Die Rolle Plasmazytoider Dendritischer Zellen in Der Koordination Der Immunreaktion Gegen Herpes Simplex Virus Typ1

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Die Rolle Plasmazytoider Dendritischer Zellen in Der Koordination Der Immunreaktion Gegen Herpes Simplex Virus Typ1 Die Rolle Plasmazytoider Dendritischer Zellen in der Koordination der Immunreaktion gegen Herpes simplex Virus Typ1 The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the coordination of the immune response against herpes simplex virus type1 Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Philipp Schuster aus Nürnberg Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08.01.2014 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. Johannes Barth Gutachter/in: Prof. Dr. Falk Nimmerjahn Prof. Dr. Barbara Schmidt Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................... 1 2 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 3 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Das Herpes simplex Virus Typ1 .............................................................................. 5 3.1.1 Klassifikation und Aufbau ................................................................................. 5 3.1.2 Virale Infektion ................................................................................................. 5 3.1.3 Epidemiologie und Transmission ...................................................................... 6 3.1.4 Klinik ................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Kontrolle der HSV-1-Infektion durch das Immunsystem .......................................... 8 3.2.1 Begrenzung der Primärinfektion durch das native Immunsystem ..................... 8 3.2.2 Kontrolle der latenten Infektion durch das adaptive Immunsystem ..................10 3.3 Plasmazytoide Dendritische Zellen in der HSV-1-Infektion .....................................12 3.3.1 Charakterisierung Plasmazytoider Dendritischer Zellen ..................................12 3.3.2 Regulatorische Effekte von PDC auf die Immunreaktion .................................14 4 Ziele der Arbeit ..............................................................................................................17 5 Material und Methoden ..................................................................................................18 5.1 Materialien und Geräte ...........................................................................................18 5.1.1 Glas- und Plastikwaren ...................................................................................18 5.1.2 Reagenzien .....................................................................................................18 5.1.3 Kommerzielle Kits ...........................................................................................20 5.1.4 Antikörper ........................................................................................................20 5.1.5 Geräte .............................................................................................................22 5.1.6 Sonstige Geräte und Materialien .....................................................................23 5.2 Methoden ...............................................................................................................24 5.2.1 Isolation der verwendeten Zellpopulationen ....................................................24 5.2.2 Herstellung von Virusstocks ............................................................................25 5.2.3 Kultivierung und Stimulation der Zellen ...........................................................27 5.2.4 Nukleinsäureextraktion ....................................................................................27 5.2.5 Nukleinsäureanalysen .....................................................................................28 5.2.6 ELISA ..............................................................................................................31 5.2.7 CD257-Westernblot .........................................................................................32 5.2.8 Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie ................................................................................33 5.2.9 Durchflusszytometrie .......................................................................................34 5.2.10 Statistik ...........................................................................................................38 6 Ergebnisse ....................................................................................................................40 6.1 Phänotypisierung von PDC in der HSV-1-Infektion .................................................40 6.1.1 Identifikation von PDC-Oberflächenrezeptoren mittels Chipanalyse ................40 6.1.2 Identifikation neuer Oberflächenrezeptoren mittels Durchflusszytometrie ........42 6.1.3 Einfluss von IL-3 auf die Regulation von PDC-Oberflächenrezeptoren ............44 6.1.4 Einfluss von HSVUV auf die Regulation von PDC-Oberflächenrezeptoren ........46 6.1.5 Einfluss von HSVUV und IL-3 auf die Regulation von PDC- Oberflächenrezeptoren ....................................................................................47 6.1.6 Die Ergebnisse aus Transkriptionsanalyse und Durchflusszytometrie korrelieren bezüglich des Ausmaßes der Regulation der Rezeptoren .............48 6.1.7 Die Regulation von Oberflächenrezeptoren setzt überwiegend früh nach der Stimulation von PDC ein .................................................................................49 6.1.8 Rezeptoren mit deutlicher Transkription aber fehlender Oberflächenexpression liegen intrazellulär oder in löslicher Form vor ..................................................50 6.1.9 Die Effekte von HSV-1 auf PDC sind unabhängig von der Infektiosität ............51 6.1.10 HSV-1 zeigt keine produktive Infektion von PDC .............................................52 6.1.11 Die Aufnahme von HSV-1 in PDC erfolgt zum Teil durch Endozytose .............54 6.2 Die Immunreaktion gegen HSV-1 in Abhängigkeit vom Serostatus der Spender ....56 6.2.1 Die Sekretion von Interferon-gamma in PBMC nach Stimulation mit HSV-1 ist abhängig vom Serostatus der Spender ...........................................................56 6.2.2 Die Quelle der IFNγ-Sekretion in PBMC nach Infektion mit HSV-1 unterscheidet sich bei seropositiven und seronegativen Spendern ........................................58 6.2.3 Das Ausmaß der zellulären Aktivierung in PBMC nach Infektion mit HSV-1 ist vom Serostatus weitgehend unabhängig .........................................................61 6.2.4 Infektiöses HSV-1 induziert bei seropositiven und seronegativen Spendern eine unterschiedliche Polarisierung der Immunreaktion ..........................................64 6.2.5 Die Sekretion von IFNγ nach Stimulation mit UV-inaktiviertem HSV-1 aus T- Zellen ist auf CD4-positive Zellen seropositiver Donoren beschränkt ..............66 6.2.6 Plasmazytoide Dendritische Zellen verstärken die HSV-1-induzierte IFNγ- Sekretion .........................................................................................................69 6.2.7 PDC erhöhen die Zahl aktivierter und IFNγ-sezernierender Zellen ..................72 6.2.8 Die Mechanismen der verstärkenden Signale von PDC auf die Sekretion von IFNγ unterscheiden sich Serostatus-abhängig ................................................76 7 Diskussion .....................................................................................................................80 8 Verzeichnis der verwendeten Literatur ........................................................................ 104 9 Verzeichnis der Vorveröffentlichungen ........................................................................ 128 10 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................ 129 11 Anhang .................................................................................................................... 132 11.1 Analyse der Reinheit isolierter PDC ..................................................................... 132 12 Danksagung ............................................................................................................ 133 Zusammenfassung 1 Zusammenfassung An der Kontrolle von Infektionen mit dem Herpes simplex Virus Typ1 (HSV-1) ist eine Vielzahl verschiedener Immunzellen des nativen und adaptiven Immunsystems beteiligt. Zu diesen Zellen zählen insbesondere auch Plasmazytoide Dendritische Zellen (PDC), die in der frühen Phase viraler Infektionen eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen. Durch die schnelle Freisetzung großer Mengen Typ1 Interferone (IFN) wirken sie direkt auf infizierte Zellen und inhibieren so die virale Replikation. Darüber hinaus wird immer deutlicher, dass PDC mit anderen Immunzellen interagieren und so regulierend auf die entstehende Immunantwort wirken. Die Mechanismen dieser Wechselwirkungen, besonders derjenigen, die auf direktem Zell-Zell-Kontakt beruhen, sind jedoch nur in wenigen Fällen identifiziert. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten Rezeptoren humaner PDC identifiziert werden, die an diesen zellulären Interaktionen beteiligt sein könnten. Basierend auf einer genomweiten Transkriptionsanalyse konnten auf der Ebene der Protein- Expression 51 Rezeptoren auf der Oberfläche von PDC
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