domain is in _the great southern irrigated country climate.. ( Sun leaves) Have we told you enough? Do you know who this M C Well, - THIS IS YOUR LIFE, ARIZONA! Parading lovely one is? before you are many of the people and things which ARIZONA: Oh yes! She must be the Maid of Cotton AIL have made your life one of happiness and of tragedy M. C: Wait, here is another! GoME and have made you famous wherever people may be VOICE (COPPER): I am one who is hard and yet who is ON found on the earth Arizona, we salute you, not only fashioned into many beautiful and delicate objects. I STAGE as the Queen of the great Southwest, but as Queen am found in the mountains of your beautiful state of all who have had the privilege of meeting you and attract men around me who are hard muscled We love to hear the stories which come out of your and strong. I am King, not only of your great land past - we enjoy living with you day by day, as the but am recognized as a King throughout the world present unfolds and we look forward to a great I have lived in your past and will be a part of your future with you. future. (Copper parades) M. C : Arizona, you can't mistake this character. He has been THIS IS YOUR LIFE, ARIZONA too well known. SONG: "Arizona" ( Sing the Song that's in ,your heart) ~ff lTEFGSJ ARIZONA 1uni;s lhalwill now be i,11nlii: Wherethe f:O)d on 1un !1 Tha.nk God, for Ar In •plen did 1un·•hine prn•·eD.ce of God! While all • ,ound, I l'tlARCll SONG land i• erat"! ()_ come &nd !in be MUlie by Word•by MAURICE BLUMENTHAL MARGAREr ROWE CLIFFORD Piono..rr by Ray Stwart gund·••ur, For thy Como to thi1 land of un •hine Tothio landwhre life 11 Come stand bn .. •idn the riv • HI With ID our \'&J • Joy, Not • lone for gold and iii h Ar i Whrreth.. llide wide world i• ,..a-it ir,t, The S1a11d here with head1 WI ered lb the But •ith grave, of be - roe• li~ep • illg, All lh Our toddennd our queen. Bingtbe queen A. ,. ./.tt!ctf; - - =,: - ______: _.,, A 47 r' ! THE STATE FLAG The colors of the flag are blue, light yellow, red, and copper. The lower half of the flag has a blue field .. The upper half is divided into thirteen equal segments or rays, which have seven red rays and six yellow rays .. The five-pointed star is copper The flag represents the copper star of Arizona rising from a blue field in the face of a setting sun STATE FLOWER The state flower of Arizona is the giant Saguaro cactus blossom The tree which grows only one inch a year may reach a height of fifty feet. Some of these STATE giants live for two hundred years. When a plant is sixty years old it blooms for the first time. In May or In the background of the seal is a range of early June it wears a crown of white flowers with mountains with the sun rising behind the peaks. At the yellow centers. When they fade, the brilliant scarlet right side of the mountains there is a storage reservoir fruits begin to ripen .. The pulpy flesh is good to eat and a dam, below which in the middle distance are irrigated fields and orchards At the right are cattle The giant cactus is fitted by nature to live in grazing. To the left in the middle distance on a a dry region.. It has no leaves that will lose water by mountainside is a quartz mill, in front of which in evaporation.. It has shallow roots .. In the rainy season, the foreground is a miner with pick and shovel. however, the roots take in enough water for the cactus to store and use in dry periods.. The skeleton of the The motto, "Ditat Deus," means "God Enriches." plant is covered with a spongy material. When this is The year 1912 is the date of Arizona's admission as full of water, the cactus looks fat. As the plant uses a state into the Union .. water it shrinks All,IZONA, OUR ARIZONA GEORGE W. P. HUNT First Elected Governor 48 THE STATE BIRD The Cactus Wren is the state bird of Arizona. He is the largest member of the wren family. His back is brown, with black spots and streaked with white There is a large white stripe over each eye. The bird's breast is white, spotted with black The desert is the home of the Cactus Wren.. His food includes many harmful insect pests as well as a few weed seeds.. These birds like to build their nests in the prickly Cholla cactus. Sometimes the male builds extra nests, probably just to keep busy as they are very active birds. STATE TREE The 21st Arizona state legislature, second regular session, designated the Palo Verde ( genera Cercidum) as Arizona's state tree .. The Palo Verde (from the Spanish meaning "green stick" or "green pole" is one of the beautiful trees of the desert and desert foothill JUDGE RICHARD E. SLOAN regions. Last Territorial Governor, 1909-1912 FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION 1. Compare the differences in the cultural patterns developed by Indians living in different parts of Arizona where the envitonment has influenced their way of life. 2 How strong is the evidence of Mexican culture in Arizona today? Is Spanish taught in our schools sufficiently 1 Are persons of Mexican descent enjoy ing successful careers and professional lives? Are they discriminated against in public places and public office? 3 Do you think that Mexico should have sold Arizona the land below the Gila River known as the Gadsden Purchase? 4 Were the American settlers of Arizona justified in setting aside reservations on which Indians were forced to live? 5 In the long mn, which metal has brought more wealth to Arizona-high-priced gold or low-priced 2, R~-ee:ho;~g ~tom our deserts wide, A~izon~! ~r A;-rizO~a. copper? Discuss the economies of the boom and the And lik:ewise fr-0m each mount~inside, Arizona, Our Arizon,:l, Thy fame an ,ever swelling tide shall ever be our ,joy atld pride, permanent mining community. Grand Canyon Stat~ where W!? resi,de,' Arizona-t; ou;- ,Arizona. 6. Who contributed the most to the progress of Ari m zona: the man with the six-gun or the man with the This song is dedicated to b9ys an_d. girls '~n Ari'zona Public_ Sch?O~S w:ho ,study shovel? Arizona history and, _wLth p_r~~e, Si:l}S _song~ ,_about their n3:tive or adopted· ,State. - Dr. O. M. Hartsell, Profes_sor of ~sic Educat,i.on, The University of Arizona, 7 Did the long delay in statehood seriously harm the Tucson. Copyright,, '1963 development of Arizona? 49 FEBRUARY 14 he origin of Valentine's Day is obscure. One tradition is that a priest, Valentine, serving at a temple in Rome during the reign of Claudius is the person revered by this observ ance .. The emperor needed many men for his wars .. He placed a ban on all marriages so T as to prevent men from having to leave their wives and families. Valentine thought that this was unfair and performed marriage ceremonies secretly for couples. He was thrown into prison by the emperor and died there. A second martyr, whose name was also Valentine, died on February 14, 270 A.D.. for refusing to give up Christianity, left a farewell note for the jailer's little daughter, who had befriended him in prison, and signed it "from your Val entine," and sent friendly missles to his persecuted friends also while he was in prison. Another tradition common through Europe during the Middle Ages was that the birds began to mate on February 14 .. Some birds, the pigeon and dove for instance, mate for life, and so were used as symbols of fidelity .. A third theory is that this day is a survival of the Roman feast of Lupercalia. The names of young men and women were placed in a box from which they were drawn by chance an he young man was to give special attention to the young woman for the next year. Gradually Valentine's Day became a time for exchanging messages between sweethe t y references have been made to it in poems and plays through the centuries. Today children and adults make or purchase valentines. For many years they w imentaL There are some like this today. The majority of them, however, are , or tender remembrances to loved ones. tings or deeper appreciations to people we care for or especially wish to greet on this day. The signs and symbols connected with Valentine's Day are very old and have had meaning attached to them for centuries. 50 1. Plan and make the decorations for the classroom. folded in a heart shape, or shoe boxes with tops of 2.. Write verses and try setting them to music. paper shaped to cause them to look like country 3. Plan a Post Office Unit at the time of Valentine's mailboxes. Day. Utilize the learnings concerning addressing let 6.. Build a valentine mobile. Encourage the children to ters for sending valentines. cut and decorate hearts and other valentine symbols 4. Construct mail boxes for the rooms in the several and balance them on red and white ribbons primary grades and have a central post office and 7.. Think of some older persons who could be remem delivery room. bered with valentines .. 5. Make individual mail containers for each child. These may be decorated paper sacks, construction paper 8. Decorate cookies for a party. For this was on St. Valentine's Day, When every fowl cometh there to choose his mate. -Chaucer Good-morrow to my valentine ... we wish to all faithful lovers, who are not too wise to despise old legends, but are content to rank themselves humble diocesans of old Bishop Valentine and his true church. -Charles Lamb VALENTINE SYMBOLS The red heart has signified love and feeling since early The fourteenth of February is a day sacred to Roman times.. In the days of chivalry the knights rode into St. Valentine! It was a very odd notion, alluded to by battle with a ribbon or scarf from his loved one sometimes bedecked with lace. Ribbons and lacy effects denote femininity .. Shakespeare that on this day birds began to couple; Cherubs are modern depictions of the mythological god Cupid, hence, perhaps, arose the custom of sending on this whose name in Latin means desire.. Cupid transfixed the day letters containing professions of love and affec- hearts of young men and women with his bow and arrows .. 1 tion. The rose has been called the flower of romance and has been chosen to send to a loved one through the centuries Its -Noah Webster letters when rearranged spell "Eros" the god of Jove. In the language of flowers, violets, which mean faithfulness and modesty are often included in the decorations. The inclusion of birds is reminiscent of the times when it was thought birds began the mating season on February 14. 1. What are some of the ways we can express our ap preciation to our friends and family? 2. How can we best celebrate Valentine's Day in our classroom? 3. What kinds of materials do we need to gather for making valentines? 4. Who among the school personnel who help us with our daily life at school could we plan special valen tine's for? 51 Ir I; !(I I I BROTHERHOOD WEEK The Week of George Washington's Birthday Brotherhood Week was initiated in 1934 by the National Conference of Christians and Jews. They launched an in-depth program to promote good will and understanding among Protestants, Catholics, artd Jews .. Growth in the philosophy of the appreciation of differences among these groups has been attempted by educational programs sponsored by each group, by literature which is distributed, and by programs of exchange of ideas through meetings of representative individuals of each faith. At times these meetings which promote exchange of information and assist in understanding are public and persons attending will receive a broader and deeper viewpoint because of the participation. In the elementary and secondary schools some variations of this adult education approach have occurred. Teachers attempt to help children have a well rounded viewpoint about any group, and the explanation and appreciation of the religious differences has become a part of goals they were already trying to achieve. Here the instructor helps the pupils to have a measure of apprecia tion, but also to understandably evaluate the situations out of which the differences arise .. Teachers also attempt to influence attitude growth to include the concept that the differences which people have, make for a richer environment for all. The example is often given of the building of a chord of music. A line of single notes will give a tune, which in order to have melody must be on different lines of the music scale. But to achieve harmony, many notes must be struck at the same time. To produce a symphony the rich closeness of the seventh and eleventh harmonies are employed. Furthermore they are played on a great variety of instruments. The generalization is drawn in a way in which the pupils may add to their concept of the differences as becoming harmony instead of discord. CONCEPTS. A part of the strength of the United States .is the The generalizations which we have about religious variety of differences contributed by the varied back freedoms can be applied to other aspects of life, not ground of beliefs of the people. only during Brotherhood Week$ but throughout the year. There has always been. a framework of tolerance for It is not necessary to agree with people in order to differences of religious beliefs in this country. have an appreciation of their beliefs. 52 VIEWPOINTS What has saved us as a nation in the past from We are members of one great body planted by despotism and the denial of human liberties is pri nature in a mutual love, and fitted for a social life. marily our religious, ethnic and cultural pluralism. We must consider that we were born for the good . We differ as groups, but we have like human of the whole . -Seneca interests and joint civil obligations. We certainly can and should cooperate to achieve social and We must love men ere they will seem to us economic justice in this country, to work for world worthy of our love. peace, to deal intelligently with delinquency and - Shakespeare crime, to cultivate standards of good taste, to safe-• Our doctrine of liberty and equality and human guard human rights. ity comes from our belief in the brotherhood of man, This sums up the basic purpose of the National through the fatherhood of God. Conference of Christians and Jews. . . . The prob -Calvin Coolidge lems which the National Conference set for itself was All of us must continue our efforts to promote the assurance of cooperation without enforcing uni a belief in brotherhood among people of varied back formity. grounds, to uphold the right to freedom of worship, .... Without religious motivation, the Confer to foster the individual citizen's understanding and ence is just another secular organization, humani tolerance of his neighbor's spiritual convictions. Such taria in nature, but lacking the driving force to give efforts, which re.st upon a belief in the equality and vali it to its ideas. With religious motivation, it pro dignity of men under the fatherhood of God, are e spark of understanding which is the key to essential to our unity and strength as a society. erhood. - Dwight D. Eisenhower - Carlton J. H. Hayes There's a destiny which makes us brothers; None goes his way alone. -Markham 53 I' 1( 1. Plan for a "getting to know you" experience .. This our island if it were not for programs like this that can be the result of an early inventory rype check give us a new perspective on how others live," a I I list which many teachers use in an orientation week teacher in a one-room school on a tiny island off ! unit in a more or less self contained classroom. the coast of Scotland wrote People-to-People. "Most In addition to making the usual inventory, which of the children's parents are fishermen and herders, has been to help the teacher have a better under and our school affiliation has done much to enrich standing of his class, the class itself can become their lives." better acquainted with its own membership. Differ An Ecuadorian educator reports that exchanging ences of nationality background, language back tape recordings with its counterpart in the U.S.A ground, ancestral vocational background, places of is a thrilling experience for his class.. "The sound previous residence, places of previous school at of children singing spans oceans, continents and tendance and anecdotal incidents or artifacts repre even languages .. " sentative of background experiences are all possi Projects such as these are good for education. bilities for this kind of activity A "Book about And for the good of our nation, understanding Me" project might be a culminating event which between peoples and appreciation of the dreams could help some of the group improve their self and desires of fellowmen are as basic as the three image .. All of these contributions would need to be R's. received in a manner which would build individual You can obtain more information about the respect for self and for each other classmate. School and Classroom Program by writing People 2. An activity that has been successfully carried out to-People, Inc., 2401 Grand Ave, Kansas City 8, involved an exchange of classrooms for a day. The Missouri. children from a different environment, cultural, 4 As a follow-up of activity 1, have the members 0f racial, economic, ethnic, or religious, exchanged the class identify differences of ability, interests, classrooms and spent the day in a different school and hobbies, or other differences that each member with a different teacher, since their own teacher can contribute to the enrichment of the other class remained in her classroom to receive the "new" members.. Arrange for opportunities for thefe con pupils. tribution to be made .. 5 Make a study of the school district, or the com 3 In the December, 1963 issue of Grade Teacher, Dr. munity in a manner similar to that suggested in Cloyd Miller, former NBA president, encourages activities 1 and 4. participation in the People-to-People program by 6. Make a study of the contributions of minority citing a large number of successfully concluded groups in the United States. projects, one of which was based in a Phoenix 7 Prepare a bibliography on the subject of brother classroom This program replaces or supplements the hood .. Bind it suitably so that it can be shared with program classrooms formerly engaged in, spons9red other classrooms. by the Junior Red Cross. Besides building interna tional good-will, the School and Classroom Program 8. The Instructor Magazine carried a number of "Folk ( the name of the specific program) motivates learn lore" articles which would be helpful in planning ing. Dr.. Miller quotes from some letters: activities based on this ele~ent of all cultures. "Now that my pupils are eager to make a good 9 Some classrooms have "adopted" children of other impression on their new friends, they take special lands through the Christian Children's Fund, Inc., pains to form each 'a,' 'r' and 'u' just right - and Richmond, Virginia.. The experiences of such a their sudden concern over proper sentence structure classroom are described in an article "Brotherhood is simply amazing!" one teacher reports. Week-Every Week,'' in the February, 1964, "Our classroom has been flooded with informa issue of Grade Teach er. In this brief article Erma tion about Ghana ever since we learned we would W aun and Mary Sadler tell how their fourth grade be affiliated with a school in that country," a fifth groups live what they learn about brotherhood. grade teacher from Massachusetts relates .. "The chil 10.. In Arizona there are over 200,000 persons of Span dren bring in magazine articles, newspaper clip, ish or Mexican origins, and a lesser number of pings, even encyclopedias from home. Their interest negroes and Indians.. Local organizations for the in social studies certainly has quickened since we advancement of each of these groups would be became involved in this excellent project .. " helpful in assisting pupils to improve their under Enthusiasm is not limited to American teachers. standing of the problems faced by these people in "My students would lead a very isolated life on this state. 54 A PROJECT FOR CLASSROOMS There is a great need for books in the developing countries of the world.. One of the ways of extending practical applications of Brotherhood week is to pro vide books for children who do not live in a book centered culture, and yet might be benefited by access to books written for children.. The problem classrooms face is the one of being sure that the books sent are appropriate for the children who will receive them This objective of serving their interests does away in part with just sending anything we might have left over. If a classroom wishes to send some books to a school group in a developing country the best procedure is to contact a private agency which is working in this area. Such an agency might be located by writing to the state library service .. Help is available in the selection of suitable books for particular areas .. One of the reasons for furthering this work is that the developing countries do not in many cases have publishing companies which can produce books in the country itself .. Great humility, tolerance and vision are needed in any program of supplying books .. Unless these are present the project could be self-defeating With their presence and the ever important element of good judgment, this could be one of the very rewarding projects of American schools. Welcome Little new neighbor, have you come to be A playmate of mine from over the sea? I'm glad you are here, Oh, won't it be fine To learn all your games, and I'll teach you mine! We won't understand all the words that we say, But I'm sure that we both will know how to play So will you come now and swing while I swing, And we'll sing all the songs that we love to sing. -Rose Waldo New Neighbors A new little girl has come to our street And she sits on her steps, looking sad, She doesn't know me, or anyone else, And I'd like to make her feel glad! I think I'll go over to her front step, And sing out "Hello!" And then my neighbor and I will play And we're sure to be friends, I know! - Helen Waite Munro This is the grass that grows wherever the land is and the water· is, This is the common air that bather the globe. It is for the endless races of working people and farmers and seamen. - Walt Whitman 55 First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate and sincere; uniform, dignified and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him, as were the effects of that example lasting. -Henry Lee n the winter, of 1778 at the Valley Forge encamp in session in Philadelphia, adopted a resolution recom ment, a band of the Fourth Continental Artillery marched mending that his next birthday anniversary be observed to General Washington's headquarters and serenaded throughout the nation. There followed general cele their commander. This incident of an artillery band brations throughout the country, but the University of playing before the tent of their commander on a wintry Pennsylvania at Philadelphia became one of the places February 22nd may have been the first "official" ob where his birthday was consistently observed. servance of his birthday The centennial was observed largely throughout There were official celebrations in Newport, Rhode the nation, but more elaborate plans were made for the Island in 1781, and in Virginia and Maryland in 1782. 200th anniversary. Twelve memorial stamps were issued .. Cambridge, Massachusetts and New York City held Exhibitions of art work were held in Washington. celebrations in 1783. On his first birthday in the presi Memorial trees were planted and many streets and dency in 1790, congress adjourned and extended con town squares were renamed for Washington both in gratulations to the president. The Tammany Society this country and abroad.. The Washington Monument of New York also celebrated that same day and the next which had been begun in 1848 and dedicated in year Philadelphia, which was at that time the national 1885 was the site of the final ceremonies of the 200th capital, celebrated with a military parade. The birthday anniversary, when a wreath was- laid at the base of this of Washington was celebrated sporadically throughout granite faced shaft. the nation in the years following Washington's Birthday is a legal holiday in all When Washington died in 1799, Congress, then of the states of the Union. 56 I ACTIVITIES 1. Legends grow up around great men. What legends his administration have been associated with Washington? Make a 10 Find out what countries have honored Washington booklet of illustrated legends concerning Washing and in what ways they have done so ton. 11. Explore through research the plan for the city of 2. Make patriotic cards to stand on hospital trays for of Washington as planned by Major L'Enfant, and some hospital nearby the part which George Washington played in this 3. Make colorful hats and wear them in the classroom effort Study a map of the city as it was in 1800 and to the cafeteria 4. Make a colorful centerpiece for the teacher's lunch 12 Learn something about the famous sculptors and table. painters of Washington, such as Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, and Jean Antonine Houdon 5 Learn to dance a minuet. and their work 6. Sing songs popular in Washington's time 7 .. Read the biographies available and share portions of 13 Prepare an illustrated booklet of the home life of them aloud with the class. Washington, with a portion devoted to the life of 8. Make a study of the way in which Washington kept Martha Custis Washington the confidence of his army in the bleak early days of 14 Collect stamps with the picture of Washington on the Revolution them and add to a display of pictures, books and 9. List the accomplishments of the government during artifacts honoring Washington CONCEPTS Washington was a brilliant student and although his Washington brought both political experience and a academic schooling was brief he was learning all his keen understanding of history to bear upon the work life, and he had the ability to apply his learning and he did in formulating early policies of our country. good judgment to the practical affairs of living. Among Washington's many abilities was his keenness Washington always enjoyed his home life and sur in discerning worth in people. roundings, and yet he left all these three times to Washington was not an orator, but he was honest and serve his country - as Commander in Chief of the just and the people trusted him. He believed in the army, as president of the Constitutional Convention new republic and the people sensed this and it influ and as President of the United States. enced them in choosing him for their first president. Fo1r Study and L What was Washington's home life like? 5 Why was Washington chosen to serve his country in 2. What schooling did he receive? both war and peace? 3 Was his life typical of the time? 6. What was accomplished during his term of office as 4. In what ways did our co~ntry change during the life president? of Washington? 57 he Christian Bible tells us that at the time of the Jewish Passover celebration in the year roughly estimated as 31 A.D., Jesus Christ, a Jew, went to Jerusalem to participate in the celebration .. For three years He had been gathering a following by His speaking and healing. However, antagonisms had been developing against His unorthodox teachings. These antagonisms rose to high pitch during the week of the Passover, culminating in His trial as a traitor to Rome, and His sentence to a criminal death by hanging on a cross. After the crucifixion, His body was laid in a tomb or cave which was sealed with a huge boulder. Three days later some of His disciples found the tomb empty and later, with other disciples, saw and visited with Him.. To all Christians Easter is a time of rejoicing because death is no longer to be feared. Because Easter has been celebrated for so many years and by people living in so many countries with differing cultures, numerous kinds of religious cere monies have developed into traditional customs .. Easter morning sunrise services observe the "early in the morning" discovery of the empty tomb .. In many communities around the world Handel's Messiah is sung by community or local church choirs. Dramatic presentations of the events of Passion Week are reenacted .. Easter lilies as a symbol of rebirth are elaborately used .. In our country Easter coincides with the time of year when the earth itself takes on aspects of renewal. Therefore it is appropriate that many class rooms decorate with pastel colors, plant flowers indoors and out, bring in tree cuttings to force buds, study birds which return in the spring, and in general make a gay spirit in preparation for the Easter season.. The public dresses up in many ways with freshening the home and by refurbishing the wardrobe. Crowds of people attend church during Passion Week and on Easter Sunday. ll Easter is a day of celebration of the resurrection experience of Christ. There are many ways by which various groups of Christians celebrate Easter. Easter customs have developed out of cultural and traditional practices. Easter is a day of rejoicing for Christians throughout the world. The Easter season signifies new life and is a time for renewal in many of the activities of planting or plan ning for beauty in life. L If there are Jewish children in the classroom have some of them and some Christian children compare their respective celebrations of Passover and Easter. 2 .. Do the same with Catholic and Protestant children or with Protestants of different denominations. 3 Explore the background of Easter and of prevalent Easter customs. 4.. Create murals from crushed and tinted eggshells 5. Make window transparencies of Easter or spring scenes .. 6.. Observe the changes in nature in the school neighborhood. 7. Make Easter baskets from plastic bottles or jugs and utilize the plastic scraps for making bookmarks using spring designs 8. Chicks made of cotton balls can be glued into eggshell halves .. 9. Easter hats might have paper plates or paper doilies for a base and BABY BUNNY decorations made from paper "grass" and paper flowers, eggs, and rabbit ears. Baby bunny, big as a minute, 10. Plant seeds or start cuttings for the classroom or to take home. White fur ball with a pink tongue in it, 11. Put a bird feeding station outside a classroom window. Browse on cabbages green as parrots, Munch on broccoli, lunch on carrots, 12 .. Make an Easter tree, using a manzanita or other branch and half shells of Oh nibble, nibble, nibble, nibble, eggs. Bite, bite, bite! 13. Use a balloon as a foundation for a giant egg, cover with vaseline and Leaving one mite Is no longer polite. then with strips of paper wet in wheat paste. Decorate in original ways Cut out the ends of some and put scenes inside Baby bunnies have well-known habits. They grow to be big .strong bouncing rabbits 14 .. Use a pretty crepe paper or straw hat for suspending Easter symbols for 'Cause they nibble, nibble, nibble, nibble, spring mobiles, or use inexpensive straw baskets or baskets made from Bite, bite, bite folded paper plates for cascades of pupil made spring flowers. Anything and everything That's good in sight! 15. Write to New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca N. Y.. for a leaflet on "How to Make a Still Air Incubator .. " - Ethel Jacobson 16. Invite the music teacher to interpret some of the Easter music which the students could listen to by means of records, tapes, or radio programs 17.. Invite the art teacher or some student from the art classes to interpret old and new Easter art. 59 LEGENDS FOR EASTER Among the many legends concerning the Easter season is somed in His steps and shed their fragrance .. They are remind the one about the dogwood. At the time of the Crucifixion the ers that rich blessings follow in His train.. They represent dogwood had been the size of the oak and other forest trees .. everlasting life and symbolize divine goodness and grace .. So firm and strong was the tree that it was chosen for the The passion flower is so called because of its resemblance to timber of the cross To --he used for such a cruel purpose the instruments of the Crucifixion.. The center is shaped like distressed the tree, and Jesus, nailed upon it, sensed this, and a cross and the delicate fringe around the outside of the said to it that the dogwood should never again grow large blossom looks like the crown of thorns .. enough to be used as a cross. Its branches are slender and twisted and its blossoms are in the form of a cross, two long A story of the Crucifixion tells that at the hour when and two short petals .. In the center of the outer edge of each Christ was being nailed to the Cross all plants bowed their petal there are rust colored "nail prints" stained with red, heads in grief-all except the Aspen, which remarked, "Why and in the center of the flower there is a "crown of thorns" should we tremble? We are pure and have never sinned .. " But There is a legend which says that when Christ arose from as the tree spoke, a cool wind blew its leaves and they trembled, the dead and walked in Joseph's garden, white lilies blos- and always will according to the legend. The greate.st Christian Feast by far VIEWPOINTS -Since Christmas only has a star Immortality is a present possession. You are ls Easter with its sun, without immortal or you never will be ... Live here and now Which Christmas would be dark as Doubt. the immortal life; and then if you are mistaken and there is no life after the grave, still you would have A SONG FOR EASTER been immortal. Wake! Wake up you sleepers; - Lyman Abbott Wake up sleeping earth; Now is come the Easter, For death, Time for your rebirth! Now I know, is that first breath All through snows of winter Which our souls draw when we enter You've been fast a.sleep! Life, which is of all life center. Sun;hine now is calling; - Edwin Arnold Little rabbits leap! You, you little chickens, The shell is broken - it lies there; In your eggs fast curled, Peck out to the sunshine The pearl, the all, the soul, is here See the great big world! Edwin Arnold You, you little .seedlings Sleeping in the ground, It is the hour to rend thy chains, Send up shoots and blossoms; The blossom time of souls. Earth is green around. - Katherine Lee Bates Lamb.s and calves, come frisking! All you young things play! Well pleaseth me the sweet time of Easter Life again is waking! That maketh the leaf and the flower come out. Thi.s i.s Easter day. - Bertran de Born Ring the bells for Easter Ring them full and deep! Spring bursts today, lt'.s Easter! Life'.s awakening For Christ is risen and all earth's at play. After winter'.s .sleep! - Christina G. Rossetti - Olive Beaupre' Miller PASSOVER Passover, the celebration in which Jesus was participating their first born would be saved when he was taken to trial, commemorates what is probably Passover is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month of the most significant event in Jewish history-the release of Nisom, the first month of the Jewish lunar calendar, which the Jews from Egyptian bondage. go~erns all Jewish religious observances .. The lunar calendar As the Old Testament records it, the Jews had been en has twelve months, but only 3 54 days in a year, so it is slaved in Egypt for four centuries Moses, born a Jew, but necessary to add a thirteenth month every few years. Thus, reared in Pharoah' s court, was called to lead the people out Passover may occur in either March or April of our solar of bondage One of several plagues visited upon the Egyptian calendar.. 'Passover is celebrated for a period of seven days, people was the death of their first born sons. The Israelites during which revered customs are followed in both home were told to kill a lamb and sprinkle its blood upon their and synagogue including the eating of unleavened bread and threshold and wipe it around the perimeter of the archway other symbolic foods and drinks so that the angel of death would pass over their homes and 60 I HOLIDAYS of Our NEIGHBORS to the SOUTH The early historical and cultural influences in Pan America were much the same as those in Arizona. For three centuries Arizona was under Spanish and Mexican rule, until 1848 when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo brought most of Arizona into the United States.. Even today the heritage of Spanish America remains a pervading influence in the Southwest Arizona can be proud of its nearly 200,000 Mexican-Americans, many of them descendants of the early Spanish settlers, who have contributed so greatly to the history, culture, architecture and economic growth of the Southwest, Arizonans have gained an awareness of the advantages of bilingualism from Mexican-Americans, who, fluent in both Spanish and English, have opened the doors of economic trade and development between the United States and our Latin American neighbors. As commerce increases with the emerging nations of South and Central America, there will be an increasing need for bilingual Americans-a need that our state with its Spanish heritage will be able to meet Pan American Day, observed by many of the American republics since 1931, celebrates the creation, in 1890, of an organization now called the Pan--American Union. This represented an unprecedented attempt for the Western Hemisphere to move toward international cooperation. Simon Bolivar, a South American statesman, took the first steps toward this dream. An invitational conference was held in Panama in 1826.. Other conferences attended by delegates from several of the republics were later held in Lima, Santiago, and Montevideo.. At first the major concern was a common defense .. In the late 1800's attention was given to the simplification of International Law The first Pan-American Conference convened in Washington, D.C the second day of October 1889 All of the republics of the Western Hemisphere sent delegates .. After six months of deliberations the body adopted a resolution form ing the International Bureau of American Republics, to be composed of the republics in North, Central, and South America. This was later renamed the Pan-American Union. The purpose of the Union was to develop a better under standing among member nations. It has focused primarily upon problems per taining to trade and commerce, but has also considered legal and political questions In 1948 the nations belonging to the Pan-American Union met in Bogata, Colombia and established the Organization of American States. It is a permanent legal body with headquarters in the Pan-American Building in Washington, D.C Its Council directs economic, scientific, and cultural projects among the member nations working in much the same way as the United Nations. The governing board of the Pan-American Union adopted a resolution in 1930, urging the observance of a Pan-American Day and suggested April 14. Various governments accepted the recommendation and Pan-American Day was observed for the first time in 1931 The ceremonies held in the Pan-American Building were attended by the President of the United States and his Cabinet and the diplomatic representatives of the other Republics. It continues to be observed in an appropriate manner in all of the member nations HOLIDAYS SOUTH OF THE BORDER Holidays throughout Latin America reflect the long domination of Spain. This influence is felt in many ways, one of which is the pattern by which the cities were planned. They were built around a central plaza with other plazas and parks scattered over the city's environs. Among the buildings surrounding the central plaza was a huge cathedral, the government palace, and municipal buildings. The central plaza will have a dominating statue of one of the national heroes, Bolivar, San Martin, Juarez, Sucre, and in some of the plazas statues of Columbus, Pizarro and other heroic figures from history.. The plaza is often the scene of holiday celebrations, especially the holy days, which includes most of the holidays observed through the year The fiesta has through the years been more than just a show of devotion Each person responsible for some part of it contributed his very best in prepara tion of food, costumes, decorations, or in his participation ir, the dance, the drama, or in setting off the firework, so that the celebration came to be an ex pression of the artistic abilities as well. These efforts are influenced in some ways as years encourage changes .. Some fiestas have disappeared altogether while others are newly born. Only a few will be noted here. Day of Independence The years from 1810 to 1824 were years of achieving independence from Spain .. The day on which this is celebrated varies in the countries.. But in all there will be speeches, parades, and athletic events .. In Mexico the celebration takes place on September 16 .. It was in September, 1810, that Father Hidalgo went to the church, rang the bell harshly and as the people of the village gathered before him cried out to them that their efforts to secure freedom for themselves would be blessed by the patron saint, Guadalupe .. For eleven years battles raged somewhere on Mexican soil. Father Hidalgo was killed, but Jose Moreles and others became leaders in the revolution. Now the historic cry is given by some authority figure. In Mexico City it is the president, himself who comes out on the balcony in the z6calo, or main plaza, and gives the Grito de Dolores: "Long live our Most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad government!" And in the town of Queretaro, where Hidalgo lived, the whole episode is faithfully reenacted. Simon Bolivar was the hero of independence in the area which later became the countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Equador, Peru and Bolivia, although Gen eral Sucre and others are revered for their part in the wars which raged from July 5, 1811, until 182L Most of the fighting took place Cinco de Mayo in Venezuela. Bolivar was born in Caracas of a wealthy The fifth of May commemorates the victory of the family. His father died while he was a small child .. His Mexican army over the French forces at Puebla in 1862. mother provided an excellent teacher for him but she, There is a sham battle held each year to remind people too, died when he was fifteen .. His uncle sent him to of this event. Also an elaborate celebration takes place Madrid to finish his education and it was there he mar at a hill near Mexico City.. ried.. A year after his return to Caracas his wife died. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated by many Mexican Perhaps, partly to assuage the grief he felt, he devoted Americans who live here in Arizona and by persons his life to the cause of freedom. The hacienda where of Mexican or Spanish descent. The day seems to he was born is preserved; like Father Hidalgo he is ~~e growing importance and is marked in some way compared to George Washington; and the esteem with ;£9 many elementary classrooms. which he is regarded increases with time. In the southern countries Jose de San Martin was //~j;~:,{\ Candlemas Day ·; \;:;.C.fi.f Candlemas known in Spanish as Candelaria, is the liberator. He was born in Yapeyu in the Viceroyalty 1 't., t;,11 \f.~)'.':', of LaPlata, now a part of Argentina .. At the age of twelve /'l(t/J/ e~ihusiastically celebrated on February 2 .. This is espe- l (\:::" -!JJ / ,,--", • • • • he was sent to Madrid as a cadet for the king's service \ • .:;1~~q1aUy true m places of heavy Indian population as m / -- ' ril/ i ~ ';· \ _( and was educated there .. He served twenty-two years /J /; \/l'l\lf high Andes. At Copacabana, near La Paz, Bolivia, in the Spanish army, where he achieved the rank of ' !/ tn; Indians start coming in to the town a week in lieutenant colonel.. When he returned to South America irilvance Since several different tribes are represented he was given command of an army and helped to free there is a profusion of colorful costumes. The church Argentina, Chile and Peru. is decorated for the services of Candlemas, but in addi tion there is a full fledged fair going on .. The dances of the tribes represented are staged, among them the most All Souls Day elaborate dance of the Incas, representing the time when November 2 is the Day of the Dead and is cele- they were conquered by the Spanish, and including the by taking candles, flowers, and sometimes food death of their leader Atahualpa .. On the day of the second, cemeteries.. In Mexico altars are set up in the the procession with the image of the Virgin takes place. to contain the food .. The celebrations vary with After the procession the high pitch of the celebration each village .. At Janitzio Island in Lake Patzcuaro a returns and remains until the end. duck hunt is held previously and the meat cooked in a special way for the delight of the dead.. During the The Virgin of Guadalupe night of the first of November, the women and children December 12, the day of the fiesta for the Virgin meet at the cemetery with candles, flowers, and baskets of Guadalupe, the patroness of all Latin America is of food. They clean the graves and set their offering in one of the most important, especially in Mexico City attractive patterns .. Then while they sit quietly the rest where her shrine is located. of the night, the men sing songs nearby .. During these The tradition is that on December 9, 1531, the days many sweets are for .sale in the form of skulls made Virgin appeared to Juan Diego, an Indian, at Tepeyac of sugar, or of coffee cake.. The food prepared for the Hill, just outside of Mexico City She asked him to go dead is finally deposited ~t churches to be given to to the bishop and express her request that a church be the poor, or is given to friends and relatives. built on this spot Juan had difficulty in persuading the bishop of the appearance He returned to the hill where the Virgin asked him to try again. The bishop sent Day of the Kings him away with the injunction not to return without For this celebration the children have a token from the Virgin. Since he was unable to return letters to the Three Kings as our children to the hill at that time because of illness in his family, to Santa Claus. Then on the evening of the the Virgin came to him and told him to go to the hill January they leave their shoes on the or and gather some roses and take them to the bishop. When front of the door .. Sometimes they leave a little hay or Juan returned he found roses blooming among the water for the camels of the Wise Men .. In the morning cactus and gathered them, wrapped them in his cape they find their shoes filled with toys or goodies of some and went to the bishop .. When he unfolded the cape kind. In some places the celebrations are more elaborate the image of the Virgin appeared upon it and adults participate. In Venezuela the Wise Men ride A chapel was built on the spot. In addition a through the streets, accompanied by musicians and lay great bascilica was built at the foot of the hilL In it people and the procession ends at the church. In places hangs the cape of Juan with the indescribable painting where the Day of the Kings has lost its religious upon it Thousands of pilgrims come to this shrine every significance, it is still held with local interpretations. year. 64 Holy Week Holy Week is celebrated everywhere in Latin Plays and processions are almost continuous, 1. Write to Pan American Union, Washington D..C there is a somber note during the days of 20006, for a list of their publications, and send for mourning. On Good Friday in some of the towns all the the pamphlets which help to interpret the celebra businesses close and the people spend the day in the tion of holidays church, in the adjoining plaza or visiting quietly at home. In a city of Hermosillo, for example, almost no 2 .. Visit the Mexican consulate office in Arizona and one is seen on the streets during this day. In Costa Rica, choose suitable materials from the free offering.. people dress in black, and even the busses and trains are 3 Examine the many books available on Latin America stopped for the day for sections which will assist the class in knowing On Saturday morning the Mass of Glory takes more about the fiestas. place and there is the excitement of bell-ringing, whistle 4.. Subscribe to Americas, a publication which has blowing and the pop of firecrackers pictures and articles for enriching classroom ma terials on Latin American holidays as well as the Corpus Christi cultures which have developed these holidays .. Write to Sales and Promotion Division, Pan American The day of Corpus Christi almost always occurs in June .. It is a time of religious processions from almost Union, Washington DC 20006, for sample copies. every church. In numerous places however it is extended 5. Study the materials available on the Pan American to a week or two or more weeks .. Special ritualistic dances 1:;/1 Highway to plan an imaginary trip to cities• of have become attached to it and many ceremonies wht~ lffi famous festivals. have meaning to a particular group. \~r \!j/ 6. Prepare a bibliography of books and pamphlets on r:~·' ;pi,: /" f11/I'\, Latin America and present it to the Library for 1 i r·'.!1 ,_' l use in the classrooms Carnivals / }f / . I h , 7. Learn songs and dances which are typical of the Carnivals take place in Latin America 111uchf!lilll \ countries of Latin America. the Mardi Gras in our country as an extravaganza before) Lent The Rio Carnival is the most spectacular, ;;d 8. Obtain the national anthems of the various coun perhaps the most carefully planned of any For a year tries and study the words and sing them with the the musicians have been trying to compose what they recordings. hope will be the hit tune of the carnival and these are 9. Discover the contributions of the Latin American judged in the Municipal Theater. However, the typical countries to our own culture. carnival song is a few lines set to a familiar tune.. The 10 Write to Pan American Airways for booklets celebration is supposed to take place the three days which describe some of the holidays of each of the before Ash Wednesday, but may actually begin earlier .. countries, and a catalog of their slides. }·,·<}<(,; * * * .. > ,\Tl;te colorful fairs are ~lso holidays of sorts .. They ·. ar~ p~l,d 'usually on Sunday for the natives will come , ,in/for(the church services .. S~ch a fair is that held at 'PMac(Peru, The goods of the market are exhibited on ! e·, r ; qcks, or on the ground and food for the week may be ··.,t''. The majority of holidays in Latin American countries purchased as well as tools, ornaments, clothing, or other are holy days and are found in the calendar of the needed items. church .. * * * Bull fights have been a national pastime. The Some of the holidays of Latin American countries world's largest bull ring is the 50,000 seat arena in are of particular interest to the village or region Mexico City, but there are others in the larger cities in which the day originated. of the South American countries. Although there are many fiestas, the general nature * * * Latin America is a place where there will be a of the people is serious. fiesta somewhere every day. There is even a Teacher's In contrast to our celebrations, Christmas is not com Day in Mexico on which the teachers receive cards and mercialized, and the events of Holy Week preceding gifts. But the celebrations change, are influenced by Easter are more emphasized than Easter itself. modern times and the attempt to preserve some of the celebrations in their original state is a worthy effort. The modes of celebration at fiestas may include rem Hay mucha gente bailando en la fie1ta nants of the ways in which the Indians celebrated (There are many people dancing at the party.) particular occasions before the Spanish came. 65 Sure I love the dear silver that shines in _your hair, And the brow that's all furrowed, and wrinkled with care, I kiss the dear fingers, so toil-worn for me, Oh, God bless you and keep you, Mother Machree. - Rita Johnson Young Second Sunday in May MOTHER'S day, as we know it today in the United States, is a relatively young holiday Julia Ward Howe made the first known suggestion for a "Mother's Day" in the United States in 1872 She suggested that people observe Mother's Day on June 2 as a day dedicated to peace. For several years she held an annual Mother's Day meeting in Boston .. Mary Lowles Sasseen, a Kentucky school teacher, started conducting Mother's Day celebra tions in 1887. Frank E. Hering of South Bend, Indiana, launched a campaign for Mother's Day in 1904 However, most of the honor for originating a special day to pay tribute to mothers belongs to Miss Anna Jarvis of Phila delphia With the death of her own mother in 1906, came her desire to pay tribute to the memory of all mothers .. On the first anniversary of her mother's death, Anna arranged a special service in her own church .. A year later all of Philadelphia observed a day to honor mothers .. In 1913, Penn sylvania declared "Mother's Day" a state holiday. Miss Jarvis then became a missionary of her idea .. On May 8, 1914, Mother's Day finally received national recognition when Presiden't Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution in Congress declaring that the second Sunday in May should be observed as Mother's Day The following year the President was authorized to proclaim Mother's Day as an annual national observance The badge of the day was a white carnation .. The choice of this particular flower has an interesting background story. The choice of color dated back to President McKinley, who always wore a white flower in memory of his mother. The variety of the flower chosen had to do with Miss Jarvis' mother, wife of a minister and mother of ten other children besides Anna. Mrs. Jarvis was noted for her beautiful flower garden in West Virginia. She particularly liked carnations because of their enduring quality and found much pleasure in distributing them among those of her neighbors who had none Each year the Goiden Rule Foundation sponsors essays on the subject of motherhood and selects one woman as the typical American Mother In Washington DC, tree planting has been a popular feature .. Trees are planted in honor of American mothers and specifically for mothers of the Presidents of the United States Honoring mothers in some way has been a part of our heritage from time immemorial. The fifth commandment is "Honor thy father and mother.. " Proverbs 31: 10-31 describes the woman worthy of this honor. VIEWPOINTS Strength and dignity are her clothing; And she laugheth at the time to come. For when you looked into my mother's eyes you She openeth her mouth with wisdom; knew, as if He had told you, why God sent her into And the law of kindness is on her tongue. the world - it was to open the minds of all who She looketh well to the ways of her household, looked, to beautiful thoughts. And eateth not the bread of idleness; - James M. Barrie Her children rise up and call her blessed, Nothing can compare in beauty, and wonder, Her husband also and he praises her, saying, and admirableness, and divinity itself, to the silent Many daughters have done virtuously, work in obscure dwellings of the faithful women But thou excelleth them all. bringing their children to honour and virtue and piety. - Proverbs 31 :25-29 - Henry Ward Beecher Give me the life of the boy whose mother is ACTIVITIES nurse, seamstress, washerwoman, cook, angel, and L Discuss the role of the mother in the family unit. saint, all in one, and whose father is guide, examplar, 2. List the things that a mother has to do in the home. and friend. No servants to come between. These are 3 Create a mural showing the activities that a mother the boys who are born to the best fortune. carries on in the home -Andrew Carnegie 4 Think of ways to make mother's job easier .. No language can express the power and beauty 5 Help mother with some of her work and heroism and majesty of a mother's love. It shrinks 6 Write a creative story or poem about your mother. not where man cowers, and grows stronger where 7 Have a mother come to class and discuss her work man faints, and over the wastes of worldly fortune in the home. sends the radiance of quenchless fidelity like a star 8 Build a "home" for the kindergatt.:n classroom in heaven. Carry on mother activities in role playing in the - E. H. Chapin "home .. " 9 Make a scrap book of mother activities. No man is poor who has had a goodly mother. 10. Develop a unit on family recreation at the time -Abraham Lincoln of Mother's Day and include the summer vacation. Stress satisfactions achieved through family asso For Study and Discussion ciations, and ways to ease the load of the mother 1. What types of work do mothers do in the home? 11. Discuss the modern role of the mother in the com 2. What can you do to help your mother? munity in modern times 3 Why do some mothers work outside of the home? 12. Find out about some of the noted mothers of the 4 What is a child's responsibility to his mother? world .. 5 What is a mother's responsibility to her child? 13 Find out something about the mothers of famous 6. When did Mother's Day become a national holiday 1 men and women of history. in the U.S.? 7 Why do families differ? 8. What manners within the family can be empha sized and employed by the members of the class? 67 ·M··. · e. the mori·al· graves D. a. y,·o•·r···ig.in.• of Civil .. ally.··ca.War veterans, l.. le·•····d D.· e.· c.·.or·a·t···i·ohas become.. ..n • D.. ··a·····y a.a·.s.· day a• forti.• m.·.. eremembering f·o. r... ·•. dee.o.·.:ra. tin. all g·.. · honored dead. At the close of the CivilWar a group of women .in. Columbus, Mississippi, honored both Confederate and .Union. soldiers .by. placin§ flo"7ers OA ·. their graves. When, at the close of the war, this l)ews reached the No~h, it helped to heaLthe recent wounds. The .use. of :flowers in payi11g tribute to the dea,d is a wstom in ~ny cultures .• Such a rite.fo~ the soldier dead was observed at Boalsburg, pennsylvan.ia; Belle Isle, Virginia and at. Columbus, Mississip]?i at the time of the Civil War. Probably th~ greate~t impetus for setting. aside a national holiday for the· · purpqse was given in. 1868 by General J. A. Logan, National Commander of· the Grand Army of the Rep~blic,. when he issued an order mall chapters t<)set aside May thirtieth .as a day for decorating the graves of .those who . di~d in defense of. their country. · Gradually the idea spread. N~w Y Ofk, in 1873, was the first state to make the day a legal holiday. Today, all the states, the District of Columbfa,. a~d the U.S. possessions,· by Pres.idential Proclamation, .celebrate Memorial Day, Alabania, Georgia, Mississippi, and Florida observe Memorial Day on April 26; .North. and· South Carolina·on M~y 10;. and Lou.isiana and Tennessee. on June 3. MemorialDay observance is marked by parades of military units, b;inds, civil officials, boy scouts, camp :fire groups, school children, and other local groups. Speeches and music :fitting to the occasion. are a part •Of a traditionally dignified and reverent observance. MEMORIAL DAY MAY 30 Faith with the Dead kept through our living faith; In this alone the true remembrance lies. - Basil Ebers VIEWPOINTS Arouse in the whole body of people an adventurous willingne.ss, as they sacrificed greatly for war, so, also, for international goodwill, to dare bravely, think Hl Rf. RFSfS I:\ wisely, decide resolutely and to achieve triumphantly. HONORF:D GI ORY - Harry Emerson Fosdick \'.',; \:\1ERJCAN SOLDIER Leave not the hereafter K'.\0\\'~ Rl:T TO GOD Of mankind to war, as though I had not died. - John Galsworthy Our part is to atone for the lo.sses of the heroic dead by making a better republic for the living. - Warren G. Harding Are they dead that yet speak louder than we can speak, and a more universal language? Are they dead that yet act? Are they dead that yet move upon ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY society and inspire the people with nobler motives Arlington Memorial Bridge leads from the Lincoln and more heroic patriotism. Memorial across the Potomac River to Arlington -Henry Ward Beecher National Cemetery. Plan your visit so that you will Your silent tents of green see the changing of the guard at the Tomb of the We deck with fragrant flowers Unknowns, which takes place every hour on the hour. Yours has the suffering been, Near the main gates stands the bronze statue of The memory shall be ours. Admiral Richard E. Byrd, erected by the National -Henry W. Longfellow Geographic Society Within the cemetery's hallowed ground, ten miles of paved roads and three miles of Let u.s bear in mind on this day of Memorial, that walks are shaded by thousands of trees, a fitting sur the only object of arms is to bring about a condition rounding for the graves of 112,000 military men who in which quiet peace under liberty can endure. have been interred here since the Civil War - Franklin D. Roosevelt Every post of the Grand Army should hold suitable exercises and decorate the graves of their dead com rades with flowers. Let no ravages of time testify to coming generations that we have forgotten as a people the cost of a free and individual republic. - General John A. Logan Commander-in-Chief Grand Army of the Republic These three figures, left to right, are: a Minuteman, War of Independence; a Union soldier, Civil War; and a sailor of World War II. 69 ACTIVITIES L Make a mural of the participants in the parade and for such representation. tell about their reasons for being there. 5 .. There does not seem to be a history of Arizona's 2 Find out who from the local school or community are veterans in any form. Perhaps some high school especially to be remembered on Memorial Day. class in literature could use this as a project and develop at least a part of the story of Arizona's 3 Prepare a worthy booklet for Memorial Day, includ sharing in the armed conflict of our nation. ing the history, the local events through the years, 6. A visible observance for a classroom would be to put poems and songs of the various historical periods small American flags on a world map to designate the represented and parts of speeches which might be places where Memorial Day for American soldiers is of historical value.. Contribute this booklet to the held. This would include Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, library, so that it can be used in the future and can Holland, Luxemburg, France, Belgium, Italy, the be added to or revised. Philippines, several South Sea Islands, and other 4. Find out whether there is any way the class can be places as well as our country .. Information on this can represented at the Memorial Day exercises and plan be obtained from the Department of Defense I A SONG FOR HEROES A song for the heroes who Jay the sign And took their place in the battle line; A flag for the soldier's bier They were walls of granite and gates of brass; Who dies that his land may live. And they cried out to God, ''They shall not pass!" - William Vaughn Moody And they hurled them back in a storm of cheers, And the sound will echo on over the years. For Study and Discussion All Ptaise for the* daring * God *who gave Heroic souls that could dare the grave. Praise for the power He laid on youth 1. What will you see ( or what did you see) in the To challenge disaster and die fM truth. Memorial Day parade? What greater gift can the High God give, Than the power to die that ttuth may live.' 2. Why were these people participating in the parade? -Edwin Markham 3 In what ways can we honor those who have died for our country in addition to Memorial Day parades Soldier, rest thy warfare o'er and speeches? Dream of fighting fields no more, 4 .. Who from our school have in the past died in time Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking, Morn of toil, nor night of waking. of armed conflict? - Sir Walter Scott 5. How do other nations honor their war dead? 70 June 14 lag Day was established to honor the red, white and blue banner which represents our country. As some of life's deepest meanings are projected by symbols, so in the life of a country, its flag, as a symbol, comes to a place of significance in expressing the unity of the people .. FIn 1775 the Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Lynch to design a national emblem On June 14, 1777, George Washington presented this in the form of a flag to the Continental Congress .. The Congress adopted this resolution: "Resolved: That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.." Each of the original thirteen colonies was represented by a star and a stripe. As new states were admitted, new stripes and new stars were added. In 1818, after five new states were added, Congress passed a bill specifying that the flag should have thirteen stripes and that for each new state a star should be added .. Flag Day was first observed in New York by a kindergarten school and then by all public schools. Before long the New York State Legislature passed a law providing for the annual observ ance of Flag Day. In 1893 the mayor of Philadelphia ordered the flag displayed on all public build ings and in 1897 the governor of New York issued a similar order for the flag to be displayed on all public buildings in the city of New York In speaking of the flag, George Washington said, "We take the stars from heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity, representing liberty. Today it is often said that the red stands for the courage to do what is right, the white is for the liberty that our land offers to all who come, and the blue is for constancy. We revere our flag, and we show this reverence on the day of its birth, and on all occasions. 71 VIEWPOINTS Fling out the flag. Let us hope that this splen A thoughtful mind, when it sees a nation's flag, did banner will give us a higher ideal of national sees not the flag only, but the nation itself; and character; an ideal that will exclude the jingo, the whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads bully and the public charlatan, and an ideal that will chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the dedicate the national conscience to a still deeper truths, the history, which belong to the nation. love of country, to a more reverent regard to its insti -Henry Ward Beecher tutions, to a higher civilization and to peace, yea, to eternal peace among the nations of the earth. This It is the symbol of a majesty, flag means that or it means nothing. A vast idea, a concept that appeals -Anonymous To ignorant and to learned equally, To every heart that feels. Report of a special committee appointed by the Con - Nathan Haskell Dole tinental Congress to suggest a design for the flag. This flag means more than association and That piece of red, white and blue bunting means reward. It is the symbol of our national unity, our five thousand years of struggle upwards. It is the national endeavor, and our national aspiration.. It full-grown flower of ages of fighting for liberty. ft tells you of the struggle for Independence, of a Union is the century plant of human hope in bloom. preserved, of Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, - Alvin Owsley of the sacrifices of brave men and women to whom ideals and honor have been dearer than life. Keep, then, the flag of the nation waving be -Charles Evans Hughes fore our eyes; in other words, make conspicuous the principles of which it is the emblazonry: fealty to Hats off! truth, to honor, to liberty and law. Along the street there comes - E. P. Thwing A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, A flash of color beneath the sky.: This is Flag Day, but that only means that it is Hats off! a day when we are to recall the things which we The flag is passing by .. should do every day of our lives. There are no days of - Henry Holcomb Bennett special patriotism .. This flag meant a great enterprise of the human Having learned to stand by the flag, we may spirit. also learn to stand by what the flag symbolizes; to stand up for equal rights, universal freedom, for The flag of the United States has not been created by rhetorical sentences in declarations and in justice to all, for a true republic .. bills of rights.. It has been created by the experience - James F. Clarke of a great people, and nothing is written upon has not been written by their life.. It is the embodiment, not I am whatever you make me, nothing more.. I of a sentiment, but of a history. am your belief in yourself, your dream of what a people may become . . I am the clutch of an idea, We meet to celebrate Flag Day because this and the reasoned purpose of resolution .. I am no more flag which we honor and under which we serve is the than you believe me to be and I am all that you be emblem of our unity, our power, our thought and lieve I can be. I am whatever you make me, nothing purpose as a nation. It has no other character than more. that which we give it from generation to genera * * * tion. The choice is ours. It floats in majestic silence I swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of above the hosts that execute those choices whether color, a symbol of yourself, the pictured suggestion in peace or war. And yet, though silent, it speaks to of that big thing which makes this nation. My stars us - speaks to us of the past, of the men and women and my stripes are your dream and your labors.. They who went before us and of the records they wrote are bright with cheer, brilliant with courage, firm upon it .. We celebrate the day of its birth: and from with faith, because you have made them so out of its birth until now it has witnessed a great history, your heart. For you are the makers of the flag and it has floated on high the symbol of great events, of a is well that you glory in the making .. great plan of life worked out by a great people. - Franklin Knight Lane - Woodrow Wilson 72 73 • FLAGS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Many flags have flown over this great land. Its history can be told by the flag symbols of men who found, explored, settled, fought and died for it. THE VIKING FLAG of Leif Ericson was THE SPANISH FLAG was carried by Co THE FRENCH FLAG of Samuel de Cham the first flag in North America in the lumbus in 1492. It combined the arms of plain was first raised in North America l000's Castile and Leon in 1604. THE BRITISH FLAG flew THE DUTCH EAST INDIA THE SWEDISH FLAG flew THE RUSSIAN-AMERICAN over the colonies in North COMPANY FLAG of Henry over New Sweden on the COMPANY FLAG was raised America, beginning with Hudson flew in New York Delaware River in 1638 at Russian settlements in Jamestown in 1607 area in 1609 Alaska in 1799. Before the American Revolution against England began, the colonists were showing their discontent with a number of different flags .. As early as 1765, the Stamp Act Congress, whose members became known as the "Sons of Liberty", adopted a flag consisting of nine horizontal red and white stripes which later increased to thirteen.. John Paul Jones with the Continental Navy used this flag.. The English called it, "The Rebellious Stripes". New England colonies used several different flags, but the pine tree symbol was most popular. 0 AN APPEAL TO HEAVEN The Minute men of Bedford The Pine Tree Flag flew Rattlesnake flags were used Colonel Moultrie's Flag was carried this flag at Lexing during the BATTLE OF in the southern colonies as flown on Charleston Har ton and Concord. It was BUNKER HI LL over such the pine tree was in New bor, South Carolina, when one of the first flags to re men as Israel Putman, Na England.. Colonel Gadsden his troops were attacked by ceive baptism by British fire, thaniel Greene and William used a rattlesnake symbol the British fleet in 1776 April 19, 1775 Prescott, June 16, 1775 as early as 1764 under the "Liberty Tree" at Charies ton, South Carolina 74 The United States Flag From 1795 to 1818 When Vermont (1791) and Kentucky were admitted into the Union, Congress in 1794 enacted the following law: "That from The First Stars And Stripes and after the first day of May, 1795, the June 14, 1777 - 13 Original States The Flag of the U.S. in 1818 with flag of the United States be fifteen 20 States in the Union Adopted June 14, 1777, our first "Stars stripes, alternate red and white; and that and Stripes" contained thirteen stars the union be fifteen stars, white, in a Tennessee (1796), Ohio (1802), Louisiana which were arranged in various ways, blue field." (1812), Indiana (1816), and Mississippi including the one pictured here to de This flag flew over Fort McHenry, (1817) were admitted to the Union. note that our Union would be without Maryland, September 13-14, 1814, and Various arrangements were used for the end and to symbolize the equality of the inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Stars, but four rows with five stars each different states. Star-Spangled Banner" was most common. At the Beginning of the Mexican War Start of the Civil War At Beginning of Spanish-American War In 1846-28 Stars in the Flag April 12, 1861-34 Stars 45 Stars in the Flag - April 18, 1898 From 1817 to 1846 Mississippi, Alabama, From the beginning of the Mexican War Between the surrender of General Lee Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Michi to 1861, California, Iowa, Kansas, Min at Appomattox, April 9, 1865 and the gan, Missouri and Texas were admitted nesota, Oregon and Wisconsin were ad declaration of war with Spain in 1898, to the Union .. On the day war was de mitted into the Union. There were five Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, Montana, clared against Mexico, 28 stars were on row of stars of seven each except the Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, our Flag arranged in four rows of seven middle row which contained six Utah, and Wyoming were admitted to each the Union. There were six rows of stars, alternate rows of eight and seven stars. Originally 13 Now 50 Strong, Inseparable and Free Oklahoma was admitted into the Union in 1907, New Mexico and Arizona in 1912. From 1912 to 1959 our flag contained forty-eight stars .. With the admission of Alaska and Hawaii in 1959, our United States Flag possesses fifty stars. The Pledge first appeared in the September 8, 1892 Finally in 1930, a committee was appointed to weigh edition of The Youth' i Companion as part of the official carefully the conflicting evidence.. Unanimously they program for school children throughout the nation to decided in favor of Francis Bellamy. Congress officially commemorate the 400th Anniversary of the discovery of designated his work as the Pledge of Allegiance to the America. The Pledge was first recited at the dedication Flag on December 28, 1945: of the World's Columbian Exposition grounds at Chicago in October, 1892 I pledge allegiance to the Flag of Two members of the staff of The Youth'i Com the United States of America and panion were Mr.. Francis Bellamy and Mr. James Upham to the Republic for which it stands; For 47 years the family of each man claimed authorship one Nation under God, indivisible, for him and held evidence to substantiate their claims. with Liberty and Justice for all. 75 DISPLAYING THE FLAG The flag is an honored symbol .. Illustrated are points to remember in displaying the flag. On a casket, drape the flag with its canton at the head and over the left shoulder of the flag into the grave Solute the flog the moment it posses in a parade. Put your hand over your heart or give the military salute Hoist the flag to the peak before you lower it to half-mast as a sign of mourning Raise it to the peak again before lowering it at the end of the day. Carry the flag to the right of any other flog in the procession From a building, hang the flag on a staff or a rope over the there are many other flags, carry the flag alone in front of If sidewalk with its canton away from the building the center line As a color bearer, hold the staff at a 30° angle or carry it with one hand, resting the staff. on the right shoulder On a platform, put the flag on the right of the speaker .. Any With grouped staffs, place the flag at the center and highest point. With crossed staffs, put the flag on its own right, its other flag should go to the speakers left. staff on top .. Off the platform, the flag is in position of honor on the right of the audience 76 Over the street, hang the flag with its canton to the east on Hang the flag above other flags on the same halyard .. Never hang a north-south street, or to the north on an east-west one. one national flag above the other in peacetime. Never hang the flag upside down unless you mean it as a serious emergency signal. With flags of other nations on equal staffs, hang the flag to Behind a speaker hang the flag flat against the wall. Do not its own right, hoisting it first and lowering it last. gather or drape it. CARING FOR THE FLAG A national flag should be folded carefully and put Do not let the flag touch the ground, deck or water. away when not in use. The U S.. flag may be given a Do not drape the flag over a vehicle, train, or boat special military fold. It should first be folded twice Do not use the flag as a covering for anything. lengthwise to form a long strip. Then, starting at the Always carry the flag aloft and free. stripe end, it should be given a series of triangular folds. Do not use the flag as a portion of costume or dress. The resulting compact triangle looks like a cocked hat Do not put lettering of any kind on the flag. If the flag is permanently attached to its staff, it should Do not let advertising be attached to the flag pole. be furled, or wrapped around the staff It should then Use bunting for decorations and be sure the blue is be cased, or wrapped with a cover. on top .. A national flag may be mended, dry-cleaned, or Always treat the flag of another nation with the washed .. An old flag, or one with an out-of-date design, same respect you show for the U S.. flag. may be displayed as long as it is in a respectable condi The church pennant is the only flag ever to be tion.. When it has become so ragged or badly soiled that hoisted over the flag It is displayed only during it is no longer fit for display, it should be destroyed in divine services .. some dignified way, preferably by burning.. Displaying the flag upside down is a recognized Do not permit disrespect to be shown to the flag signal of distress 77 Father~s Day THIRD SUNDAY IN JUNE FISHING WITH DAD Terry caught a bluegill, Then Jerry caught one, And I caught a bass. But Daddy caught none! Terry caught three more, Jerry caught two, And I caught the biggest one Before we were through. Oh, Daddy just rowed the boat, And put on the bait, And cast out our lines, And got our tangles straight. And he took off the fish. (You never saw so many!) And then he rowed us home. And he never caught any! - Ethel Jacobson lthough several i widely separated communities at varying times "inittatei1'·the idea of desig A nating a day in or our fathers/ credit for the day is usually given to Mr~~;it!?~n"'Bruce of Spokane, Washington. In 1 idea occurred to her as a tribute to her father who had rear~;J-1is family after her mother's death. T ane Ministerial Association approved the third Sunday in June as Father's Day, n 1910. The custom became popular throughout the United States and Canada. In 1934 it became a national ervance, sponsored annually by a national Father's Day committee. The purpose of the d is to recognize and enhance the honor and dignity of fatherhood, through honoring our individual fathers. As William Ellery Channing has stated, "The father and mother of an unnoticed family, who in their seclusion awaken the mind ot one child to the idea and love of goodness, . surpass in influence a Napoleon breaking the world to his sway." The "ten commandments for fathers" suggested by the National Father's Day Committee include responsibility for the boys' and girls' behavior and security, for their mental and spiritual development, and for helping to make the home a haven .. A real father shares the youngsters' activities, wins their confidence, respect, and devotion, helps solve their problems, and recognizes and helps correct their weaknesses. The day is usually observed by a family dinner, honoring the father with gifts and special attention.. Many communities select a "father of the year .. " And several cities, recognizing the importance of a father's influence, have established select fathers of the community as "Big Brothers" to nine to sixteen-year-old boys who have no fathers of their own. In some school areas where the percentage of fatherless homes is extremely high, the teachers themselves, the school nurse, psychologist, or others, with the sanction of the district officials, attempt to supply some of the needs of the children so that they will gain maximum benefit from their time at school 78 For Study and Discussion ACTIVITIES I. Have the class members make a survey of the various L Let the children create poems and write them in a kinds of work which their fathers do and the hours card which can be saved until Father's Day. On the spent in doing it. outside paste colored tops and write "DAD You're 2. Discover what benefits the fathers of the class mem Tops" bers contribute through participation in community 2 .. Select an interesting rock, wash it in water and vine organizations and activities. gar and if possible spray it with liquid plastic. Glue 3. Share the kinds of activities which the class members it on a wooden base which has been finished with enjoy with their fathers. linseed oil, matte spray, or varnish, for use as a 4 Discuss the changing role of a father as we change paper-weight. from a rural to an urban society 3 Make a sketch on construction paper. Cover it with shavings of crayons. Cover with waxed paper and press with a warm iron .. Use as a gift card. VIEWPOINTS 4. Make a "Gift Certificate" stating some task the child will perform for father. Enclose it in a folder, made Father was an absolutely honest man, honest like a billfold not only in packing a crate of grapes, but honest 5 Write a story or anecdote about an event that hap as to his own weaknesses and shortcomings. pened with your father and you. He asked little for himself and was generous 6 Visit a father at his work with what was his, and generous to the faults and shortcomings of others. - Julian Burroughs The graduation class at Yale University voted on this question: "What man in the world do you most admire?" And a majority answered "My father." - William Lyon Phelps For years as a boy, I had eaten the food and worn the clothes provided by that humble, slaving, threadbare man, without giving a thought to the weary toil he had endured to provide them. I had seen him mend hi.s own shoes and toil for an hour drawing rusty nails to patch up the woodshed or the garden fence, without having once realized that he practiced these economies that I might wear better shoes than he, and have leisure that was never his. 1 - W. 0. Saunders Father! - to God himself we cannot give a holier name. - William Wordsworth JULY4 Independence D,y, July 4,h, commemomes ,he birthday of owc nstion For a century and a half, since the first colonists settled on American shores, these pioneer people were subjects of the British Crown .. As such they were ruled, taxed, and presumably, protected by England. There was little thought of separate independence until the British Parliament started exacting exhorbitant taxes in 1764.. The Sugar Act, probably the first of the severe revenue measures of Parliament to antagonize the Colonies, was enacted in 1764. A growing resentment was dramatically expressed by Patrick Henry as early as 1765 in his famous "give me liberty-" speech. These rebellious feelings were augmented by the Stamp Act and the implementation of the Quartering Act. At first, the colonists tried to get the King and the Parliament to correct the inequities. But when harsher dictatorial rule was the result, some of the colonial leaders began to talk of independence. On June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, following instructions given by the Virginia Convention to their delegates introduced into the Continental Congress a declaration of independence. Action on it was deferred until July 1, in order to allow time for a committee of five to prepare a statement explaining the reasons for independence .. On July 2, the Lee resolution was approved .. On July 4, after much debate and some slight deletions from the explanatory statements as presented by the committee of five, the total statement of declaration, including Lee's resolution, was adopted .. The very next year, 1777, even though they were in the midst of war, Philadelphians observed July 4 as a day of celebration Today practically every hamlet in all of the 50 states, plus American soldiers and civilians who happen to be in other countries at the time, observe the day with prayers, speeches, parades, pageantry, and fireworks. The day symbolizes the divine right of each man to have a voice in his own government.. "Proclaim Liberty ACTIVITIES throughout the land 1. Read aloud to smaller children from such books as unto all the inhabitants thereof." Through The.se Arche1 by Katherine Milhous .. Leviticus 2 5 : 10 2. Decorate cup cakes like drums .. 3 Prepare a bulletin board which will visually call the attention of the class to the sacrifices made by Americans since 1776 to maintain our independence 4. Research the various ways Independence Day has been celebrated during the various periods of our history since 1776 Present this information to the class in interesting and informative ways, such as CONCEPTS dioramas, paintings, news articles. 5 Stage a "town meeting" on the issue of independence lndependerice Day commemorates the as you visualize it having occurred in 1776 signing of the Declaration of Independ 6 Set up a role playing situation illustrating the agon ence. izing deliberations the delegates participated in Independence is not easily gained nor before finally deciding to declare the Colonies inde easily maintained. pendent of England. 7. Find out about some of the personal sacrifices made Many people have made tremendous by the signers of the Declaration of Independence sacrifices to achieve independence for which make the phrase, " . we mutually pledge the United States. to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred Freedom implies responsibility. Unless honour," very meaningful one exercises responsible use of freedom 8. Check the personal background of each of the it is ultimately lost. signers of the Declaration of Independence.. Give We are social beings as well as indi the class a thumbnail sketch of the men involved viduals; the rights of individual freedom 9 Make a chronological chart showing the gradual must be counterbalanced by social re move toward independence. sponsibility. 10. Read the document aloud in class.. Examine it carefully and break it down into its component 1 parts: ( 1) the preface, a s,tatement of philosophic principles, ( 2) the grievances, and ( 3) the declara tion of independence 11 Travel to historic spots by means of slides brought from home or secured commercially. For Study and Discussion 12 Tape choral readings of patriotic selections and 1 What are the meanings and implications of the provide them for circulation through the library. terms: opportunity for all, life, liberty, freedom, 13. Make a collection of pictures showing the early equality, pursuit of happiness, as found in the Decla history of our country ration of Independence? 14. Make a list of books in the school library which are 2 Examine the list of grievances in the Declaration of based on the early history of our country. Rights and Grievances carefully. Were they really 15. Write an essay "What America Means to Me." adequate and just reasons for such serious later 16 After listening to recordings of poems and patriotic action as declaring the colonies independent? readings by famous Americans, make some similar 3 Why were the colonists willing to take such an tapes of your own concerning the Declaration of extreme step? Independence .. 4. Why do we regard the acts of the colonists in break 17. If any of the members of the class have attended ing away from England as being just and right, yet the summertime "lumadrama" at Independence Hall, regard the breaking away from the Union by the have them share the experience with the class. Confederates as wrong? 81 The word "Freedom" has been extolled in the man is endowed with free will, and with the natural and world's great oratory, and celebrated in poetry, drama inalienable right to exercise free will. and song. Men have prayed for freedom, fought for it, Those founding fathers, envisioning those great died for it, lived to enjoy its fruits, and to pass on to concepts, fervently hoped to conceive a Nation to be their children a government organized to preserve free governed by law, with the consent of the governed, dom. It can well be said that peoples of all times have wherein man would exercise free will in a manner be spoken the word "Freedom" as best expressing the deep fitting the divinity and dignity of free men.. Their deep est aspirations of the human soul. religious fervor and emotion lent great strength to this At Athens, President Eisenhower defined freedom vision; and this, together with their desire and their as a state "in which, under the rule of law, every human indomitable will to create and bring forth into being, will have the right and a fair chance to live his own those great aspirations, to be incarnated as the very life, to choose his own path, to work out his own essence of this new Nation, constituted the substance destiny." of their hopes, the evidence of things not seen This The essence of freedom is the liberty it gives tc was their Faith in the AMERICA TO BE. the individual to form his own ideas, entertain his own The philosophy of Freedom in large measure is beliefs, establish his own pattern of behavior, choose his responsible for the greatest social upheavals and politi own course of action, - and to take the consequences cal experiments in the history of all civilization, brought It places a responsibility upon the individual to take the about by men seeking, to establish in government, initiative in achieving his own happiness and advance recognition of the divine and dignified status of free ment. It develops self-reliance, independence of spirit, men.. Witness our unique heritage of freedom which and the forcefulness of effort which are the measure of lies buried deep in the words and meaning of the the worth of man.. No freedom better expresses this Magna Carta signed at Runnymede, where men, during social purpose than the freedom of thought and expres the thirteenth century, wrested basic freedoms from sion.. It encourages good judgment, as well as the exer kings; also, in the political and religious strife and cise of caution and self-restraint; it imposes an obliga unrest through the Renaissance and the Reformation, tion upon each member of society, to observe conduct when men sought relief from the tyrannical yokes of not injurious to the other members. George Washing church and state.. Then followed the greatest political ton best expressed this principle in his letter to Con experiment of all history when there was created a gress advocating the adoption of the Constitution : Nation, whose foundation and cornerstone- indeed its "Individuals entering into society must give up very heart and soul - rested upon the living philosophy a share of liberty to preserve the rest .. The magni promulgated into and evidenced by a Declaration of tude of the sacrifice must depend upon the situa~ Independence, a Constitution and a Bill of Rights, and a tion and circumstances as well as the object to be government by law, founded thereon, consisting solely attained.» of a grant of powers by free men, and the existence of Our founding fathers were aware of certain phil which depended solely upon the will and consent of the osophic and religious tenets.. They recognized and be governed. lieved in the concept of the divinity, dignity and Justice E. B Smith freedom of man. They recognized and believed that Idaho Supreme Court COULD CITIES SPEAK If country towns and little lanes could talk The lanterns waited, lighted wicks turned down, And cities speak, what would you like to hear? And horses champed and reared, to run. How quickly I should go where great men walked To Philadelphia, where William Penn To learn about our country's yesteryear . .. Had built a dream of brotherhood and love, Perhaps to Valley Forge, where Washington And later in convention, wise good men In winter's snow, with little aid rave prayer Had framed that dream to last, helped from above . And faith, drilled bootless troops to fight as one. Listen, the placer speak: "The men are gone, (What untold tales of heroes murt be there!) Only the hallowed halls, the rocks and trees To Country Middlese.x and Boston Town, Remain,· yet truth for which they died lives on. The Old North Church and Concord, Le.xington; And liberty. America, guard these!" Mabel Jones Gabbott 82 r FOURTH OF JULY ODE 1 Our fathers fought for libertv, The word dependence is united to the ideas of I They struggled long and well, Historv of their deeds can tell - inferiority and corruption; the word independence to But did they leave us free? the ideas of dignity and virtue. -1. Benthan I Are we free from vanity, i Free from pride, and free from self, There is often as much independence in not Free from love of power and pelf, From everything that's beggarly? being led as in not being driven. - Tryon Edwards 1 Are we free from stubborn will, From low hate and malice small, Hail! independence, hail! heaven's next best gift From opinion's tyrant thrall? to that of life and immortal soul! Are none of us our own slaves still? -Thomson Our fathers fought for liberty, They .struggled long and well, The greatest of all human benefits, that at least History of their deeds can tell - without which no other benefit can be truly enjoyed, But ourselves must set us free, is independence. Sail on, 0 Union, Strong and Great! - Parke Godwin Humanity with all its fear, With all the hopes of future years, Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be l.s hanging breathless on thy fate! purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty Powers! - I know not what course Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea! Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. others may take but as for me, give me liberty or Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, give me death! Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, - Patrick Henry Are all with thee, - are all with thee! - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Our cause is just. Our union is perfect. Our internal resources are great, and, if necessary, foreign assistance is undoubtedly attainable .... The arms we have been compelled by our enemies to assume we will, in defiance of every hazard, with unabating firmness and perseverance, employ for the preserva tion of our liberties: being with one mind resolved to die free men rather than live slaves. - Thomas Jefferson I l Freedom has its life in the hearts, the actions, f the spirits of men and so it must be daily earned and refreshed - else like a flower cut from its life-giving roots, it will wither and die. - Dwight D. Eisenhower Yesterday the greatest question was decided which The most powerful single force in the world today ever was debated in America: and a greater perhaps is neither communism nor capitalism, neither the never was, nor will be, decided among men. A resolu H-bomb nor the guided missile - it is man's eternal tion was passed without one dissenting colony, that desire to be free and independent. those United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, - John F. Kennedy free and independent States. The second day of July, Freedom has been defined as the opportunity for I 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history self-discipline . . . . Should we persistently fail to of America. I am apt to believe that it will be cele discipline ourselves, eventually there will be increas brated by succeeding generations as the great anni ing pressure on government to redress the failure. versary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the By that process freedom will step by step disappear. day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God - Dwight D. Eisenhower Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bon fires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forevermore. From a letter written by John Adams to his wife, July 3, 1776. 83 Jefferson;s Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence Uune 11-28, 1776) The 01iginaJ manuscript draft of the immortal statement of American libenies by Thomas Jefferson, authot of the Decla1a tion of Independence, with verbal changes by Benjamin Frank changes and additions made from inception of document to lin and John Adams noted thereon. This dtaft contains all its presentation to the Continental Cong1ess One of the most invaluable documents of American histo1y Note the marginal 84 notations, "Franklin's handwriting" and "Adams' handwriting" The Declaration of Independence breeches was holding a large document in his hand Silence fell over the throng when he read the resounding words that It was a memorable day in July, l 776 when, in Philadelphia, would thrill the world We hold there truth I to be self- the pealing of the State House bell packed a crowd into the evide1Zt that all men are c1eated equal yard below Standing on a platform, a white-wigged gentleman wearing a three-cornered har, a long, open coat, and satin 85 INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS Aids to teaching may foster contemplation, searching, ideas which encourage creative thinking and expression reaching, and awakening in the student. They should not in regard to all our special days so that the members of become substitutes for the experiences, feelings, expres the cla_ss may experience a re-living of some of the sions of the students. The quality of the experience, the great moments of our country's life. quality of the feeling, the quality of the expression The following code is used to denote grade levels should receive the major emphasis .. Time should be for instructional materials: P-Primary; I-Inter allowed for meditation, reaction, and the awakening of mediate; U-Upper; HS-High School. BOOKS Shippen, Katherine B. This Union Harper, Wilhelmina Ghosts and Gob Cause: The Growth of Organized lins. Dutton, 196 5 P ,I General Labor in America.. Harper, 1958 Hoke, Helen. Witches, Witches, Witch Adams, Florence. Highdays and Holi U,HS es. Watts, 1958 I,U days .. Dutton, 1955 U CONSTITUTION WEEK Linton, Ralph. Hallowe'en Through Brewton, Sara and John E Birthday CITIZENSHIP DAY Twenty Centuries .. Schuman, 1950 Candles Burning Bright.. Macmil I,HS Acheson, Patricia C Our Federal Gov lan, 1960 I,U Little, Jane Spook Atheneum, 1965 ernment. Dodd, 1958 U Burnett, Bernice. The First Book of P,I Cavanah, Frances. Our Country's Free Holidays .. Watts, 1955 P,I Massey, Jeanne. Littlest Witch. Knopf, dom. Rand, 1966 I,U Carlson, Bernice .. Listen! and Help Tell 1957 P,I Commager, Henry Steele. the Story. Abingdon, 1965 P The Gr·eat Patterson, Lillie .. Hallowe'en. Gauard, Constitution. Bobbs, 1961 I,U,HS Child Study Association of America. 1963 P,I Fisher, Dorothy Canfield Our Inde-• Poe, Edgar Allan Tales and Poems of Holiday Storybook Crowell, 1952 pendence and the Constitution. I Edgar Allan Poe .. Macmillan, 1963 Random, 1950 I,U Cavannah, Frances and Lucile Pannell U,HS Holiday Round Up. Macrae, 1950 Garraty, John A. Quarrels That Have Sechrist, Elizabeth H. Heigh-Ho for Shaped the Constitution. Harper, I,U Hallowe'en. Macrae, 1948 LU,HS 1964 HS Cole, William. Poems for· Seasons and ...... Thirteen Ghostly Kelly, Frank Your Freedoms: The Celebrations .. World, 1961 I,U K. Yarns. Macrae (rev ed), 1963 I,U Bill of Rights. Putnam, 1964 U,HS Dobler, Lavinia G. Customs and Holi UNITED NATIONS DAY days Around The W odd.. Fleet, Miers, Eat! S. Freedom. Grosset, 1965 1963 I,U I,U Beckel, Graham. Workshops for the ...... The Rainbow Douglas, George W. The American World; The United Nations Fam Book of Days. Wilson, 1965 U.HS Book of American History ily of Agencies.. Abelard, 1962 World, 1955 I,U Dupuy, T. N. Holidays: Days of Sig I,U,HS nificance For All Americans. Morris, Richard B .. The First Book of Chambers, Bradford. Vest - Pocket Watts, 1965 U,HS the Constitution. Watts, 1958 I,U Handbook on the United Nations. Fenner, Phyllis. Feasts and Fr-oiics Witty, Paul. You and the Constitution Follett, 1965 I,U.HS of the United States. Childrens Knopf, 1964 I.U Comay, Joan The UN in Action .. Mac Press, 1948 I,U Gaer, Joseph. Holidavs Around the millan, 1965 U,HS World .. Little, 1953 I,U COLUMBUS DAY Dobler, Lavinia. Arrow Book of the United Nations .. Scholastic, 1963 P,I Hazeltine, Mary Emogene. Anniversa d'Aulaire, Ingri and Edgar. Columbus ries and Holidays. American Li Doubleday, 1955 P Eichelberger, Clark M. UN the First Twenty Years. Harper and Row, brary Association, 1944 U.HS Berger, Josef. Discoverers of the New 1965 U,HS Ickis, Marguerite. Book of Festival World. Harper, 1960 I,U Epstein, Edna. The First Book of the Holidays. Dodd, 1964 I,U Dalgliesh, Alice. The Columbus Story 1 United Nations. Watts, 1966 I Ickis, Marguerite Book of Patriotic Scribner, 1955 P,I Holidays. Dodd, 1962 I,U Galt, Tom How the United Nations Foster, Genevieve. World of Columbus Works. Crowell, 1955 I,U Krythe, Maymie. All About American and Sons. Scribner, 1965 I,U Rabe, Olive United Nations Day. Holidays. Harper and Row, '1962 Hodges, C. Walter. Columbus Sailed I,U,HS Crowell, 1965 P Coward, 1939 I Savage, Katherine. The Story of the Lillie, Amy Morris. Book of Three Judson, Clara Ingram Christopher Co Festivals: Stories of Christmas, United Nations .. Walck, 1962 I,U lumbus (Beginning to Read). Fol Schlining, Paula The United Nations Easter and Thanksgiving .. Dutton, lett, 1959 P 1948 LU and What it Does. Lothrop, 1961 Meredith, Robert and E. Brooks Smith I,U Sechrist, Elizabeth. Red letter Days: A The Quest of Columbus. little, Book of Holiday Customs. Macrae, Shippen, Katherine The Pool of 1966 I,U 1965 I,U Knowledge. Harper and Row, Showers, PauL Columbus Day. Crowell, Woolsey, Janette and Sechrist, Eliza 1965 I,U beth Hough New Plays for Red 1965 P Shotwell, Louisa.. Beyond the Sugar Letter Days. Macrae, 1953 U Sperry, Armstrong. The Voyages of Cane Field: UNICEF in Asia. Christopher Columbus.. Random, World, 1961 I,U LABOR DAY 1950 U,HS Speiser, Jean. UNICEF and the World. Dulles, Foster Rhea. Labor in America Syme, Ronald. Columbus, Finder of Day, 1965 I,U Crowell, 1961 HS the New World. Morrow, 1952 I Stevenson, Adlai, E Looking Outward: Lens, Sidney Working Men: the Story HALLOWEEN Years of Crisis at the United Na of Labor. Putnam, 1960 HS tions. Harper and Row, 1963 HS Marnell, James labor Day. Crowell, Bennett, Anna E. Little Witch .. Lippin United Nations Association of the 1966 P cott, 1953 P,I United States of America. The Paradis, Adrian. Labor in Action .. Mess· Boreen, Helen Halloween. Crowell, United Nations: Twenty Year·s. ner, 1963 HS 1965 P 1965 I,U,HS Selvin, D. F. Sam Gompers: Labor's Bright, Robert Geor·gie.. Doubleday, Pioneer·. Abelard, 1964 I,U 1959 P GENERAL ELECTION Senesh, Lawrence. Our Working Fenner, Phyllis R Ghosts, Ghosts, Binkley, Wilfred E American Political World .. SRA, 1964 P,I Ghosts. Watts U,HS Parties. Knopf, 1962 U,HS 86 Batter, David, Politicians and What Ets, Marie Hall Nine Days to Christ Moore, Alma. The Friendly Forests. They Do.. Watts, 1960 U,HS mas. Viking, 1959 P Viking, 1963 I,U Coy, Harold. The First Book o:f Con Hays, Wilma Pitchford.. Christmas on Selsam, Millicent E Birth of a Forest. gress, Watts, 1956 I,U the Mayflower. Coward, 1956 P,I Harper, 1964 I,U Johnson, Gerald. Congress.. Morrow, Kahl, Virginia. Plum Pudding for Webber, Irma E. Bits That Grow Big: 1963 I,U Christmas. Scribner, 1956 P Where Plants Come From. Scott, ... Presidency .. Morrow, Luthin, Herbert The Abbott Christmas 1949 P,I 1962 I,U Book. Doubleday, 1960 I,U Webber, Travellers All: The Story of Weaver, Warren .. Making our Gov May, Robert L Rudolph the Red How Plants Go Places,. Scott, 1944 ernment Work: The Challenge of Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph P,I American Citizenship. Coward, Shines Again,. Follett, 1954 P,I,U f90'i U,HS McGinfey, Phyllis Mince Pie and Mis LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY Weingast, David E. We Elect a Presi tletoe. Lippincott, 1961 P,I American Heritage. Abraham Lincoln dent. Messner, 1962 U,HS Menotti, Gian-Carlo.. Amahl and the in Peace and War .. Harper, 1964 Night Visitors. McGraw, 1952 VETERANS DAY U,HS P,I,U,HS Bulla, Clyde Robert Lincoln's Birth Greene, Carla. Soldiers and Sailors: Rollins, Chademae. Christmas Gif' .. day. Crowell, 1966 P What Do They Do? Harper, 1963 Follett, 1963 I,U,HS p Daugherty, James. Abraham Lincoln .. Sawyer, Ruth .. Joy to the World. Little, Viking, 1943 U Daugherty, Charles M. The Army: 1966 I from Civilian to Soldier. The d'Aulaire, Ingri & Edgar P Abraham ______...... long Christmas. Viking, Lincoln. Doubleday, 1957 P,I Armed Services Library Series, 1958 1941 P U,HS Fisher, Aileen. My Cousin Abe. Nel __ ------...... The Way to Christmas. Hammond, Cleon E. The Marine son, 1962 I,U Viking, 1944 I Foster, Genevieve. Abraham Lincoln .. Corps: From Civilian to Leather _____ .. ___ The Year of the neck. The Armed Services Library Scribner, 1950 I Christmas Dragon .. Viking, 1960 Judson, Clara Ingram Abraham Lin Series, 1958 U,HS P,I,U Landis, Lawrence. The Air Force: From coln (Beginning to Read). Follett, Sechrist, Elizabeth H Christmas Every 1961 P Civilian to Airman. The Armed where.. MacRae, 1962 I Services Library Series, 1958 U,HS ______...... __ Abraham Lincoln ...... _ ... It's Time for Christ Friend of the People. Follett, 1950 Paxton, Glenn. The Coast Guard: mas. MacRae, 1959 P,I From Civilian to Coast Guards McNeer, May America's Abraham Lin man .. The Armed Services Library Simon, Norma Hanukkah,. Crowell, coln. Houghton, 1957 I Series, 1958 ·u,HS 1965 P Meadowcroft, Enid .. Abr·aham Lincoln Robertson, Keith. The Navy: From Wernecke, Herbert Henry. Christmas Crowell, 1959 I,U Civilian to Sailor.. The Armed Customs Around the World,. West Sandberg, Carl Abe Lincoln Grows Services Library Series, 1958 U,HS minster Press, 1959 P,I,U Up .. Harcourt, 1931 U,HS Wrenning, Elizabeth. The Christmas THANKSGIVING Mouse. Holt, 1959 P ADMISSION DAY Barksdale, Lena .. The First Thanksgiv NEW YEAR'S DAY Arizona, Its People and Resources. ing. Knopf, 1942 P,I Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Cone, Molly. Jewish New Year. Crow Bartlett, Robert Merrill. Thanksgiving 1960. ell, 1966 P Day. Crowell, 1965 P Kelly, George H Legislative History Dalgliesh, Alice. The Thanksgiving Groh, Lynn. New Year's Day. Garrard, 1964 I ( of) Arizona,. 1864-1912, Phoe Story. Scribner, 1954 P,I nix: 1926 Johnson, Lois Happy New Year Harper, Wilhelmina. The Harvest Lockwood, Frank C Pioneer Days in Feast. Dutton, 1938 I,U Round the World, Rand, 1966 P,I,U Arizona. New York: Macmillan, Hays, Wilma Pitchford. Pi 1grim 1932 Thanksgiving. Coward, 1955 P,I ARBOR DAY McClintock, James H. Arizona - Pre Luckhardt, Mildred. Thanksgiving - historic - Aboriginal - Pioneer Feast and Festival.. Abingdon, 1966 Blough, Glenn.. Tree on the Roac:i to Turntown .. McGraw, 1953 P,I. - Modern. 3 vols. Chicago: S.. J I,U Clarke Publishing Co 1916 Rogers, Lou. The Fir'st Thanksgiving Blough, Glenn, Who Lives in This ( Beginning to Read). Follett, 1962 House? McGraw, 1957 P,I Murdock, John R. Constitutional De- p Buff, Mary and Conrad Big Tree. Vik velopment of Arizona. Tempe: 1930 Smith, Eric B.. and Robert Meredith. ing, 1946 I Pilgrim Courage. little,, 1962 I,U ...... Lookout for the Forest. Pare, Madeline F., with the collaboration McGraw, 1955 I of Bert M. Fireman. Arizona Pa Wyndham, lee Thanksgiving, Gar geant: A Short History of the rard, 1963 P Epstein, Sam. Spring Holidays. Gar rard, 1964 P 48th State.. Phoenix: Arizona His Ziner, Feenie. The Pilgrims and Plym torical Foundation, 1965. outh Colony. American Heritage, Farb, Peter. The Forest. Time, Inc , 1961 I,U,HS 1961 I,U Peck, Anne Merriman. The March of Fisher, Aileen. Arbor Day Crowell, Arizona History. Tucson: Arizona CHRISTMAS 1965 P,I Silhouettes, 1962. Alden, Raymond. Why the Chimes George, Jean. Hole in the Tree.. Dut Peplow, Edward H, Jr. History of Ari Rang.. Bobbs, 1954 P,I,U,HS ton, 1957 P zona. 3 vols New York: lewis Association for Childhood Education. Guilcher, J M. A Tree Is Born .. Ster Historical Publishing Co, 1958 Told under the Christmas Tree .. ling, 1960 I Richards, J Morris, The Birth of Ari Macmillan, 1962 P,I Hutchins, Ross E. Lives of An Oak zona, the Baby State, Phoenix: Bryson, Bernarda.. The Twenty Mira Tree.. Rand, 1962 P,I 1940 cles of Saint Nicholas. Little, 1960 . ------· This Is A Tr·ee. Dodd, Sloan, Richard E. Memories of an I 1964 U,HS Arizona Judge. Palo Alto: Stanford Caudill, Rebecca A Certain Small Hyde, Margaret 0. This Crowded University Press, 1932 Shepherd. Holt, 1965 P Planet. McGraw, 1961 U,HS Sloan, Richard E., and Ward R. Adams Dalgliesh, Alice. Christmas .. Scribner, Lauber, Patricia. Our Friend The For History of Arizona .. 4 vols. Phoe 1950 P,I est .. Doubleday, 1959 I nix: Record Publishing Co., 1930 Dickens, Charles A Christmas Carol. Lerner, Sharon I Found A Leaf.. Ler Van Petten. Donald R. The Constitu World, 1961 U,HS ner, 1964 P tion and Government of Arizona. Eaton, Ann Thaxter The Animals' Milne, Lams J and Margery, Because Phoenix: Sun Country Publishing Christmas. Viking, 1944 P,I of a Tree, Athenum, 1963 U,HS Co .. , 1952 87 Wyllys, Rufus Kay. Arizona: The His HOLIDAYS OF OUR NEIGHBORS INDEPENDENCE DAY tory of a Frontier State. Phoenix: TO THE SOUTH Chidsey, Donald Barr. July 4, 1776: Hobson & Kerr;- 1950 This book Ets.. Marie Hall and Aurora Labastida will be revised and reprinted by the The Dramatic Story of the First Nine Days to Christmas. Viking, Four Days of July, 1776. Crown, Arizona Historical Foundation dur 1960 P ing 1967 ) 1958 U Flora, James The Fabulous Fireworks Commager, Henry Steele. The Gr·eat VALENTINE'S DAY Family,. Harcourt, 1955 P,I Declaration .. Bobbs, 1958 U Frazer, James Las Posadas .. Northland Dalgliesh, Alice. The Fourth of July Bulla, Clyde Robert The Valentine Press, Flagstaff, Arizona 1963 P,I Story. Scribner, 1956 I Cat. Crowell, 1959 Milne, Jean. Fiesta _Time in Latin ...... St .. Valentine's Day .. Findlay, Bruce Allyn. Your Magnifi America. Ward Ritche,1965 I,U,HS cent Declaration. Holt, 1961 U Crowell, 1965 Ness, Evaline. Josefina February. Scrib-· Fisher, Leonard .. illus. First Book Edi Guilfoile, Elizabeth .. Valentine's Day. ner's, 1963 PJ tion of the Declaration of Inde Garrard, 1965 MOTHER'S DAY pendence.. Watts, 1960 I Hays, Wilma Pitchford. The Story of Graves, Charles P. Fourth of July,. Gar- Valentine .. Coward, 1956 Brown, M .. B. Ice Cream for Breakfast. rard, 1963 P,I Mariana. Miss Flora McFlimsey's Val Watts, 1963 P Hall-Quest, Olga W. The Bell That entine,. Lothrop, 1962 P Casey, Beatrice M. Favorite Mother's Rang for Freedom.Dutton, 1965 I Milhous, Katherine. Appolonia's Val Day Programs .. Denison I ...... Good Things for Mother's Hall-Quest, Olga W Guardians of entine. Scribner, 1954 Liberty. Dutton, 1963 U,HS Ritchie, Jean Apple Seeds and Soda Day.. Denison, 1952 I Johnson, Gerald. America is Born. Straws. Walck, 1965 I Day, Clarence Life with Mother. Knopf, 1953 HS Monow, 1959 I,U BROTHERHOOD WEEK Penn, Ruth Bonn.. Mommies are for Ross, George E.. Know Your Declara tion of Independence and the 56 Dobler, Lavina and Edgar A. Toppin Loving .. Putnam, 1962 P Phelen, Mary Kay. Mother's Day Crow Signer·s. Rand, 1963 I,U Pioneers and Patriots .. Doubleday, Sobol, Donald. An American Revolu 1965 I,U ell, 1965 P,I Reyher, Rebecca. My Mother is the tionary War Reader. Watts, 1964 Dooley, Dr. Thomas A. Tom Dooley, HS My Story, Farrar, Straus, 1962 U,HS Most Beautiful Woman in the Evans, Eva K. All About Us. Golden World. ( A translation of the Rus PUBLISHERS OF CHILDREN'S Press, 1966 I,U,HS sian Folk Tale) Howell. 1945 I MEMORIAL DAY . People Are Important. LIBRARY BOOKS Golden Press, 1966 LU.HS Eberhart, Richard. War and the Past Abelard-Schuman, Ltd .. , 6 W 57th St, Fisher, Eileen and Olive Rabe. Human Adair, 1945 HS New York 10019 Rights. Crowell, 1966 P Gurney, Gene. Arlington National Abingdon Press, 201 8th Ave S., Nash Kenworthy, Leonard. Three Billion Cemetery.. Crown, U ville, Tenn. 3 7202 Neighbors. Ginn, 1964 LU Lieberson, Goddard John Fitzgerald American Heritage Pub. Co., Inc., 551 Lerner, Marguerite. Red Man, White Kennedy . . As We Remember Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Man, African Chief. Lemer,1960 I Him. Antheneum, 1965 I,U 10017 Sechrist, Elizabeth H It's Time For Kaplan, Mordecai, Paul J Williams. American Library Association, Publish Brotherhood. MacRae, 1962 and Eugene Kohn. The Faith of ing Department, 50 E Huron St. America. Schuman .. Inc. 1951 (pp Chicago, Ill 60611 Simon, Charlie May. All Men Are 89-117) Brothers: A Portrait of Albert FLAG DAY Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc, 35 W Schweitzer·. Dutton, 1956 U,HS 32nd St, New York, NY 10001 Williamson, Stan. With Grief Ac Biggs, Geoffery Flags of the United Ariel Books, 19 Union Sq. West, New quainted. Follett, 1964 I,U,HS States, New York: Maxton Publish York, NY 10003 ing Corporation, 1960 I Benefic Press, 1900 N. Narragansett WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY Calvert, James. A Promise to Our St, Chicago, Ill 60639 Aulaire, Ingri & Edgar D'. George Country .. Daugherty, 1961 P,I Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1720 E. 38th St:. Washington. Doubleday, 1957 P,I Caudill, Rebecca. Did You Car-rv the Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 Cunliffe, Marcus ( American Heritage) Flag Today, Charley?Holt, 1966 P Bruce Publishing Co., 400 N. Broadway. George Washington and The Crouthers, David D. Flags of American Milwaukee, Wis. 53201 Making of a Nation. Harper, 1966 History .. Hammond, 1962 I,U Childrens Press, Jackson Blvd. and Ra U,HS Desmond, Alice, C Your Flag and cine Ave, Chicago, Ill 60607 Eaton, Jeanette. Leader by Dc';stiny Mine. Macmillan, 1960 I Chilton Company, Book Division. Chest Harcourt, 1938 U Eggenberger, D. Flags of the USA. nut and 56th Streets, Philadelphia. Foster, Genevieve. George Washington. Crowell, 1964 I,U Pa 19139 Scribner, 1950 I freeman, Mae Blacker. Stars and Coward McCann, Inc, 200 Madison Judson, Clara I George Washington Stripes .. Random, 1964 Ave., New York, N. Y 10016 (Beginning to read). Follett, 1961 P Key, Francis Scott Fir·st Book Edition Criterion Books, Inc., 6 W. 57th St, Judson, Clara I. George Washington of the Star-Spangled Banner .. New York, NY. 10019 Leader of the People .. Follett, 1951 Watts, 1966 I,U Thomas Y Crowell Co., 432 Park Ave. I Les Tina, Dorothy .. Flag Day. Crowell, S.. , New York, NY 10016 1965 P Crown Publishers, 419 Park Ave S, EASTER Quaife, Milo M The History of the New York, NY 10016 Flack, Marjorie and Dubose Heyward United States Flag .. Harper, 1961 The John Day Co., 200 Madison Ave. Country Bunny and the Little I,U New York, NY 10016 Gold Shoes. Houghton, n d. P Romano, Louis and Georgiady, Nicholas. T. S. Denison & Co, 309-321 Fifth Ave. Harper, Wilhelmina. Easter Chimes. Our National Anthem. Follett, S., Minneapolis, Minn. 55415 1963 P . Dutton, 1965 I The Dial Press, Inc., 461 Park Ave S, Hazeltine, Alice I. The Easter Book of Romano, Louis and Georgiady, Nicholas. New York, NY. 10016 Legends and Stories. Lothrop, 1947 Our Country's Flag. Follett, 1963 P Dodd, Mead & Co., 432 Park Ave. S, I,U - FATHER'S DAY New York, NY. 10016 Milhous, Katherine. The Egg Tree. Barry, Richard. Father and His Tc:iwn Doubleday & Co., Inc., 575 Madison Scribner, 1950 P Houghton, 1941 U Ave., New York, NY 10022 Patterson, Lillie Easter. Garrard, 1966 Day, Clarence. life with Father. Knopf, Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick St, p 1935 U,HS New York, NY 10014 Sechrist, Elizabeth .. It's Time for Easter. Strong, S.. D.. What I Owe to My Duell, Sloan & Pearce, Inc., 60 East MacRae, 1961 I,U Father .. Holt, 1931 U 42nd St, New York, NY 10017 88 ri i I E P. Dutton & Co., Inc, 201 Park Ave Houghton Miffiin Co., 2 Park St, Bos Random House, Inc, 33 W .. 60th St., S., New York, NY 10003 ton, Mass 02107 New York, NY 10023 I Encyclopaedia Britannica Press, 425 N Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 501 Madison Reilly & Lee Co .. , 14 E Jackson Blvd., Michigan Ave., Chicago, IIL 60611 Ave., New York, NY 10022 Chicago, Ill 60604 Farrar, Straus & Co .. , Inc, Union Square Laidlaw Brothers, 36 Chatham Rd., Roy Publishers, 30 E 74th St., New I W .. , New York, NY 10003 Summit, N J. 07901 York, NY 10021 Fideler Co., 31 Ottawa Ave., NW, J. B. Lippincott Co., E Washington Sq .. , Scholastic Publications, 50 W .. 44th St, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502 Philadelphia, Pa. New York, NY 10036 Field Enterprises Educational Corp .. , Little, Brown & Co., 34 Beacon St., William R.. Scott, Inc, 8 West 13th St, Merchandise Mart Plaza, Chicago, Boston, Mass. 02106 New York, NY 10011 Ill 60654 Longmans, Green & Co., Inc, 119 W Scott, Foresman & Co., 433 E Erie St, Follett Publishing Co., 1010 W. Wash 40th St., New York, NY 10018 Chicago, IIL 60611 ington Blvd., Chicago, Ill 60607 Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., Inc., 419 Charles Scribner's Sons, 597-599 Fifth Friendship Press, 475 Riverside Drive, Park Ave .. S.. , New York, NY 10016 Ave., New York, N.Y 10017 New York, NY. 10027 McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 W. 42nd Simon & Schuster, Inc, 630 Fifth Ave, Funk & Wagnalls Co., Inc., 360 Lex St., New York, NY 10036 New York, NY 10020 ington Ave .. , New York, NY 10017 The Macmillan Co., 60 Fifth Ave., New The L. W.. Singer Company, Inc, 249- Garden City Books, 575 Madison Ave., York, NY 10011 259 W .. Erie Blvd., Syracuse, NY New York, NY 10022 David McKay Co., Inc., 119 West 40th 13202 Garrard Pub Co .. , 1607 N Market St .. , St., New York, NY 10018 Macrae Smith Company, Lewis Tower Champaign, Ill The McBride Co., Inc, 200 E 37th St., Building, 225 S.. 15th Street, Phila Golden Press, Inc., 630 Fifth Ave .. , New New York, NY 10016 delphia, Pa. 19102 York, NY. 10020 Melmont Publishers, Inc, 310 S. Racine St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., The Grolier Society, Inc. 575 Lexing Ave .. , Chicago, Ill 60607 New York, NY 10010 ton Ave .. , New York, NY 10022 G & C Meriam Co., 47 Federal St, The Steck Company, Box 16, Austin, Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., 1107 Broadway, Springfield, Mass 01102 Texas 78761 New York, NY 10010 Charles E Merrill Books, Inc, 1300 Sterling Publishing Co., Inc, 419 Park E M. Hale & Co .. , 1201 S. Hastings Alum Creek Dr.. , Columbus, Ohio Ave S.. , New York, NY. 10016 Way, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701 43216 The Vanguard Press, 424 Madison Ave, C S Hammond & Co., 517 Valley St, Julian Messner, Inc, Publishers, 8 West New York, NY. 10017 Maplewood, N J Drive, New York, NY 10018 Viking Press, Inc, 625 Madison Ave, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc, 750 William Morrow & Co., Inc, 425 Park New York, NY 10022 Third Avenue, New York, NY Ave .. S., New York, NY 10016 Henry Z Walck, Inc, Publishers, 101 10017 Thomas Nelson & Sons, Capewood and Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003 Harper & Row, 49 East 33rd St, New Davis St, Camden, N. J 08103 Frederick Warne & Co., Inc, 210 Fifth York, NY 10016 New York Graphic Society, 95 E Put Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 The Harvey House, 156 Fifth Avenue, nam Ave .. , Greenwich, Connecticut Ives Washburn, Inc, 119 W. 40th St, New York, NY 10010 Ivan Obolensky, Inc., 341 E. 62nd St, New York, NY 10018 Hastings House, Publishers, Inc , 151 New York, NY.. 10021 Franklin Watts, Inc., 575 Lexington E 50th St, New York, NY 10022 Odyssey Press, Inc, 55 Fifth Ave, NY Ave .. , New York, NY. 10022 Hawthorn Books, Inc, Route 9W, En 10003 Westminster Press, Room 908, With glewood Cliffs, N. J 07631 Pantheon Books, Inc, 22 E. 51 st St., erspoon Bldg, Walnut and Juniper D. C Heath & Co., 285 Columbus Ave, New York, NY 10022 Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Boston, Mass 02116 Parents' Magazine Press, Inc, 52 Van Albert Whitman & Co., 560 West Lake Hill & Wang, Inc, 141 Fifth Ave .. derbilt Ave .. , New York, N.Y 10017 St, Chicago, Ill 60606 New York, NY. 10010 Platt & Munk Co .. , Inc., 200 Fifth Ave, H. W .. Wilson Co., 950-972 University Holiday House, 8 West 13th Street, New New York, NY. 10010 Ave .. , New York, NY 10052 York, NY 10011 Prentice-Hall, Inc., Route 9W, Engle World Publishing Co., 2231 W 110th Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc, 383 wood Cliffs, N .. J 07631 St, Cleveland, Ohio 44102 Madison Ave .. , New York, NY G. P Putnam's Sons, Inc, 200 Madison 10017 Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Hom Book, Inc, 585 Boylston St, Rand McNally 1& Co, Box 7600, Chi Boston, Mass .. 02116 cago, Ill 60680 RELATED MATERIALS The new series of Music books are or will be arriv children are often included in the holiday material in ing in the classrooms .. We will be privileged to examine Grade Teacher and Instructor Magazine .. The materials the texts which will be available and find the songs new included here are representative of the aids now available and old which will be most appropriate for classroom The production of aids for teacher use is accelerating use in celebrating the holidays. New songs for primary and therefore a brief list is presented COLUMBUS DAY HALLOWE'EN LABOR DAY FILMS FILMS FILMS Christopher Columbus Churchill A New-Fashioned Hollowe'en AIM Citizen Kane EBF U,HS Story of Christopher Columbus EBF A-Haunting We Will Go EBF The Desk Set EBF U,HS FILMSTRIPS The Paper Kite AIM Executive Suite EBF H,S Story of Christopher Columbus SVE FILMSTRIP Our Family Works Together Churchill Columbus Day EBF I Winnie the Witch SVE P,I What Do Fathers Do? Churchill RECORDINGS RECORDINGS Call Local AFL-CIO office re other films Christopher Columbus Landmark Hallowe'en Tales Bowmar P,I FILMSTRIP I Songs for All Year Long Folkways Holiday Sampler ERS P,I Working Together in the Family SVE P,I I 89 Ie Government Printing Office, Washing RECORDINGS BROTHERHOOD WEEK ton D .. C 20402, for lists of publica Thanksgiving and Easter Bowmar P,I FILMS tions on holidays. Grandma's Thanksgiving ERS P,I One God-The Ways We Worship Bowmar Holiday Rhythms Bowmar P,I CONSTITUTION WEEK AIM U,HS CITIZENSHIP DAY CHRISTMAS Major Religions of the World EBF U ,HS FILMS FILMS Neighborhoods are Different EBF P A Christmas Carol EBF I,U FILMSTRIPS Are You a Good Citizen? Coronet U Christmas Through the Ages EBF Acceptance of Differences SVE P,I Citizenship in Action AIM U FILMSTRIPS The New Pupil EBF P Constitution: Guardian of Liberty Story of Hanukkah and Christmas SVE RECORDINGS McGraw Hill U,HS I,U,HS Adventures in Negro History Follett Constitution of the United States EBF Story of Handel's Messiah with Record U,HS SVE P,I,U,HS Our Living Constitution Coronet U,HS Write to National Conference of Chris- Bill of Rights of the United States EBF Christmas Around the World SVE P,I tians and Jews, 43 West 57th St. Christmas in Mexico SVE P,I New York, NY 10019 for materials FILMSTRIPS Christmas in Sacred Music and in Folk Write to Irving Caesar Publishing Co., Recognition of Responsibilities SVE P,I Muskwithrecordings SVE P,I,U,HS Dept. T-1, 1619 Broadway, New Respect for Property SVE P,I Christmas in the Arts SVE I,U,HS York, NY 10019 for brochure on RECORDINGS Christmas Songs in Spanish with record music Holiday Dances ERS P,I ing SVE Doubleday and Co .. publish the Zenith Inaugural Addresses EBF I,U,HS How We Got Our Christmas Customs Books which are the history of mi Sing a Song of Holidays and Seasons SVE I,U,HS nority groups in the U.S ERS P,I Christmas Through the Ages EBF P,I WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY United States Department of Justice, Im A Christmas Carol EBF P,I migration and Natur~lization Serv The Fir Tree EBF P,I FILMS ice, Washington D C (Samples of RECORDINGS The Boyhood of George Washington instructional materials for becoming A Christmas Carol EBF I,U,HS Coronet I,U a citizen ..) Christmas Carols Follett I,U,HS George Washington EBF I,U Christmas Around rhe World Decca I,U FILMSTRIPS UNITED NATIONS DAY Christmas Carols Bowmar P,I Washington's Birthday EBF I FILM Christmas Stories Bowmar P George Washington EBF I,U Dag Hammarskjold EBF U,HS Holiday Rhythms Bowmar RECORDINGS FILMSTRIP NEW YEAR'S DAY Holiday Rhythms ERS P,I The United Nations EBF U,HS FILM February Days Bowmar P,I RECORDINGS The Geisha Boy EBF EASTER Over 40 of the World's Greatest Chil ARBOR DAY FILMS dren's Songs RCA P FILMS Easter Parade EBF P,I Johnny Appleseed Coronet P,I,U He is Risen EBF I,U Sawyers, Inc. Box 444, Portland, Oregon, The Tree Churchill 97207 Send for Travel Slide Catalog. The Easter Season Coronet P,I A Tree is a Living Thing EBF FILMSTRIPS GENERAL ELECTION FILMSTRIPS Around the World Easter Party SVE P,I FILMS America the Beautiful SVE U,HS How We Got Our Easter Customs Presidential Elections EBF U Story of Johnny Appleseed SVE P,I SVE I The True Story of an Election Churchill Telling Trees Apart SVE I RECORDINGS W onderfol World of Plants SVE FILMSTRIPS Thanksgiving and Easter Bowmar P,I Local Government EBF U,HS RECORDINGS Holiday Sampler ERS P,I State Government EBF U,HS America the Beautiful EBF P RECORDINGS Johnny Appleseed and Pecos Bill Ginn HOLIDAYS OF OUR NEIGHBORS Election Songs Folkways U,HS P,I TO THE SOUTH LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY FILM Write to White House Historical Asso FILMS Mexico Univ. of Ariz U,HS ciation, 1634 I Street, N .. W .. Wash The Boyhood of Abraham Lincoln FILMSTRIP ington, DC 20006 for description Coronet I,U Mexican Children EBF P,I of publications Abraham Lincoln: A Background Study RECORDINGS VETERANS DAY Coronet U Children's Songs of Mexico Bowmar Carl Sandburg Discusses Lincoln FILMSTRIP P,I,U Veterans Day Eye Gate I,U Coronet U,HS Face of Lincoln USC Mexican Folk Dances Bowmar P,I,U RECORDINGS Anthems of the Americas Ginn I,U,HS Songs of Two World Wars Ginn U,HS The Face of Lincoln AVE Young Mr. Lincoln EBF Regional Dances Ginn I,U,HS United States Air Force Band Ginn This is the Game of Juan Pirulero I FILMSTRIPS I,U, HS Through the Year with "Cri-Cri" Ginn United States Army Band Ginn U,HS Lincoln's Birthday EBF United States Marine Band Ginn I,U,HS Abraham Lincoln EBF I,U Pan American Union, Washington D.C United States Navy Band Ginn I,U,HS Lincoln's Birthday McGraw-Hill 20006, publishes materials on Latin Patriotic Songs Follett I,U,HS Lincoln's Birthday SVE I America .. Write for list The Boy Lincoln SVE P THANKSGIVING DAY Pan American W odd Airways, Educa RECORDINGS FILMS tional Director, P.. 0. Box 1908, Lincoln's Speeches and letters with Cad Grand Central Station, New York, Greyfriars Bobby EBF I,U Sandburg reading EBF I,U,HS The Last Voyage EBF I,U NY. pµblishes bulletins on countries Plymouth Adventure EBF I,U ADMISSION DAY of the world and has a catalog of A Day of Thanksgiving Young America Visuals are in preparation .. Will be avail slides. P,I able later Hastings House has a 3 volume set, Hi FILMSTRIPS VALENTINE'S DAY Neighbor, on Latin America. Why We Have Thanksgiving SVE I,U FILM Write to Tempe School District No. 3, Story of Thanksgiving SVE P,I Gigi EBF Tempe, Arizona for information re Thanksgiving Day EBF I FILMSTRIP garding a recording, Getting a Mary's Pilgrim Thanksgiving SVE P,I The Story of Valentine's Day SVE I "Headstart" Through Music. It in Squanto and the First Thanksgiving SVE RECORDINGS cludes beginning songs in Spanish, IU Holiday Rhythms ERS P,I composed by Betty Simpson. 90 Baker, Nina Brown .. Jaurez Hero of RECORDINGS Caedmon Sales Corp .. , 461 Eighth Ave., Mexico and Simon Bolivar. Web Ballads of the Revolution New York, N.Y. 10001 ster Division, McGraw-Hill, 1949 Folkways I,U,HS Harbin, E. 0 .. Games of Many Nations. Capitol Records Distributing Corp., Abingdon Press Heritage USA Folkways I,U 1750 Vine St., Hollywood, Calif. Peck, Anne Merriman.. The Pageant of Our Common Heritage Decca I,U 90028 (Educational Department) South American History. l.ongmans. The Patriot Plan Folkways I,U Children's Music Center, Inc, 5373 W. Goetz, Delia. Latin America for The Song of America Decca I,U Pico Blvd , Los Angeles, Calif. Young People. Wm Morrow. American Heritage, 381 West Center 90019 Langner, Nola South Americans All St, Marion, Ohio 43301 A monthly Educational Record Sales 157 Chambers Friendship Press. publication which has pictures of St, New York, N.Y Jagendorf, M. A. and R. S.. Boggs .. King artifacts pertaining to patriotic holi days .. Enrichment Teaching Materials, Inc., · of the Mountains: A Treasury of 246 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y Latin American Folk Stories. Van PICTURES 10001 ( This is the sales office for guard. Landmark Records ) Wilcox, R. Turner. Folk and Festival Fideler Visual Teaching, 31 Ottawa Avenue, NW. Grand Rapids, Mich Scribners Folkways Records, 165 W. 46th St, Costumes of the World. igan 49502 Contempor·ary Mexican Artists, a New York, New York Adams. Our Government. booklet obtainable at the Phoenix Follett Publishing Company, 1010 West Fisher and Fowler. Christmas in Many Art Museum Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Ill. Committee on International Re Lands. NEA Fisher and Kvande. South America. 60607 lations Other Lands Other Peoples Fowler and Fisher. Great Americans .. Ginn and Company, 2550 Hanover St, MOTHER'S DAY May. Brazil .. Palo Alto, Calif.. 94304 FILM Ross. Mexico .. Leeds Music Corporation, RKO Build Our Family Works Together Churchill ing, Radio City, New York FILMSTRIPS RCA Record Division, Educational De Getting Along with the F9mily SVE P,I partment, 155 E. 24th St, New Helping Mother and the Family EBF P York, N.. Y. 10010 The Dear Bought Heritage by Eugenie Benefic Press publishes How We Cele Andruss Leonard, University of brate Our Spring Holidavs, and Pennsylvania Press, has material on How We Celebrate Our Fall Holi Early American Women. HS days. MEMORIAL DAY The Educational Publishing Corporation, FILMSTRIPS Darien, Conn., publishes these book Memorial Day Eye Gate I,U lets: Year· Round Plays, Creative Memorial Day EBF I Dramatics, Plays from History, and Adventures in History. FLAG DAY FILMS F A. Owen Publishing Co, Dansville, Red, White, and Blue EBF HS NY. publish the following booklets: Pledge of Allegiance Avis P,I Holiday Art, Teaching Citizenship Our Country's Flag Coronet I to All Grades, Games for Special The American Flag 2nd EBF I,U Days, Program Ideas for Every Occasion, Stories Around the Cal FILMSTRIPS endar, Poems Children Enjoy and Birth of Our National Anthem FOM I,U Creative Plays for Every School A Patriotic Sing-A-Long SVE I,U,HS Month .. The Story of the Star Spangled Banner SVE I,U,HS Send to Scholastic Magazines, 50 West The Flag and Our Country Eye-Gate 4 44th St. New York, N.Y .. 10036, for list filmstrips, 2 records P Audio Visual Enterprises, 911 Laguna of paper back publications on Columbus, RECORDINGS Rd., Pasadena, California 91105 Pilgrims, Christmas and Lincoln. The Star Spangled Banner Ginn I U,HS Abraham ,Lincoln Patriotic Songs of America Ginn I,U,HS George Washington PRODUCER REFERENCES FATHER'S DAY Silver Burdett Company Coronet Films Co. June issues of Grade Teacher and In Picture Packets: Coronet Building structor Magazine have a wealth of Chicago 1, Illinois (CORONET) material, plays, songs, stories Arbor Day, Copyright 1966. Christmas Around the W odd, Film Associates of California INDEPENDENCE DAY Copyright 1966. 11014 Santa Monica Boulevard FILMS Choosing A President, Los Angeles 25, California (FA) American Revolution EBF U,HS Copyright 1964 International Communications Founda Meaning of Patriotism Coronet U Columbus Day, Copyright 1966. tion, 870 Monterey Pass Road Our Living Declaration of Independence Flag Day and Independence Day, Monterey Park, California (IFC) Coronet U Copyright 1966 Jam Handy Organization Signing the Declaration of Independence Lincoln's Birthday, Copyright 1966 Thanksgiving Day, Copyright 1966 2821 E Grand Boulevard McGraw-Hill U Detroit 11, Michigan (JHO) What Liberty and Justice Means United Nations' Day and Bro•• Churchill U ther hood Week, Journal Films, Inc Copyright 1966. 909 W. Diversey Parkway Pride of the Nation EBF HS Washington's Birthday, Chicago 14, Illinois (JF) Declaration of Independence by the Copyright 1966 Colonies EBF U McGraw-Hill Book Company, Text-Film Division, 330 West 42nd Street FILMSTRIPS ADDRESSES FOR CATALOGS New York 36, New York (McG-H) Fourth of July Teach-o-Filmstrip OF RECORDINGS AND TAPES Society for Visual Education, Inc Pop Sci I 1345 Diversey Parkway Independence Day EBF A A Records, 250 W. 57th St, New Chicago 14, Illinois ( SVE) York, NY. 10019 The Golden Book of the American Rev United World Films, Inc. olution ( Correlated book and Film Bowmar Records, 10515 Burbank Blvd , 14445 Park Avenue, South strip) EBF I,U North Hollywood, Caiif. 91600 New York 29, New York (UWF) 91 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The committee wishes to express appreciation to the authors and publishers and to teaching and administrative personnel for the following items: The reproduction of the First Labor Day Parade as "The little Plant" by Kate L Brown, from Day.s it appeared in the September 1965 AFL-CIO Federation and Deed.s: A Book of Verse, by Burton E Stevenson ist, published by the American Federation of Labor and and Elizabeth B. Stevenson, published by Doubleday the Congress of Industrial Organizations and Company, Garden City, New York "Work" by Angela Morgan, from The Book of "Our Flag" by Mary Howliston and "When We Holidays, by J Walter McSpadden, copyright 1958 by Plant a Tree" by Warren P landers, from The Golden Thomas H Crowell Company, and originally published Flute, compiled by Alice Hubbard and Adeline Babbitt, in The Outlook published by John Day Company, New York Portions of the material for new citizens from pub "A Song for Easter" by Olive Beaupre Miller, lications of the United States Department of Justice, from My Book House, used by permission of the pub Immigration and Naturalization Service .. lishers, The Book House for Children, Lake Bluff, Letter by Christopher Columbus from The Freedom Illinois. Train.. 'Tree Planting" by Lillie D.. Chaffin, copyright "What America Means to Me," by the author, Stan 1963 by F A Owen Publishing Company Reprinted Wollersten and his teacher, Irma Snowden .. from The Instructor by permission. "Saguaro" by the author, Betty Isler .. For generous help in the permission to use many The proclamation establishing the Arizona Territory, ideas from The Instructor as well as specified material copy furnished by the Valley National Bank, Phoenix. furnished by the F A Owen Publishing Company. The photos of Richard E. Sloan and George W .. P "Welcome" by Rose Waldo, from My Poetfy Hunt loaned by the Arizona Historical Foundation. Book, compiled by Grace T Huffard, Laura M. Carlisle The Arizona history skit by the teacher, Evelyn Pyle. and Helen Ferris, published by Holt, Rinehart and The People to People project described in the Decem Winston ber, 1963, Grade Teacher, and the description of the art project, "The Many Faces of Mankind," from the Feb "The Flag Goes By" by special permission of ruary, 1965 issue of Grade Teacher, published by The Noble and Noble, Pub New York, NY.. Teachers Publishing Corporation. For permission by the publishers of Grade Teacher For adaptations from the text The Citizen and His to use adapted material for the sections on "Activities" Government, by Robert Rienow, copyright 1963 by and to use specific material for this manual. Houghton Mifflin Company. For the cooperation of educators in the field The loan of materials by Nancy Derrickson, Shirley whose assistance has aided in the publication of this King, and Dr.. Irma Wilson. manual. The content of "Christmas in Bethlehem" by Saliba For invaluable assistance furnished by Dr.. G. D.. Shahin, of Bethlehem, Jordan McGrath and members of the staff of the College of Adaptations of material from Problems of Democ Education at Arizona State University. racy, by William E.. Dunwiddie and Horace Kidger, published by Ginn and Company. The heritage of the past is the seed that brings forth Adaptations from conservation materials, published by the harvest of the future .. The committee has intended Fearon Publishing Co .. that this manual might be the seed of some harvest in "Making a Gift Certificate" by the author, Arlyne thought or action. At the special request of our director, M O'Boy. Mrs .. Folsom, we conclude with Washington's prayer For additional suggestions for bibliography by Helen for the nation Renthal, State Consultant to Elementary School Li brarians .. "Almighty God, we make our earnest prayer that For adaptation of material from the World Book Thou wilt keep the United States in Thy holy pro Encyclopedia Teaching Aid "Trees." Copyright 1960 by tection; that Thou wilt incline the hearts of all the Field Enterprises Educational Corporation .. International citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedi Copyright 1960 All rights reserved. ence to the government; and entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another and for their fellow Those who contributed and have credit lines within citizens of the United States at large the manual. "The American Flag" by Lena Faulds and "We'll "And finally that Thou wilt most graciously be Fling the Starry Banner Out," by William F Knott, pleased to dispose of all of us to do justice, to love from Highdays and Holidays, published by E.. P Dutton mercy, and demean ourselves with that charity, humility, and Company, New York and pacific temper of mind which were characteristics "A Creed" by Edgar A Guest by permission of of the Divine Author of our blessed religion and without Reilly and Lee Co , Chicago. a humble imitation of whose example in these things we can never hope to be a happy nation. "Hallowe' en Scare" by permission of Dr. Gary Cleveland Meyers, publisher of Highlights for Child1en, "Grant our supplication, we beseech Thee, through Columbus, Ohio Jesus Christ our Lord, Amen." 92 ARIZONA SYMBOLS of STATEHOOD The ST ATE FLAG represents the copper star of Arizona rising from a blue field in the face of a setting sun.. Blue and old gold are the colors of the state The blue is of the same shade as that of the flag of the United States. The lower half of the flag is a blue field, the upper half divided into thirteen equal segments of rays which start at the center and continue to the edges of the flag, consisting of six yellow and seven red rays .. A five-pointed copper star, symbolic STATE FLAG of the state's enormous copper industry, is superimposed on the center of the flag In the background of the ST ATE SEAL is a range of mountains with the sun rising behind the peaks .. At the right side of the mountains there is a storage reservoir and dam, below which in the middle distance are irrigated farmlands and orchards.. At the right, cattle are grazing. To the left, in the middle distance, is a quartz mill on a mountainside in front of which is a miner with pick and shovel. The year 1912 is the date of Arizona's admission to the Union as a state The motto, "Ditat Deus," means "God Enriches .. " Arizona's STATE BIRD, the cactus wren (Heleodyter brunneicapillui couesi) is a true lover of the desert country.. The wren's nests in cactus plants are common. The more thornier plants serve as pro tection.. A woody-brown bird, with a speckled breast, he will build not one, but several nests, using one as a home and the others as decoys from his enemies Nesting time for the cactus wren begins as early as March and extends into June. STATE SEAL The ST ATE FLOWER is the blossom of the saguaro cactus, the larg est cactus found in the United States The saguaro (sah-war-oh), or Giant Cactus ( Carnagiea gigantea), is found in Arizona and northern Mexico with a very few scattered along the Colorado River in California. This cactus grows to a height of from forty to fifty feet, lives to an age of from 150 to 200 years Its pure white waxy flowers appear in garlands on the tips of the long arms of the plant in May and June .. The 21st Arizona state legislature, second regular session, desig nated the palo verde ( genus Cercidium) as Arizona's STATE TREE .. The palo verde ( from the Spanish meaning "green stick" or "green pole") is one of the beautiful trees of the desert and desert foothill regions. When it blooms, generally in April or May, depending on elevation, it is a blaze of shimmering yellow gold. There are two STATE BIRD native species of palo verde Cercidium in Arizona, the blue palo verde ( Cercidium floridum), characterized by a blue-green color of the branches and leaves; and the foothill palo verde ( Cercidium microphyllum) characterized by the yellow-green color of branches and leaves Both bear a profusion of yellow blossoms when in bloom STATE FLOWER STATE TREE