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Christian Mission in Post-Independence Indonesia

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Christian Mission in Post-Independence Indonesia T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Bursa – 2018 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Danışman: Doç. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY Bursa - 2018 ÖZET Adı ve Soyadı : Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayıs : xiii+136 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. / …. / 20…….. Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY BAĞIMSIZLIK SONRASI ENDONEZYA’DA HRİSTİYAN MİSYONERLİĞİ Endonezya takımadalarındaki Hristiyan misyonu faaliyetleri çoğrafya keşifler ile birlikte, on beşinci yüzyılda Portekiz ve Hollanda’nın Güneydoğu Asya'ya gelmesi ile başlamıştır. Portekiz ve Hollanda gemilerle gelen misyonerler tarafından gerçekleştirilen Hristiyan misyonu, İslam'ı yüzyıl önce benimsemiş krallarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu sebeple zamanla Hristiyanlık, sömürgecilik ile özdeşleşmiş ve sömürge dini olarak imaj kazanmıştır. Dahası, Hollanda sömürge hükümeti, İslami faaliyetlere yardım etmeyi göz ardı ederken, Hristiyan faaliyetlerinin surdurmesıne destek vermeyi devam etmiştir. Hollanda hükümeti, bu iki dinin catışmasına sebeb olmuştur. Yüzyıllarca süren bu itiraz ve ayrımcılık, Endonezya bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra da devam edegelmiştir. Dolayısıyla hükümetin toplumsal ve siyasal alanda aldığı çeşitli kararlar, her iki din arasındaki çatışmanın potansiyelini artırmaktadır. Fakat son dönemde, uzun suredir ıhmal edılmiş çatışma problemi hafifletmek için Endonezya hükümeti çeşitli faaliyetler başlatmıştır. Ayrıca Dinler arası çatışmanın temel sebebi kendi dinlerini yaymada karşılıklı saygı eksikliği olmasıdır. Bazı Müslüman gruplar iii tarafından, çatışmanın ekseni Hristiyan misyonerliğin oldugunu düşünülürken; bazı Hristiyan gruplar tarafından ise Müslüman gruplarının politik kıskançlığından dolayı Endonezya'da özgürlük ve hoşgörü ilkelerine zarar verdiklerini düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Endonezya'daki Hristiyan misyonerliğinin tarihsel gelişimine dayanan veriler sunulup; Hristiyan misyonerliğin reform sonrasına kadar çözülmeyen sorunlar ve devam eden dinlerarası çatışmalarla ilgili konuları değinilecektir. Endonezya'daki Müslümanlar ve Hıristiyanlar arasındaki çatışmaların sebebi sadece misyonun kendisi değil, siyaset, ekonomi ve iç-dış politikalar gibi başka faktörlerin dahil olduğunu açıklanacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Hristiyanlık, Misyoner, Çatışma, Endonezya iv ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Mohammad Muafi HIMAM University : Uludağ University Institution : Institutes of Social Sciences Department : Philosophy and Religious Sciences Branch : History of Religions Degree Awarded : Master’s Thesis Page Number : xiii+136 Degree Date : …. / …. / 20… Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA The arrival of Portuguese and Dutch to Southeast Asia in the fifteenth century as part of a new world quest also became the beginning of the Christian mission in the Indonesian archipelago. The Christian mission carried out by missionaries who came with the Portuguese and Dutch ships faced resistance from the rulers who had embraced Islam a century earlier. Christianity gradually identified with colonialism, and it forms a new image of Christianity as a colonial religion. Moreover, the colonial government continued to support Christian activities, while ignoring aid to Islamic activities. The Dutch government has led to conflicts between these two religions. This contestation that lasted for hundreds of years made an impact on the relationship between these two religions after Indonesia gained its independence. Accompanied by various decisions of the new order government in the social and political sphere, the potential of conflict among adherents of both religions is increasingly ignited. In the end, the government began to take various approaches to mitigate the conflict that has long been abandoned. Various accusations are raised, which pursue the conclusion that the primary source of inter-religious conflict is the lack of mutual respect in spreading their respective religions. By some Muslim groups, v Christian mission is considered as the axis of conflict; whereas by some Christian groups, political jealousy of Muslim groups is considered to harm the principles of freedom and tolerance in Indonesia. In this study, the author presents data based on the historical development of Christian mission in Indonesia and how Christian missionary related to the interreligious conflicts which continue to be unresolved problems, even until the post- reform era. The authors found that the conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia occurred not only because of the mission itself. But, there are other factors such as politics, economics, and internal-external policies. Keyword Christianity, Mission, Conflict, Indonesia vi ABBREVIATION PAGES ABRI : Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Indonesia Nasional Armed Forces) BMS : the Baptist Missionary Society BPUPKI : Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence) CIA : Central Intelligence Agency CRCS : Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies CSIS : Center for Strategic and International Studies DDII : Dewan Dakwah Islam Indonesia (Council of Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia) DGI : Dewan Gereja-Gereja Indonesia (Council of Churches in Indonesia) G30S PKI : Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia (30 September Movement) GKN : Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (Dutch Reformed Churches) GKJW : Gereja Kristen Jawi Wetan (East Java Christian Church) Golkar : Golongan Karya (Golkar Political Party) HAMKA : Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah HMI : Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Muslim Students' Association) HTI : Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia IAIN : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Islamic Institute) IRB : Ilmu Religi dan Budaya (Religious and Cultural Sciences) vii Khasebul : Khalwat Sebulan KNIP : Komisi Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Indonesian National Commission) KWI : Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia (Bishops' Conference of Indonesia) MAWI : Majelis Agung Wali Gereja Indonesia (a new form of Bishops' Conference of Indonesia) MPRS : Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (Provisional People's Consultative Assembly) MUI : Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council) NGZV : Nederlands Gereformeerde Zendingsvereniging (Dutch Reformed Mission Union) NMS : the Netherlands Missionary Society NU : Nahdlatul Ulama NZG : Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap (Dutch Missionary Society) NZV : Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (Dutch Mission Society) OPSUS : (Operasi Khusus) PERSIS : Persatuan Islam (Islamic Union; a religious organization) PGI : Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja Indonesia (Communion of Churches in Indonesia) PMKRI : Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Katolik Republik Indonesia (Union of Catholic University Students of the Republic of Indonesia) PMP : Pendidikan Moral Pancasila (Pancasila Moral Education) PNI : Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Party) viii PPKI : Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence) PPP : Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party) SJ : Society Jesus UÜİF : Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi VNZ : Vereenigde Nederlandse Zendingscorporaties (United Dutch Mission Corporations) VOC : Vereenign de Oost Indische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company) YCW : Young Christian Workers ix PREFACE Indonesia is a country with a huge Muslim population. According to the latest census of 2010, 87.18% of Indonesia's 237,641,326 are Muslim, 6.96% Protestant, 2.9% Catholic, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Kong Hu Cu, 0.13% other religions, and 0.38% missed or unasked.1 On the other hand, Christians in Indonesia experienced the fastest growth, from 7.39% to 8.92% by the end of 2000. This growth is even faster than the growth of Indonesian population, which is 1.83%.2 Christianization in the archipelago began for the arrival of Francis Xavier to the islands of Maluku in the early 16th century along with the arrival of Portuguese to Indonesia. Then in the 17th century, Protestants began to come together with the Dutch and became the majority Christianity in Indonesia until now. The process of Christianization in Indonesia was not without problems, because Islam has existed long before as the majority religion of Indonesia, especially in Java. The resistance between the colonial government and the indigenous people gradually became the opposition between Christianity and Islam. As a result, the inter-religious strife has become a continuing conflict even though the Dutch themselves have left Indonesia. Therefore, it is worthy to examine the main problem that causes this protracted interreligious conflict. With the title "Christian mission in post-independence Indonesia", I emphasize some important points of discussion which are: 1) that Christian mission is an important point - if not to be regarded as the source of the problem - for the continuation of conflict between Muslims and Christians; 2) the spread of religion (both Christian and Islam) is a conflict-prone sector; 3) the period after Indonesian independence was a very "free moment”, in which all elements of the nation of
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