Kleine Bibliothek 85 Werner Biermann Arno Klönne the Big Stick

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Kleine Bibliothek 85 Werner Biermann Arno Klönne the Big Stick Neue Kleine Bibliothek 85 Werner Biermann Arno Klönne The Big Stick Imperiale Strategie und globaler Militarismus – Die USA als Megamacht? PapyRossa Verlag Inhalt Einleitung: Preemptive Strike 7 I. American Way of War 15 – Das Militärpotential im Überblick 15 – Bemerkungen zur militärischen Schlagkraft der USA 32 II. Imperiale Strategien 61 – Modelle und Konzepte 61 © 2003 by PapyRossa Verlags GmbH & Co. KG, Köln – Stützpunktsystem 78 Luxemburger Str. 202, D–50937 Köln Tel.: ++49 (0) 221 – 44 85 45 III.Verdeckte Operationen im Gewaltmarkt 109 Fax: ++49 (0) 221 – 44 43 05 – US-amerikanische PMC 110 E-Mail: [email protected] – Operationsfeld Afrika 123 Internet: www.papyrossa.de – Willige Helfer: Militärs in Südamerika 143 Alle Rechte vorbehalten IV. Globaler Militarismus 172 Umschlag: Willi Hölzel – Naher und Mittlerer Osten 174 Satz: Alex Feuerherdt – Afghanistan, Pakistan, der Iran 201 Druck: Interpress – Nordkorea und China im Fadenkreuz 211 – Geheime Mission – P2OG, Rumsfelds Geheimdienst 216 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme V. Megamacht USA? 225 Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische – Militarismus und Weltmacht 229 Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar – Binnenwirkungen 244 ISBN 3-89438-256-2 Literatur 254 Einleitung: Preemptive Strike Preemptive Strike – so wurde in der Vorbereitung des neuerlichen Krieges gegen den Irak in der US-amerikanischen Regierungssprache jene neue welt- politische Doktrin benannt, mit der die Vereinigten Staaten das Recht für sich in Anspruch nehmen, einen Angriffskrieg gegen Staaten zu führen, die sie selbst als gefährlich oder bedrohlich definieren. Man kann ein solches gewalttätiges Vorgehen in deutscher Übersetzung als Präventivschlag be- zeichnen; mit den bisher anerkannten (wenn auch keineswegs durchgängig eingehaltenen) Regeln des Völkerrechts allerdings, etwa der Charta der Ver- einten Nationen, ist es nicht vereinbar, auch nicht mit dem bisherigen völ- kerrechtlichen Verständnis einer legitimen kriegerischen Prävention. Die würde voraussetzen, daß dem Land, das da militärisch »vorbeugend« tätig wird, ein kriegerischer Überfall des gegnerischen Staates unmittelbar und eindeutig nachweisbar bevorsteht. Daß diese Situation beim (nicht erklär- ten) Krieg der USA gegen den Irak, der schon seit Jahren geführt wird und den zum Count-Down hin zu steigern sich der Präsident der USA offen- bar bereits im Jahr 2002 entschlossen hat, gegeben sei, wird niemand ernst- lich behaupten wollen. »Preemptive strike« bedeutet also etwas anderes – nämlich den erklärten Willen der gegenwärtig in den USA bestimmenden politischen Kräfte, weltweit von der eigenen militärischen Übermacht an- greifend Gebrauch zu machen, wo und wann immer dies – nach Auffas- sung der Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten – US-amerikanische Interessen erforderlich machen. Zustimmungserklärungen und Hilfsdienste anderer Staaten sind dabei willkommen, aber das soll nicht etwa Mitbestimmung der Koalitionäre über das Ziel oder den Zweck des kriegerischen Vorgehens bedeuten; die von den USA angeführte Koalition ist nicht als dauerhafte Partnerschaft gedacht, sondern als Ad-Hoc-Bündnis, über dessen Zusam- mensetzung und Willensbildung die Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten selbst entscheidet. Der UNO und ihrem Sicherheitsrat wird, so will es diese Doktrin, »eine Chance gegeben«, beim Militärschlag Legitimation für die 8 EINLEITUNG: PREEMPTIVE STRIKE EINLEITUNG: PREEMPTIVE STRIKE 9 US-amerikanische Regierungspolitik bereitzustellen – mehr nicht. Und die USA. Zum Kriegsherrscher zeitweise großen Formats konnte er sich entwik- NATO wird so umstrukturiert, daß sie der Eigenmächtigkeit US-amerika- keln, weil die Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten, nachdem ihr im Iran der nischer Globalpolitik dienen, aber nicht im Wege stehen kann. Es ist nicht Schah als Statthalter verloren gegangen war, das dortige Mullah-Regime überraschend, daß der nunmehr offen formulierte weltweite Zugriffsan- militärisch in die Enge treiben wollte. Was sie wiederum nicht daran hinderte, spruch der USA in vielen Ländern Unwillen und Widerspruch auslöst, insgeheim auch mit der iranischen Regierung politische Geschäfte zu auch bei einigen Staatsführungen, die bisher als willige Helfer der Außen- machen. Bei dem Waffenarsenal des Irak handelte es sich, wie bei den an- und Militärpolitik der USA galten. deren Staaten im Nahen Osten und am Golf, nicht um Eigenwuchs, son- Solcherart »abweichendes« Verhalten, von Washington als dreiste Un- dern um einen Systemimport; über Jahrzehnte hin entwickelte sich die Golf- dankbarkeit betrachtet, muß – soweit es um die politische Klasse in einer auf- Region zum höchstprofitablen Absatzgebiet für westliche Rüstungsgüter, müpfigen Nation geht – nicht durch hartnäckige Friedensliebe bedingt sein, und bei alledem mischten die westlichen Ölkonzerne mit. »Fossiler Ener- vielmehr kommen machtpolitische Interessen von Staaten ins Spiel, die als gierohstoff als Kriegs-Treibstoff« – so hat Karl Grobe den Grundcharakter kleinere Konkurrenten oder auch als später einmal gewichtige Wettbewer- der modernen Politikgeschichte in dieser Region gekennzeichnet, und an ber der USA im Prozeß der Umverteilung globaler Macht agieren. Die Welt- dem hat sich bis heute nichts geändert. Für die Ölökonomie stellt der Irak, geschichte ist auch mit dem Wegfall der »Systemkonkurrenz«, also des Staats- als Staat selbst Resultat der Konkurrenz auswärtiger Mächte um diese Res- sozialismus, nicht an ihr Ende gelangt, die Kräfteverhältnisse werden nicht source, ein im weltweiten Maßstab höchstinteressantes Terrain dar, und Öl so bleiben, wie sie jetzt sind. Offen ist die Frage, mit welchem Grad an Ge- ist, wie Henry Kissinger gesagt hat, »zu kostbar, um es den Arabern zu walttätigkeit künftige Konflikte um geopolitische Einflußzonen, um be- überlassen«. Die Gruppe von US-Politikern, die für George W. Bush die herrschte Räume, um ökonomische Ressourcen und Machtpositionen geostrategischen Leitlinien entwirft, u.a. Richard Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld ausgetragen werden, und in dieser Hinsicht wirkt die derzeitige Regierungs- und Paul Wolfowitz, hat langjährige Erfahrungen in der politischen Umset- politik der gegenwärtig einzig verbliebenen Supermacht – man sehe uns den zung von Interessen der Energiekonzerne, insbesondere die Golf-Region verharmlosenden Begriff nach – »stilbildend«; sie bildet weltpolitische Ver- betreffend. haltensmuster heraus, die ihre brutale Eigendynamik haben. Längst vor dem 11. September 2001 ist von dieser Gruppe ein weltpo- Es ist nicht so, als sei die Militarisierung weltpolitischen Handelns, wie litisches Programm für die USA entworfen und öffentlich vertreten worden, sie jetzt die US-amerikanische Regierungs betreibt, eine persönliche Eigen- das als Grundelemente enthält: Die Vereinigten Staaten sollen in Zukunft art des Präsidenten George W. Bush. Erkennbar ist so etwas wie Zuspitzung, keine Weltmacht neben sich, aber auch keine unabhängig handlungsfähi- auch ein Wegfall bisheriger Höflichkeiten im Umgang mit der internatio- ge regionale Vormacht aufkommen lassen; das globale militärische Poten- nalen Öffentlichkeit; aber das Gewaltkalkül hat seine Vorgeschichte. Die Irak- tial der USA ist vorzugsweise für die Sicherung von Energieressourcen ein- politik der USA als Exempel: zusetzen; der Golf-Region ist dabei hohes Gewicht beizumessen, auch wegen Mit der Skrupellosigkeit seiner Politik stand und steht Saddam Hussein ihrer Bedeutung für die »eurasische Brücke«, also eine Linie von Machtba- nicht allein, auch nicht unter den Potentaten orientalischer Länder. Aber stionen der USA, die sich vom Balkan über den Vorderen Orient und den zum Politmonster wurde er – und auch da hatte und hat er zahlreiche Kaspischen Raum nach Zentralasien zieht. Es liegt in der Logik eines sol- Gesellschaft – keineswegs aus eigener Kraft, sondern durch die machtpoli- chen Programms, daß die Kontrolle über die irakischen Ölvorräte wieder- tischen Operationen und die Unterstützung westlicher Staaten, speziell der hergestellt werden muß, teils für den eigenen Verbrauch der USA, teils zum 10 EINLEITUNG: PREEMPTIVE STRIKE EINLEITUNG: PREEMPTIVE STRIKE 11 Zwecke der Einflußnahme auf andere Abnehmerländer und auch als Ersatz- Ausrüstung, der Finanzierung, dem logistischen Aufbau und der zeitweili- ressource für den Fall, daß es in anderen ölfördernden Ländern am Golf zu gen öffentlichen Legitimierung »privater« terroristischer Gruppierungen, mi- politischen Krisen kommt. Darüber hinaus ist die geostrategische Kontrol- litärischer Einheiten und plünderungswirtschaftlicher Gewaltunternehmen. le über Bagdad für die USA wichtig, weil so Druck auf Teheran ausgeübt Die Geschichte geostrategischer Eingriffe speziell der USA enthält eine Fülle werden kann, das nach wie vor auch im Visier der US-Regierungspolitik liegt. von Beispielen für derartige Geburtshilfen – Anwerbung von Söldnereinhei- All diese Ambitionen sind überhaupt nicht neu, aber der nach dem 11. Sep- ten, verdeckte Auftragsvergabe an »Stellvertretertruppen«, Nutzung parami- tember 2001 erklärte »Krieg gegen den Terrorismus« hat günstige Bedingun- litärischer Kommandos für Umsturzpläne, geheimdienstliche Kooperation gen für ihren Erfolg geschaffen. mit organisierter Kriminalität. Angeregt ist die Verflechtung von staatlichen Der Begriff »preemptive strike« tritt bei alledem in seinem doppelten Sinn und »privaten« Gewaltpotentialen auch dadurch, daß die militärische hervor: Er kann, übersetzt, Prävention bedeuten,
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