The Organization of the Inner Nuclear Layer of the Rabbit Retina

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Radial and Tangential Dispersion Patterns in the Mouse Retina Are Cell

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 2494-2498, March 1995 Neurobiology Radial and tangential dispersion patterns in the mouse retina are cell-class specific (cell migration/cell lineage/retinal development/transgenic mice/X chromosome inactivation) B. E. REESE*, A. R. HARvEyt, AND S.-S. TANt§ *Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; tDepartment of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia; and tDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Communicated by Pasko Rakic, Yale University School ofMedicine, New Haven, CT, December 16, 1994 ABSTRACT The retina is derived from a pseudostratified retinal cells remain clonally segregated, they should appear as germinal zone in which the relative position of a progenitor distinct groups of blue versus white cells. We have used this cell is believed to determine the position ofthe progeny aligned approach to address the issue of whether radially aligned cells in the radial axis. Such a developmental mechanism would in the mature retina reflect such a clonal derivation. ensure that radial arrays of cells which comprise functional units in the mature central nervous system are also clonally MATERIALS AND METHODS related. The present study has tested this hypothesis by using Retinas from adult transgenic mice, derived from founder line X chromosome-inactivation transgenic mosaic mice. We re- H253, which carries a lacZ transgene
Paraneoplastic Retinopathy Associated with Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma of Unknown Primary Site

PARANEOPLASTIC RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH METASTATIC CUTANEOUS MELANOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE l 2 l I HA AM KIRATLI , CHARLES E. THIRKILL , SEVGUL BILGI(: , BORA ELDEM YY 1 and ARMAN KE(:ECI Ankara, Turkey and Sacramento, California SUMMARY features of a patient with this rare syndrome are Purpose: To describe further the clinical and immuno described here. logical features of cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy, which is an infrequent form of paraneo CASE REPORT plastic syndrome. Methods: We studied the salient clinical and immuno A 66-year-old man without any prior systemic or logical aspects of a 66-year-old man with metastatic ocular problems presented with the complaint of cutaneous melanoma to lymph nodes of unknown mild visual loss of recent onset in his left eye. He had primary site who developed melanoma-associated experienced occasional flashing lights but had no retinopathy. difficulty with night vision. A few days earlier an Results: There was gradual loss of vision in the left eye. incisional biopsy had been done from his right Colour vision and night vision were not affected. Visual axillary region, where rapid enlargement of four or fields showed arcuate defects. A full-field electroretino five lymph nodes each measuring 3 X 2 X 2 cm was gram demonstrated attenuation of the b-wave ampli noticed. tude in the left eye. The a-wave was intact. Indirect His best corrected visual acuity was 6/9 in the right immunofluorescence techniques showed that the anti eye and 6/18 in the left eye. There was no afferent body reactions took place mainly in the outer plexiform pupillary defect.
Physiology of the Retina

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RETINA András M. Komáromy Michigan State University [email protected] 12th Biannual William Magrane Basic Science Course in Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RETINA • INTRODUCTION • PHOTORECEPTORS • OTHER RETINAL NEURONS • NON-NEURONAL RETINAL CELLS • RETINAL BLOOD FLOW Retina ©Webvision Retina Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) Photoreceptor segments Outer limiting membrane (OLM) Outer nuclear layer (ONL) Outer plexiform layer (OPL) Inner nuclear layer (INL) Inner plexiform layer (IPL) Ganglion cell layer Nerve fiber layer Inner limiting membrane (ILM) ©Webvision Inherited Retinal Degenerations • Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) – Approx. 1 in 3,500 people affected • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) – 15 Mio people affected in U.S. www.nei.nih.gov Mutations Causing Retinal Disease http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet/ Retina Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Histology Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) fovea Ultrahigh-resolution OCT Drexler & Fujimoto 2008 9 Adaptive Optics Roorda & Williams 1999 6 Types of Retinal Neurons • Photoreceptor cells (rods, cones) • Horizontal cells • Bipolar cells • Amacrine cells • Interplexiform cells • Ganglion cells Signal Transmission 1st order SPECIES DIFFERENCES!! Photoreceptors Horizontal cells 2nd order Bipolar cells Amacrine cells 3rd order Retinal ganglion cells Visual Pathway lgn, lateral geniculate nucleus Changes in Membrane Potential Net positive charge out Net positive charge in PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RETINA • INTRODUCTION • PHOTORECEPTORS • OTHER RETINAL NEURONS
Primary Retinal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis As Detected by Optical Coherence Tomography Downloaded From

doi:10.1093/brain/awq346 Brain 2011: 134; 518–533 | 518 BRAIN A JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY Primary retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis as detected by optical coherence tomography Downloaded from Shiv Saidha,1 Stephanie B. Syc,1 Mohamed A. Ibrahim,2 Christopher Eckstein,1 Christina V. Warner,1 Sheena K. Farrell,1 Jonathan D. Oakley,3 Mary K. Durbin,3 Scott A. Meyer,3 Laura J. Balcer,4 Elliot M. Frohman,5 Jason M. Rosenzweig,1 Scott D. Newsome,1 John brain.oxfordjournals.org N. Ratchford,1 Quan D. Nguyen2 and Peter A. Calabresi1 1 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 2 Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 3 Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA, USA 4 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 5 Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas on February 23, 2011 Correspondence to: Dr Peter A. Calabresi, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA E-mail: [email protected] Optical coherence tomography studies in multiple sclerosis have primarily focused on evaluation of the retinal nerve ﬁbre layer. The aetiology of retinal changes in multiple sclerosis is thought to be secondary to optic nerve demyelination. The objective of this study was to use optical coherence tomography to determine if a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis exhibit primary retinal neuronopathy, in the absence of retrograde degeneration of the retinal nerve ﬁbre layer and to ascertain if such patients may have any distinguishing clinical characteristics.
Microcystic Macular Edema Retrograde Maculopathy Caused by Optic Neuropathy

Microcystic Macular Edema Retrograde Maculopathy Caused by Optic Neuropathy Mathias Abegg, MD, PhD,1 Muriel Dysli,1 Sebastian Wolf, MD, PhD,1 Jens Kowal, PhD,2 Pascal Dufour, MSc,2 Martin Zinkernagel, MD, PhD1 Purpose: To investigate retrograde axonal degeneration for its potential to cause microcystic macular edema (MME), a maculopathy that has been previously described in patients with demyelinating disease. To identify risk factors for MME and to expand the anatomic knowledge on MME. Design: Retrospective case series. Participants: We included 117 consecutive patients and 180 eyes with confirmed optic neuropathy of variable etiology. Patients with glaucoma were excluded. Methods: We determined age, sex, visual acuity, etiology of optic neuropathy, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of MME. Eyes with MME were compared with eyes with optic neuropathy alone and to healthy fellow eyes. With retinal layer segmentation we quantitatively measured the intraretinal anatomy. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic data, distribution of MME in the retina, and thickness of retinal layers were analyzed. Results: We found MME in 16 eyes (8.8%) from 9 patients, none of whom had multiple sclerosis or neu- romyelitis optica. The MME was restricted to the inner nuclear layer (INL) and had a characteristic perifoveal circular distribution. Compared with healthy controls, MME was associated with significant thinning of the ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer, as well as a thickening of the INL and the deeper retinal layers. Youth is a significant risk factor for MME. Conclusions: Microcystic macular edema is not specific for demyelinating disease. It is a sign of optic neuropathy irrespective of its etiology.
Anatomy of the Globe 09 Hermann D. Schubert Basic and Clinical

Anatomy of the Globe 09 Hermann D. Schubert Basic and Clinical Science Course, AAO 2008-2009, Section 2, Chapter 2, pp 43-92. The globe is the home of the retina (part of the embryonic forebrain, i.e.neural ectoderm and neural crest) which it protects, nourishes, moves or holds in proper position. The retinal ganglion cells (second neurons of the visual pathway) have axons which form the optic nerve (a brain tract) and which connect to the lateral geniculate body of the brain (third neurons of the visual pathway with axons to cerebral cortex). The transparent media of the eye are: tear film, cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous, internal limiting membrane and inner retina. Intraocular pressure is the pressure of the aqueous and vitreous compartment. The aqueous compartment is comprised of anterior(200ul) and posterior chamber(60ul). Aqueous and vitreous compartments communicate across the anterior cortical gel of the vitreous which seen from up front looks like a donut and is called the “annular diffusional gap.” The globe consists of two superimposed spheres, the corneal radius measuring 8mm and the scleral radius 12mm. The superimposition creates an external scleral sulcus, the outflow channels anterior to the scleral spur fill the internal scleral sulcus. Three layers or ocular coats are distinguished: the corneal scleral coat, the uvea and neural retina consisting of retina and pigmentedepithelium. The coats and components of the inner eye are held in place by intraocular pressure, scleral rigidity and mechanical attachments between the layers. The corneoscleral coat consists of cornea, sclera, lamina cribrosa and optic nerve sheath.
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Folia Morphol. Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 237–258 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0075 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2019 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 journals.viamedica.pl Aging changes in the retina of male albino rat: a histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study M.E.I. Mohamed, E.A.A. El-Shaarawy, M.F. Youakim, D.M.A. Shuaib, M.M. Ahmed Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt [Received: 9 June 2018; Accepted: 26 June 2018] Background: Degenerative changes caused by aging may affect the eye, especially the retina. Such changes occur as a part of normal physiological process and may be irreversible. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the influence of aging on the morphology of the retina to provide a basis to explain the pathogenesis of age-associated decline in visual acuity, scotopic and photopic sensitivity. Materials and methods: Forty male albino rats were used and divided into four age groups (group I: age of cortical maturity, group II: middle-aged, group III: aged group and group IV: senile group). The rats were sacrificed, the eye balls were enucleated. Intra-vitreal injections of formalin for haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical sections, glutaraldehyde for toluidine blue semithin and E/M ultra-thin sections were performed. Measurements and quantitative histomorphometric estimation of the layers of the retina were done. Results: Light microscopic examination revealed age-dependent attenuation of photoreceptor striations. Aged and senile groups presented pyknotic, widely- -spaced nuclei of the outer nuclear layer.
Eye Structure and Chemical Details of the Retinal Layer of Juvenile Queen Danio Devario Regina (Fowler, 1934)

Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 49 : 711 - 716 (2015) Eye Structure and Chemical Details of the Retinal Layer of Juvenile Queen Danio Devario regina (Fowler, 1934) Piyakorn Boonyoung1, Sinlapachai Senarat2, Jes Kettratad2, Pisit Poolprasert3, Watiporn Yenchum4 and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul5,* ABSTRACT The eye structures and chemical details of the retinal layer in juvenile Queen Danio—Devario regina, an ornamental fish—were histologically investigated under a light microscope. Sample fish were collected from the Tapee River, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand and their heads were exclusively prepared using a standard histological technique. The results revealed that the eye of D. regina was composed of three layers—inner, middle and external—based on histological organization and cell types. The inner layer was composed of 10 layers; 1) pigment epithelium, 2) photoreceptor layer, 3) outer liming membrane, 4) outer nuclear layer, 5) outer plexiform layer, 6) inner nuclear layer, 7) inner plexiform layer, 8) ganglion cell layer, 9) optic nerve layer and 10) inner limiting membrane, respectively. The localization and chemical details showed that a periodic acid-Schiff reaction for the detection of glycoprotein was intensive in the pigment epithelial layer whereas the inner plexifrom layer had only a slight reaction. Reaction of aniline blue was employed for the detection of mucopolysaccharide which was slightly positive for three layers—the outer limiting membrane, outer plexiform and inner plexiform. Keywords: eye, histology, Devario regina, histochemistry INTRODUCTION cornea and the surrounding water and therefore, the lens has to do the majority of the refraction The eye is a specialized organ for the (Land and Nilsson, 2012). “Due to a refractive detection and analysis of light.
Retinal Phototoxicity and the Evaluation of the Blue Light Hazard of a New Solid-State Lighting Technology

www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Retinal phototoxicity and the evaluation of the blue light hazard of a new solid-state lighting technology Imene Jaadane1,3, Gloria Villalpando Rodriguez1, Pierre Boulenguez2, Samuel Carré2, Irene Dassieni1, Cecile Lebon1, Sabine Chahory3, Francine Behar-Cohen1, Christophe Martinsons2 & Alicia Torriglia 1* Exposure Limit Values (ELV) for artifcial lighting were defned in order to prevent light-induced damage to the retina. The evaluation of the lighting devices include the correction of their spectra by the B(λ) function or blue light hazard function, representing the relative spectral sensitivity of the human eye to the blue light. This weighting function peaks between 435 and 440 nm. In this study we evaluate a new generation of light emitting diode (LED), the GaN-on-GaN (gallium nitride on gallium nitride) LED, that present an emission peak in the purple part of the spectrum. Wistar rats were exposed to GaN-on- GaN and conventional diodes at diferent retinal doses (from 2.2 to 0.5 J/cm2). We show that GaN-on- GaN diodes are more toxic than conventional LED for the rat neural retina and the rat retinal pigment epithelium, indicating that the BLH (blue light hazard) weighting is not adapted to this type of diodes. One of the reasons of this increased toxicity is the efects of shorter wavelengths on mitochondria polarization. We also show that the threshold of phototoxic retinal dose in the rat (fxed at 11 J/cm2, BLH weighted) is overestimated, suggesting that the values used for regulations, calculated in primates using the same methods than in rats, should be revised.
Aging and Degeneration of the Human Macula. 1. Outer Nuclear Layer and Photoreceptors

Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.65.1.23 on 1 January 1981. Downloaded from British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1981, 65, 23-28 Aging and degeneration of the human macula. 1. Outer nuclear layer and photoreceptors SAMUEL GARTNER AND PAUL HENKIND From the Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA SUMMARY In a light microscopic study of the macula of 104 human eyes obtained at necropsy of patients aged 3 to 96 we found: (1) Displacement of nuclei from the outer nuclear layer into the outer plexiform layer occurred in small numbers early in life and markedly increased after age 30. (2) Displacement of nuclei from the outer nuclear layer to the layer of rods and cones was rare in early life but increased considerably after age 40. (3) Displacement of nuclei is probably secondary to shrinkage of their attached fibres and is associated with aging. (4) Displaced nuclei apparently undergo changes in size, shape, and chromatin content and may go on to necrosis. (5) Twenty-four of the 104 eyes studied had an obvious reduction in the numbers of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer and their photoreceptors in the macular zone. All were in eyes from patients over age 40. No concomitant defect was found in the subjacent pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, or the choriocapillaris. The loss of nuclei of the outer nuclear layer appears to be a primary retinal disorder associated with aging. We found in the macula a loss of nuclei from the fovea and parafoveal zone.
The Eye and Visual Nervous System: Anatomy, Physiology and Toxicology by Connie S

Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 44, pp. 1-8, 1982 The Eye and Visual Nervous System: Anatomy, Physiology and Toxicology by Connie S. McCaa* The eyes are at risk to environmental injury by direct exposure to airborne pollutants, to splash injury from chemicals and to exposure via the circulatory system to numerous drugs and bloodborne toxins. In addition, drugs or toxins can destroy vision by damaging the visual nervous system. This review describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and visual nervous system and includes a discussion of some of the more common toxins affecting vision in man. the Eyeball to the eye. The posterior portion of the uvea is the Anatomy of choroid, a tissue composed almost entirely of blood vessels. A second portion of the uvea, the ciliary The eye consists of a retinal-lined fibrovascular body, lies just anterior to the choroid and posterior sphere which contains the aqueous humor, the lens to the corneoscleral margin and provides nutrients and the vitreous body as illustrated in Figure 1. by forming intraocular fluid, the aqueous humor. In The retina is the essential component of the eye addition, the ciliary body contains muscles which and serves the primary purpose of photoreception. provide a supporting and focusing mechanism for All other structures of the eye are subsidiary and the lens. The most anterior portion of the uveal act to focus images on the retina, to regulate the tract, the iris, is deflected into the interior of the amount of light entering the eye or to provide eye. The iris acts as a diaphragm with a central nutrition, protection or motion.
Her9/Hes4 Is Required for Retinal Photoreceptor Development, Maintenance, and Survival Cagney E

www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Her9/Hes4 is required for retinal photoreceptor development, maintenance, and survival Cagney E. Coomer, Stephen G. Wilson, Kayla F. Titialii‑Torres, Jessica D. Bills, Laura A. Krueger, Rebecca A. Petersen, Evelyn M. Turnbaugh, Eden L. Janesch & Ann C. Morris* The intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate vertebrate photoreceptor specifcation and diferentiation are complex, and our understanding of all the players is far from complete. Her9, the zebrafsh ortholog of human HES4, is a basic helix‑loop‑helix‑orange transcriptional repressor that regulates neurogenesis in several developmental contexts. We have previously shown that her9 is upregulated during chronic rod photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration in adult zebrafsh, but little is known about the role of her9 during retinal development. To better understand the function of Her9 in the retina, we generated zebrafsh her9 CRISPR mutants. Her9 homozygous mutants displayed striking retinal phenotypes, including decreased numbers of rods and red/green cones, whereas blue and UV cones were relatively unafected. The reduction in rods and red/green cones correlated with defects in photoreceptor subtype lineage specifcation. The remaining rods and double cones displayed abnormal outer segments, and elevated levels of apoptosis. In addition to the photoreceptor defects, her9 mutants also possessed a reduced proliferative ciliary marginal zone, and decreased and disorganized Müller glia. Mutation of her9 was larval lethal, with no mutants surviving past 13 days post fertilization. Our results reveal a previously undescribed role for Her9/Hes4 in photoreceptor diferentiation, maintenance, and survival. Te vertebrate retina is a highly conserved tissue of the central nervous system (CNS) that captures and converts light into an electrical signal.