DOCSLIB.ORG

Christian Mission in Post-Independence Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Bursa – 2018 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Danışman: Doç. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY Bursa - 2018 ÖZET Adı ve Soyadı : Mohammad Muafi HIMAM Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayıs : xiii+136 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. / …. / 20…….. Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY BAĞIMSIZLIK SONRASI ENDONEZYA’DA HRİSTİYAN MİSYONERLİĞİ Endonezya takımadalarındaki Hristiyan misyonu faaliyetleri çoğrafya keşifler ile birlikte, on beşinci yüzyılda Portekiz ve Hollanda’nın Güneydoğu Asya'ya gelmesi ile başlamıştır. Portekiz ve Hollanda gemilerle gelen misyonerler tarafından gerçekleştirilen Hristiyan misyonu, İslam'ı yüzyıl önce benimsemiş krallarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu sebeple zamanla Hristiyanlık, sömürgecilik ile özdeşleşmiş ve sömürge dini olarak imaj kazanmıştır. Dahası, Hollanda sömürge hükümeti, İslami faaliyetlere yardım etmeyi göz ardı ederken, Hristiyan faaliyetlerinin surdurmesıne destek vermeyi devam etmiştir. Hollanda hükümeti, bu iki dinin catışmasına sebeb olmuştur. Yüzyıllarca süren bu itiraz ve ayrımcılık, Endonezya bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra da devam edegelmiştir. Dolayısıyla hükümetin toplumsal ve siyasal alanda aldığı çeşitli kararlar, her iki din arasındaki çatışmanın potansiyelini artırmaktadır. Fakat son dönemde, uzun suredir ıhmal edılmiş çatışma problemi hafifletmek için Endonezya hükümeti çeşitli faaliyetler başlatmıştır. Ayrıca Dinler arası çatışmanın temel sebebi kendi dinlerini yaymada karşılıklı saygı eksikliği olmasıdır. Bazı Müslüman gruplar iii tarafından, çatışmanın ekseni Hristiyan misyonerliğin oldugunu düşünülürken; bazı Hristiyan gruplar tarafından ise Müslüman gruplarının politik kıskançlığından dolayı Endonezya'da özgürlük ve hoşgörü ilkelerine zarar verdiklerini düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Endonezya'daki Hristiyan misyonerliğinin tarihsel gelişimine dayanan veriler sunulup; Hristiyan misyonerliğin reform sonrasına kadar çözülmeyen sorunlar ve devam eden dinlerarası çatışmalarla ilgili konuları değinilecektir. Endonezya'daki Müslümanlar ve Hıristiyanlar arasındaki çatışmaların sebebi sadece misyonun kendisi değil, siyaset, ekonomi ve iç-dış politikalar gibi başka faktörlerin dahil olduğunu açıklanacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Hristiyanlık, Misyoner, Çatışma, Endonezya iv ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Mohammad Muafi HIMAM University : Uludağ University Institution : Institutes of Social Sciences Department : Philosophy and Religious Sciences Branch : History of Religions Degree Awarded : Master’s Thesis Page Number : xiii+136 Degree Date : …. / …. / 20… Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent ŞENAY CHRISTIAN MISSION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDONESIA The arrival of Portuguese and Dutch to Southeast Asia in the fifteenth century as part of a new world quest also became the beginning of the Christian mission in the Indonesian archipelago. The Christian mission carried out by missionaries who came with the Portuguese and Dutch ships faced resistance from the rulers who had embraced Islam a century earlier. Christianity gradually identified with colonialism, and it forms a new image of Christianity as a colonial religion. Moreover, the colonial government continued to support Christian activities, while ignoring aid to Islamic activities. The Dutch government has led to conflicts between these two religions. This contestation that lasted for hundreds of years made an impact on the relationship between these two religions after Indonesia gained its independence. Accompanied by various decisions of the new order government in the social and political sphere, the potential of conflict among adherents of both religions is increasingly ignited. In the end, the government began to take various approaches to mitigate the conflict that has long been abandoned. Various accusations are raised, which pursue the conclusion that the primary source of inter-religious conflict is the lack of mutual respect in spreading their respective religions. By some Muslim groups, v Christian mission is considered as the axis of conflict; whereas by some Christian groups, political jealousy of Muslim groups is considered to harm the principles of freedom and tolerance in Indonesia. In this study, the author presents data based on the historical development of Christian mission in Indonesia and how Christian missionary related to the interreligious conflicts which continue to be unresolved problems, even until the post- reform era. The authors found that the conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia occurred not only because of the mission itself. But, there are other factors such as politics, economics, and internal-external policies. Keyword Christianity, Mission, Conflict, Indonesia vi ABBREVIATION PAGES ABRI : Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Indonesia Nasional Armed Forces) BMS : the Baptist Missionary Society BPUPKI : Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence) CIA : Central Intelligence Agency CRCS : Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies CSIS : Center for Strategic and International Studies DDII : Dewan Dakwah Islam Indonesia (Council of Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia) DGI : Dewan Gereja-Gereja Indonesia (Council of Churches in Indonesia) G30S PKI : Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia (30 September Movement) GKN : Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (Dutch Reformed Churches) GKJW : Gereja Kristen Jawi Wetan (East Java Christian Church) Golkar : Golongan Karya (Golkar Political Party) HAMKA : Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah HMI : Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Muslim Students' Association) HTI : Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia IAIN : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Islamic Institute) IRB : Ilmu Religi dan Budaya (Religious and Cultural Sciences) vii Khasebul : Khalwat Sebulan KNIP : Komisi Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Indonesian National Commission) KWI : Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia (Bishops' Conference of Indonesia) MAWI : Majelis Agung Wali Gereja Indonesia (a new form of Bishops' Conference of Indonesia) MPRS : Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (Provisional People's Consultative Assembly) MUI : Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council) NGZV : Nederlands Gereformeerde Zendingsvereniging (Dutch Reformed Mission Union) NMS : the Netherlands Missionary Society NU : Nahdlatul Ulama NZG : Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap (Dutch Missionary Society) NZV : Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (Dutch Mission Society) OPSUS : (Operasi Khusus) PERSIS : Persatuan Islam (Islamic Union; a religious organization) PGI : Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja Indonesia (Communion of Churches in Indonesia) PMKRI : Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Katolik Republik Indonesia (Union of Catholic University Students of the Republic of Indonesia) PMP : Pendidikan Moral Pancasila (Pancasila Moral Education) PNI : Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Party) viii PPKI : Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence) PPP : Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party) SJ : Society Jesus UÜİF : Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi VNZ : Vereenigde Nederlandse Zendingscorporaties (United Dutch Mission Corporations) VOC : Vereenign de Oost Indische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company) YCW : Young Christian Workers ix PREFACE Indonesia is a country with a huge Muslim population. According to the latest census of 2010, 87.18% of Indonesia's 237,641,326 are Muslim, 6.96% Protestant, 2.9% Catholic, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Kong Hu Cu, 0.13% other religions, and 0.38% missed or unasked.1 On the other hand, Christians in Indonesia experienced the fastest growth, from 7.39% to 8.92% by the end of 2000. This growth is even faster than the growth of Indonesian population, which is 1.83%.2 Christianization in the archipelago began for the arrival of Francis Xavier to the islands of Maluku in the early 16th century along with the arrival of Portuguese to Indonesia. Then in the 17th century, Protestants began to come together with the Dutch and became the majority Christianity in Indonesia until now. The process of Christianization in Indonesia was not without problems, because Islam has existed long before as the majority religion of Indonesia, especially in Java. The resistance between the colonial government and the indigenous people gradually became the opposition between Christianity and Islam. As a result, the inter-religious strife has become a continuing conflict even though the Dutch themselves have left Indonesia. Therefore, it is worthy to examine the main problem that causes this protracted interreligious conflict. With the title "Christian mission in post-independence Indonesia", I emphasize some important points of discussion which are: 1) that Christian mission is an important point - if not to be regarded as the source of the problem - for the continuation of conflict between Muslims and Christians; 2) the spread of religion (both Christian and Islam) is a conflict-prone sector; 3) the period after Indonesian independence was a very "free moment”, in which all elements of the nation of
Recommended publications
  • INDONESIA Paying the Price for “Stability”

    INDONESIA Paying the Price for “Stability”

    INDONESIA Paying the price for “stability” Introduction Indonesia is experiencing its most serious political and economic crisis since the current government came to power in 1966. The approach of presidential elections in early March, in which President Suharto is seeking his seventh consecutive term and in which his vice-presidential candidate appears set to be the current Minister for Research and Technology - a close ally of the President - is fuelling concerns about the future political leadership of the country. Political tensions have been intensified by a severe economic crisis which has resulted in a dramatic fall in the value of the Indonesian currency - the rupiah - and a crippling drought in many areas of the country. As Indonesia comes under pressure to implement austerity measures imposed by the International Monetary Fund, the public outcry over rising prices is being accompanied by increasingly vocal demands for political change. Riots and demonstrations have become an almost daily occurrence and are likely to intensify in the run-up to the March parliamentary session at which the nation’s president and vice-president will be chosen. During times of national crisis such as that being faced by Indonesia now, extra care is needed to ensure that human rights are protected. Contrary to exercising additional care, the Indonesian authorities are adopting a hardline policy in an attempt to silence critics. At a time when the airing of opinions might help to ease the level of tension, the authorities are imposing gross restrictions on its citizens’ rights to freedom of association and expression. In the past two weeks alone around 250 peaceful political activists have been arrested.
  • Technology Assessment and Forecast Report Us Colleges and Universities

    Technology Assessment and Forecast Report Us Colleges and Universities

    TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST REPORT U.S. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES-- UTILITY PATENT GRANTS 1969-1999 [EXCERPT--ATTACHMENT 'A' AND TAB 'C' ONLY] September 2000 U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE OFFICE OF INFORMATION DISSEMINATION SERVICE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST PROGRAM PK3 - Suite 441 WASHINGTON, DC 20231 TEL: (703) 306-2600 / FAX (703) 306-2737 A TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST REPORT U.S. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES— UTILITY PATENT GRANTS 1969-1999 This report, prepared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office of Information Dissemination Services, summarizes utility patent activity of U.S. colleges, universities, and associations composed of U.S. colleges and universities, during calendar years 1969-1999. The content of the report includes numbers of utility patents assigned annually and the technological emphases of patents assigned to U.S. colleges and universities. Tabular presentations are provided for all institutions, with separate tabulations provided for each institution ranked in the top 100 by total research and development (R&D) expenditures in fiscal year 1998. Patent data presented in this report were obtained from the USPTO’s Technology Assessment and Forecast (TAF) database. The TAF database is maintained by the Office of Information Dissemination Services and contains the bibliographic information from patents that have issued since 1963. Academic institutions ranked in the top 100 for R&D expenditures in FY 1998 were identified from National Science Foundation report, Academic Research and Development Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1998 (early release Tables). Contents This report contains two attachments, followed by five tabular presentations of data for U.S. colleges, universities, or associations of colleges and universities that received one or more utility patents between 1969-99.
  • Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia

    Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia

    INDONESIA’S TRANSFORMATION and the Stability of Southeast Asia Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ProjectR AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabasa, Angel. Indonesia’s transformation and the stability of Southeast Asia / Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1344.” ISBN 0-8330-3006-X 1. National security—Indonesia. 2. Indonesia—Strategic aspects. 3. Indonesia— Politics and government—1998– 4. Asia, Southeastern—Strategic aspects. 5. National security—Asia, Southeastern. I. Chalk, Peter. II. Title. UA853.I5 R33 2001 959.804—dc21 2001031904 Cover Photograph: Moslem Indonesians shout “Allahu Akbar” (God is Great) as they demonstrate in front of the National Commission of Human Rights in Jakarta, 10 January 2000. Courtesy of AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (AFP) PHOTO/Dimas. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Maritta Tapanainen © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
  • Download PDF Van Tekst

    Download PDF Van Tekst

    Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis. Jaargang 21 bron Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis. Jaargang 21. Uitgeverij Vantilt, Nijmegen / Nederlandse Boekhistorische Vereniging, Leiden 2014 Zie voor verantwoording: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa008201401_01/colofon.php Let op: werken die korter dan 140 jaar geleden verschenen zijn, kunnen auteursrechtelijk beschermd zijn. i.s.m. 7 [Nummer 21] Redactioneel Voor u ligt het Jaarboek 2014 van de Nederlandse Boekhistorische Vereniging. Zoals u zult merken ziet het er iets anders uit dan u gewend bent. In het vorige jubileumjaarboek schreef Hans Mulder, toenmalig voorzitter, dat het bestuur en de redactie van de NBV samen hadden besloten om de opzet van het Jaarboek te herzien. In de eerste plaats werd de behoefte gevoeld om het Jaarboek duidelijker te profileren te midden van de boekhistorische periodieken die er op dit moment op de markt zijn. De opfrisbeurt was eveneens noodzakelijk om te kunnen garanderen dat ook in de toekomst een gevarieerde bundel met bijdragen van hoge kwaliteit kan worden aangeboden. Het afgelopen jaar heeft de gehele redactie hard gewerkt aan de invulling van het ‘Jaarboek nieuwe stijl’ en met plezier presenteren wij u hier het resultaat. Wat is er allemaal veranderd? In de eerste plaats zal het Jaarboek vanaf deze jaargang niet meer uitsluitend Nederlandstalige artikelen bevatten, maar ook meerdere bijdragen in het Engels. Om zowel Nederlandstalige als Engelstalige lezers te bedienen, gaan alle artikelen gepaard met uitgebreide samenvattingen in de ‘andere’ taal. Op deze wijze zijn alle artikelen in het Jaarboek toegankelijk voor zowel Nederlands als Engels lezende lezers. Tevens heeft de redactie een begin gemaakt met peer review.
  • Changing Religious Identities: a Case Study of Catholic Conversion in Yogyakarta

    Changing Religious Identities: a Case Study of Catholic Conversion in Yogyakarta

    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHANGING RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY OF CATHOLIC CONVERSION IN YOGYAKARTA TESIS UNTUK MEMENUHI SEBAGIAN SYARAT MEMPEROLEH DERAJAT SARJANA S-2 PADA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA Diajukan oleh Feras Husain Ebrahim Ahmed H S 166322015 FAKULTAS MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA 2020 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KATA PENGANTAR Saya ingin mendedikasikan halaman ini untuk setiap orang yang sudah berperan penting dalam pencapaian akademik saya. Pertama-tama, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada orang tua saya yang sudah mendukung saya dengan cinta dan pengertiannya. Tanpa mereka, saya tidak akan pernah bisa sampai pada titik kesuksesan saya sekarang ini. Kedua, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada semua profesor saya dan anggota staf Kajian Budaya, yang sudah membekali, membantu, memberi saran, dan membimbing saya dengan penuh kesabaran selama proses penelitian. Terima kasih semua untuk dukungannya yang tanpa lelah. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge everyone who played a role in my academic accomplishments. First of all, I would like to thank my parents who supported me with love and understanding. Without them, I could never have reached this current level of success. Secondly, The researcher would like also to thanks my professors and staff members of Culture Studies Programme, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Sanata Dharma. : Dr. Yustinus Tri Subagya, Dr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, S.J., Dr. Stanislaus Sunardi, Dr. FX. Baskara T. Wardaya, S.J.. They have helped the researcher in this research and guided the researcher through their wisdom and experience to understand and expand the researcher’s knowledge on the local church in Indonesia, especially in Semarang archdiocese.
  • Mysterion.It

    Mysterion.It

    www.mysterion.it Rivista di Ricerca in Teologia Spirituale ANNO 8 NUMERO 2 (2015) QUARTO FORUM NAZIONALE DI DOCENTI DI TEOLOGIA SPIRITUALE Teologia Spirituale e Concilio Vaticano II: recezione e prospettive contributi di: MARCO BARTOLI MAURIZIO BEVILACQUA GIUSEPPE BUCCELLATO EMMA CAROLEO GILBERTO CAVAZOS-GONZÁLEZ RAFFAELE DI MURO PETER DUFKA LUCIANO FANIN CIRO GARCÍA ELISABETH HENSE BRUCE H. LESCHER LUCIANO LUPPI DIEGO PANCALDO ANNAMARIA VALLI ANTON WITWER Rivista web semestrale di Ricerca in Teologia Spirituale www.mysterion.it Rivista di Ricerca in Teologia Spirituale ANNO 8 NUMERO 2 (2015) Sommario 138 Presentazione 140 BRUCE H. LESCHER, Spirituality in the English-Speaking World Since Vatican II: An Overview 153 ELISABETH HENSE, Spirituality in the German Speaking World, in Holland and Bel- gium after Council Vatican II 173 MAURIZIO BEVILACQUA, La spiritualità cattolica latina e le spiritualità della riforma protestante 186 ANTON WITWER, La mistagogia - problema odierno o sfida continua per il teologo spirituale? 191 EMMA CAROLEO, L’esperienza cristiana vissuta in compagnia degli uomini e delle donne del nostro tempo 197 LUCIANO FANIN, Teologia biblica e teologia biblica spirituale a confronto sullo sfon- do della Dei Verbum (1965) e della Verbum Domini (2008) 206 GILBERTO CAVAZOS-GONZÁLEZ, Un percorso socio-spirituale per lo studio dei classici spirituali 217 PETER DUFKA, L’accompagnamento spirituale dopo il Vaticano II 223 GIUSEPPE BUCCELLATO, L’esame di conscienza nel solco della tradizione cristiana: solco o opportunità? 235 DIEGO PANCALDO, L’accompagnamento spirituale delle persone disabili 243 RAFFAELE DI MURO, Le caratteristiche della santità “canonizzata” oggi e la sua inci- denza nel panorama ecclesiale contemporaneo 257 LUCIANO LUPPI, Vocazione universale alla santità e criteri di canonizzazione.
  • Indonesian Politics in Crisis

    Indonesian Politics in Crisis

    Indonesian Politics in Crisis NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES Recent and forthcoming studies of contemporary Asia Børge Bakken (ed.): Migration in China Sven Cederroth: Basket Case or Poverty Alleviation? Bangladesh Approaches the Twenty-First Century Dang Phong and Melanie Beresford: Authority Relations and Economic Decision-Making in Vietnam Mason C. Hoadley (ed.): Southeast Asian-Centred Economies or Economics? Ruth McVey (ed.): Money and Power in Provincial Thailand Cecilia Milwertz: Beijing Women Organizing for Change Elisabeth Özdalga: The Veiling Issue, Official Secularism and Popular Islam in Modern Turkey Erik Paul: Australia in Southeast Asia. Regionalisation and Democracy Ian Reader: A Poisonous Cocktail? Aum Shinrikyo’s Path to Violence Robert Thörlind: Development, Decentralization and Democracy. Exploring Social Capital and Politicization in the Bengal Region INDONESIAN POLITICS IN CRISIS The Long Fall of Suharto 1996–98 Stefan Eklöf NIAS Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Studies in Contemporary Asia series, no. 1 (series editor: Robert Cribb, University of Queensland) First published 1999 by NIAS Publishing Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) Leifsgade 33, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark Tel: (+45) 3254 8844 • Fax: (+45) 3296 2530 E-mail: [email protected] Online: http://nias.ku.dk/books/ Typesetting by the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall © Stefan Eklöf 1999 British Library Catalogue in Publication Data Eklof, Stefan Indonesian politics
  • Jusuf Wanandi.Pub

    Jusuf Wanandi.Pub

    ISIS FOCUS • PP 5054/06/2011 (028668) • Issue No. 3 • March 2011 Conversations with Jusuf Wanandi ♦ Preamble ….. 1 ♦ The Activist from Tanah Abang ….. 2 ♦ Eyes and Ears ..… 9 ♦ A Parting of Ways ….. 13 INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ISIS) MALAYSIA www.isis.org.my Limited Circulation ISIS Malaysia’s core areas of research include: • Economics; • Foreign Policy and Security Studies; • Social Policy; and • Technology, Innovation, Environment and Sustainability. Its objectives are: • To undertake research in various and specific About ISIS fields and conduct long‐term analysis of public policies on national and international issues; The Institute of Strategic and International • To contribute towards efforts in promoting Studies (ISIS), Malaysia’s premier think‐tank general and professional discussions on was established on April 8, 1983. As an important national and international issues autonomous and non‐profit organisation, ISIS through the organization of seminars, is engaged in objective and independent policy conferences and other activities; research. It also fosters dialogue and debate • among the public sector, the private sector and To provide an avenue and a forum for academia. individuals, experts and intellectuals from various fields to exchange views and opinions ISIS has been at the forefront of some of the and to conduct research in a free and most significant nation‐building initiatives in conducive atmosphere; Malaysia’s history, such as contributing to the • To disseminate information on research Vision
  • Fleet Dynamics in a Changing Policy Environment

    Fleet Dynamics in a Changing Policy Environment

    FLEET DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING POLICY CHANGING A IN ENVIRONMENT DYNAMICS FLEET FLEET DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING POLICY ENVIRONMENT J. BATSLEER J. BATSLEER J. FLEET DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING POLICY ENVIRONMENT J. Batsleer THESIS COMMITTEE PROMOTOR Prof. Dr A.D. Rijnsdorp Professor for Sustainable Fisheries Management Wageningen University CO-PROMOTOR Dr J.J. Poos Senior scientist, Wageningen Marine Research OTHER MEMBERS Prof. Dr C. Ulrich, Technical University of Denmark Dr Polet, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Vlaanderen, Belgium Dr R.A. Groeneveld, Wageningen University Prof Dr A.J. Murk, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate Wageningen institute of Animal Sciences Fleet dynamics in a changing policy environment J. BATSLEER Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 23 November 2016 at 11 a.m. in the Aula Jurgen Batsleer Fleet dynamics in a changing policy environment, 172 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016) With references, with summary in English and Dutch ISBN 978-94-6257-952-1 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/391925 Dit proefschrift is opgedragen aan mijn ouders en gezin. “Waar je ook bent Ik zou het niet weten Niet in afstand of tijd te meten Maar ik heb je bij me Diep in mij Daarom ben je zo dichtbij” Toon Hermans
  • Green Irentity in a Changing Europe

    Green Irentity in a Changing Europe

    UROPE E G IN G AN H GREEN IDENTITY IN A CHANGING EUROPE In 1984 a colourful mixture of Belgians, Germans, Italians position themselves within the political spectrum and gain and Dutch, known as the Green Alternative European Link the trust of the electorates. (GRAEL) formed the first Green group in the European Parliament. Since then a lot has happened. An increasing We have invited authors from eight European countries to GREEN IDENTITY IN A C number of countries have seen Green parties gain parli- write about the identity and ambitions of the Green parties amentary experience, in the course of which they have in their home countries. What factors have influenced indi- moved from being a protest party to one pursuing concrete vidual Green party development? How have they adapted to change based on targeted reform. these influences and what are their future prospects? From the original Euro-Greens, who were part of the first “chaotic” In Western Europe, green ideas have found their way into Green group that entered the European Parliament in 1984 the political and social mainstream. New political identities we wanted to know: What did Green politics mean at that have emerged and in many countries there have been tect- time and how do they now perceive the results and future onic political shifts as the Greens have moved from being prospects of their policies? Finally, we asked some of the an anti-establishment party to one ready and able to take younger generation how they view this record and what they on the responsibility of government.
  • Dutch Catholic Missionaries in Java During the Late Nineteenth Century

    Dutch Catholic Missionaries in Java During the Late Nineteenth Century

    EMBODIED ENCOUNTERS Colonial Governmentality and Missionary Practices in Java and South Dutch New-Guinea, 1856-1942 Maaike Derksen ISBN 978-94-6421-251-8 Cover image Indonesian pattern drawing, painted by a pupil from the first or second class from the MULO school in Yogyakarta, 1933-1935 (Erfgoedcentrum Nederlands Kloosterleven, Collectie AR-B015 Broeders van Maastricht, inv. nr. 4572) Design/lay-out Promotie In Zicht (www.promotie-inzicht.nl) Print Ipskamp Printing © Maaike Derksen, 2021 All rights are reserved. No part of this book may e reproduced, distributed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the author. EMBODIED ENCOUNTERS Colonial Governmentality and Missionary Practices in Java and South Dutch New-Guinea, 1856-1942 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 15 juni 2021 om 10.30 uur precies door Aleida Maaike Derksen geboren op 23 juli 1984 te Enschede Promotoren prof. dr. M.E. Monteiro prof. dr. W.H.M. Jansen prof. dr. G.A. Mak (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Manuscriptcommissie prof. dr. M.E.B. Derks prof. dr. T. Ballantyne (University of Otago, Nieuw Zeeland) prof. dr. M. Bloembergen (Universiteit Leiden) prof. dr. I. Goddeeris (KU Leuven, België) dr. D.B.G.W. Lyna Table of contents Maps VIII Abbreviations IX Acknowledgements XI Chapter one 1 Introduction Christian
  • Chapter 9 the Structure of Non-Military Intelligence and Security Organizations

    Chapter 9 the Structure of Non-Military Intelligence and Security Organizations

    Chapter 9 The structure of non-military intelligence and security organizations In addition to the military intelligence and security agencies, there are a wide range of such agencies within the civilian sector of the Indonesian state, although the term "civilian" is used rather loosely. These agencies vary considerably in size, organizational mission, and political importance. The most important is the State Intelligence Coordinating Board (Bakin), the head of which reports directly to the President. Bakin has a comprehensive intelligence brief, and in the past was extremely active in direct political intervention, at home and abroad. While Opsus [Special Operations] no longer exists, this private intelligence empire under the control of Ali Moertopo was an important factor in Indonesian political life for more than a decade. Police intelligence is included in this chapter in the "civilian" category, even though the National Police are formally a part of the Armed Forces. The Ministry of Home Affairs' Directorate of Social and Political Affairs is a large and powerful organizations which is responsible for a number of intelligence and political management tasks deemed vital for the survival of the New Order - not least maintaining surveillance and controls over more than 1.7 million former political prisoners or former Communist Party members. Within the Attorney-Generals' Department, the Intelligence Affairs section is headed by a senior military intelligence officer. And, as in South Korea, this appears to reflect the need for a strong intelligence input if dissent is to be controlled at least in part through the legal system rather than by coercion alone. The last organization that is discussed is the State Cryptography Institute.