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Yoga Practice Increases Minimum Muscular Fitness in Children with Visual Impairment

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Yoga Practice Increases Minimum Muscular Fitness in Children with Visual Impairment Journal of Caring Sciences, 2015, 4(4), 253-263 doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.026 http:// journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/ JCS Yoga Practice Increases Minimum Muscular Fitness in Children with Visual Impairment Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty1*, Peri Venkata Ramana Murty1, Balaram Pradhan1, Alex Hankey2 1Department of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India 2Department of Yoga and Physical Science, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article Type: Introduction: Muscle strength, a component for balance, gait and functional mobility Original Article is vital for children with visual impairment. Yoga has frequently been demonstrated to improve physical and mental fitness in children. This study aimed to assess the effect Article History: of 16 weeks yoga training on muscular fitness in children with visual impairment. Received: 2 Aug. 2015 Methods: This was a wait-listed two-armed-matched case–control study. Eighty (41 Accepted: 9 Oct. 2015 ePublished: 1 Dec. 2015 yoga, 39 control) visual impairment students of both genders aged 9-16 years matched on age, gender and degree of blindness were assessed at pre, mid (after 8 weeks) and post (after 16 weeks) yoga intervention using the Kraus-Weber test. Keywords: Results: The percentage of students passed in yoga group were 12.2%, 43.9% and Muscle strength 68.3% whereas percentages in the control group were 23.1%, 30.8% and 30.8% in pre, Physical fitness Visual impairment mid, and post tests respectively. McNemar test showed significant differences between Yoga pre and mid, mid and post in the yoga group while those parameters were not Child significantly different in the control group. Yoga therapy seemed to have considerable benefits for the children’s muscular fitness. Conclusion: The study suggests that yoga have considerable benefits for improvement of fitness level in children with visual impairment and may be recommended as and effective, alternative, inexpensive low risk training activity option for them. Please cite this paper as: Mohanty S, Ramana Murty PV, Pradhan B, Hankey A. Yoga practice increases minimum muscular fitness in children with visual impairment. J Caring Sci 2015; 4 (4): 253-63. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.026 Introduction throughout their lives. For children with Muscle strength supports the ability to visual impairment who must exert generate maximum force, not only for extra energy on various compensatory physical performance, but also to prevent activities such as locating everyday objects, injury. It is a fundamental factor of physical finding directions and performing daily 12 fitness, essential for balance,1–5 gait,2,6,7 activities. functional mobility,5,8 posture and The children with visual impairment are stability,7,9 also preventing falls.4,5,10,11A incapable of generating an adequate certain level of fitness and flexibility amount of force to execute many actions, especially in major muscle groups is since they have to remain more vigilant important for the function of the body, when performing movements, and find to without which the individual’s health will accomplish tasks more difficult, as their be at risk. It is absolutely necessary for centre of gravity may be moved outside of 11 children to promote healthy growth and their area of base support. This may be a develop their skills, but also when they reason for muscle weakness which often become adults to continue being active observed in blind individuals. The fitness level of individuals with visual impairment * Corresponding Author: Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty (PhD), email: [email protected]. © 2015 The Author(s). This work is published by Journal of Caring Sciences as an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited. Mohanty et al. is consistently documented lower than their have shown the test to be effective sighted counterparts.11,13–16 Furthermore, in especially in children.32–34 minimum muscles fitness tests, 54% of However, it can also be used as an children with visual impairment failed indicator of overall health in similar age compared to 5% of normal sighted ones.17 groups. Benefits of other physical activities Another study demonstrated that those for fitness in visually impaired people have with visual impairment are deficient in been previously investigated.35–38 However, strength and power compared to sighted potential beneficial effects of yoga practice individuals.11 These draw attention to need on minimum muscle fitness in children with for a set of minimal standards of strength visual impairment have not been and flexibility needed for daily living. documented. This study hypothesized that Physical activities in early stages of life 16 weeks of yoga intervention would can enhance fitness levels in children.18 Dale improve participants’ muscles fitness. et al.,19 reported that early intervention may prevent or minimize the risk factors and Materials and methods developmental difficulties in children. Yoga, the ancient Indian health A total of 83 students from the “Shree promoting procedure, includes well known Ramana Maharishi Academy for the blind”, physical and breathing techniques which a residential school (Bangalore, South India) can help achieve recommended levels of volunteered to participate in the study: 41 fitness at physical, mental and emotional in yoga group and 42 control group. All levels.20 It has received much attention from were active and proficient in their ability to the scientific communities over the last 20 move about within their environment by years due to its effectiveness in enhancing themselves to carry out their regular muscular strength, endurance, body activities, and all passed a medical flexibility,21 generating balanced energy, examination prior to the study. None had vitality,22 and cultivating calmness in the any other identifiable disability, mind.23 Also, Yoga has been observed to neurological, or other disorder. have good benefits on health related fitness This was a wait-list controlled design in sighted school children’s muscles with pre-post single blind study. strength,24–26 endurance,24,25 flexibilty,24 and Participants volunteered to join the study. cardiovascualr endurance.24 Its positive Children in the yoga group were not effects in children with visual impairment involved in any other vocational training are also well-documented, including program; controls continued to participate autonomic arousal,27 balance,28 and in normal professional training. proprioception.29 Inclusion criteria were; (a) children aged Lieberman,30 describes yoga as an between 9 to 16 years, (b) with various inexpensive way to improve fitness, and to degrees of visual impairment since birth, (c) gain relaxation. In the present study a yoga healthy in the sense of having no overt intervention was administered to children disease conditions, (d) able to understand with visual impairment to improve both English and their regional language muscular fitness as measured by the Kraus- (Kannada), (e) either had no earlier Weber test, a battery of six muscular exposure to yoga, or had not attended any strength tests.31 The test was selected for yoga classes in the last 3 years, and (f) will- children with visual impairment due to the ing to provide written informed consent advantages that it offers such as simplicity prior to the study. of administration, low risk, minimal use of Students who had; (a) late onset visual equipment, and because it permits quick impairment, (b) multiple impairments, (c) testing of each participant.32 Earlier studies any recent injury restricting their practice of yoga, (d) deficits in other sensory systems, 254 | Journal of Caring Sciences, December 2015; 4 (4), 253-263 Yoga, visual impairment & children or (e) other physical disabilities were 3. Step by step teaching: Each practice was excluded from study. divided into sub steps so that each step can The study protocol was approved by the be taught successively. Institutional Ethical Committee of SVYASA 4. Learning in a group: All participants Yoga University, and followed the tenets of were divided into small groups and made the declaration of Helsinki research ethics them to stand in circles with a demonstrator and reviewed by Institutional Review in the center. Next, the demonstrator Board. Signed informed consent was student performed each posture, while obtained from the school authorities, and instructions were given by the yoga from one parent. Written informed consent instructor. Others in the group were was also collected from all participants after encouraged to touch feel the demonstrator’s explaining the study to them in detail. limbs and body position. Blinding and masking 5. Physical assistance with verbal guidance: Participants’ data was presented for While performing the practices, the yoga analysis using numerical identifiers, assistances corrected their postures ensuring that the statistician was blind to individually by guiding their limbs into the source of the data. Masking participants better positions. Complete class attendance to a yoga intervention is not possible; was achieved by all participants. Yoga however the trained research assistants classes were conducted on the premises of were masked to participants’ group the school where the children with visual assignment during data collection and impairment were studying to make the analysis. yoga classes more accessible. After the yoga Selected yoga practices consisted of group had completed the training and breathing exercises, loosening practices, assessments had been collected, the wait-list yoga-asanas, pranayama, relaxation and control group were invited to participate in meditation (Table 1). The yoga group the yoga program; all accepted. received intervention for 60 minutes, 5 days All participants completed Kraus-Weber per week for 16 weeks by the first author, a test assessments before, mid and after the trained yoga instructor already having intervention i.e. at 0, 8 and 16 weeks experience with children who are visually respectively. To allow the tests for impaired.
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