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Changing Religious Identities: a Case Study of Catholic Conversion in Yogyakarta

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Changing Religious Identities: a Case Study of Catholic Conversion in Yogyakarta PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHANGING RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY OF CATHOLIC CONVERSION IN YOGYAKARTA TESIS UNTUK MEMENUHI SEBAGIAN SYARAT MEMPEROLEH DERAJAT SARJANA S-2 PADA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA Diajukan oleh Feras Husain Ebrahim Ahmed H S 166322015 FAKULTAS MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA 2020 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KATA PENGANTAR Saya ingin mendedikasikan halaman ini untuk setiap orang yang sudah berperan penting dalam pencapaian akademik saya. Pertama-tama, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada orang tua saya yang sudah mendukung saya dengan cinta dan pengertiannya. Tanpa mereka, saya tidak akan pernah bisa sampai pada titik kesuksesan saya sekarang ini. Kedua, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada semua profesor saya dan anggota staf Kajian Budaya, yang sudah membekali, membantu, memberi saran, dan membimbing saya dengan penuh kesabaran selama proses penelitian. Terima kasih semua untuk dukungannya yang tanpa lelah. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge everyone who played a role in my academic accomplishments. First of all, I would like to thank my parents who supported me with love and understanding. Without them, I could never have reached this current level of success. Secondly, The researcher would like also to thanks my professors and staff members of Culture Studies Programme, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Sanata Dharma. : Dr. Yustinus Tri Subagya, Dr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, S.J., Dr. Stanislaus Sunardi, Dr. FX. Baskara T. Wardaya, S.J.. They have helped the researcher in this research and guided the researcher through their wisdom and experience to understand and expand the researcher’s knowledge on the local church in Indonesia, especially in Semarang archdiocese. Each of whom has provided patient advice and guidance throughout the research process. Thank you all for your unwavering support. vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................... i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN ........................................................................... ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN…………………………………………………..iii HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ............................................................................iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS……………..…………………………v KATA PENGANTAR...........................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................vii DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................viii ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................xi ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER I 1.1. Background of Study…………………………………..……………………1 1.2. Research Question………………………………………………………….14 1.3. Research Goal………………………………………………………………15 1.4. Significance of The Research……………………………………………...15 1.5. Literature Review………………………………………………………….16 1.6. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………52 1.6.1. Catholics as Objects of Dynamics Structure Change………...52 1.6.2. Formation of Subjects identity as An On-going Process of transition and conflict…………………………………………….56 1.7. Analytical Framework…………………………………………………60 1.8. Methodology…………………………………………………………....61 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A. The Research Method...…………………………………………....61 B. Research Plan………………………………………………………64 C. Ethic Consideration………………………………………………..66 D. Method Research…………………………………………………..66 CHAPTER II THE DYNAMICS OF CATHOLICISM IN YOGYAKARTA 2.1. Introduction of Catholics in Yogyakarta…………………………………68 2.2. The Growth of Catholic in Yogyakarta…………………………………..73 2.3. The Pioneers of The Catholic Mission in Java…………………………...82 2.3.1. The Anti-Communist Purge and Conversions…………………….84 2.3.2. Growth of Catholic Faith…………………………………………...88 2.4. Catholics Role in Politics…………………………………………………..89 2.5. Catholic Church Hierarchy in Indonesia………………………………....97 2.6. The Relation of Catholics Community with Other Religious Groups...102 2.7. Intolerance and Discrimination in Yogyakarta (and Cross Religious Dialogue)……………………………………………………………………….102 2.8. Attacks on Churches and Freedom of Worship……………………..…105 2.9. Cross Faith Relations between Religious Groups……………………...108 CHAPTER III EIGHT EXPERIENCES OF BEING NEW CATHOLICS 3.1. A.G …………………...……………………………………………………113 3.2. J.M…………..……………………………………………………………..116 3.3. P.A…………………………………………………………………………121 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 3.4. Mai……………...………………………………………………………….125 3.5. Mas Putra………………………………………………………………….129 3.6. Ria………………………………………………………………………….130 3.7. Vici…………………………………………………………………………134 3.8. Lisa X………………………………………………………………………138 CHAPTER IV CONVERSION AND SOCIO -CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES 4.1.Individual Identity……………………….…………………..……………142 4.2. Conversion and Commitment ……...……………………………………159 4.3. The Opposition to Catholic Identity……………………………………..166 4.4. Closing Notes…………………………………………………………...…177 CHAPTER V 5.1. Preface……………………………………...……………………………...178 5.2. Limitations of Research and Suggestions……………………………….190 5.3. Closing…...……………………………………………………………...…192 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..194 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK Studi kasus tentang agama Katolik di Yogyakarta ini bertujuan untuk memberi titik terang dan pemahaman mengenai dinamika agama Katolik di Indonesia. Kedatangan agama Kristiani selama masa kolonial Belanda di Indonesia dan Jawa mempunyai pengaruh besar dalam pembuatan identitas baru diantara populasi mayoritas agama Islam. Kajian ini akan membahas tentang perjalanan orang awam Katolik dan juga misionaris dalam menetapkan kelompok kepercayaan mereka di Jawa Tengah. Ada banyak tantangan besar untuk identitas Katolik pada periode 1890 hingga saat ini. Perlu kita ketahui bahwa munculnya populasi Katolik di Jawa dan Yogyakarta sudah berkontribusi untuk keberadaan pentingnya sosok pahlawan nasional Republik Indonesia. Di sisi lain, akar identitas Katolik yang tertanam dalam budaya Jawa di Yogyakarta telah menciptakan dan membentuk identitas Katolik ini untuk pemeluk agama baru di Indonesia. Hal itu dilihat sebagai sebuah masalah bahkan sejak kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Untuk meneliti hubungan antara negara dan agama di Indonesia, penelitian ini menggunakan konsep presentasi diri oleh Erving Goffman, dimana kita dapat melihat latar belakang dan pencitraan agama Katolik. Identitas mereka di publik sering dikaitkan dengan stigma seperti ketika awal kemerdekaan mereka dianggap sebagai pengkhianat dan sekutu Belanda, dan di era modern, Katolik dianggap sebagai sekutu Amerika dan negara Barat. Penelitian ini berfokus pada konsep konversi dan konversi agama Katolik di Yogyakarta dan Jawa Tengah dimana peneliti lebih fokus pada perbedaan periode waktu selama konversi dari pribumi Yogyakarta. Beberapa adalah konversi spiritual dan beberapa adalah konversi paksaan sehubungan dengan kudeta anti komunis Indonesia (1965-1966). Terlebih, studi kasus ini mencoba untuk memusatkan hubungan antara negara dan agama Katolik dan juga agama kelompok minoritas dalam hal dinamika mereka dengan negara dan bagaimana Pancasila digunakan pada periode waktu yang berbeda dan terhadap kelompok agama minoritas. Pada akhirnya, kemunculan intoleransi di Yogyakarta terhadap agama Katolik dan agama minoritas lainnya dimulai dengan jatuhnya rezim Soeharto yang mengarahkan ke kemunculan partai politik Islam seperti FPI di Indonesia dan Islamisasi orang Jawa dan budaya lokal. Ini dimana tantangan dimulai pada mayoritas populasi Islam di Indonesia dan kelompok agama minoritas di ranah politik demokrasi, dimana pembentukan identitas sosial yang baru dapat dilihat sebagai sebuah ancaman. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini akan menjelaskan dan membuka penanggungan dalam menetapkan sebuah identitas sosial Katolik di Yogyakarta. Kata Kunci: conversion, religious identity, Catholic mission, culture, identity transition xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT This case study of the Catholics in Yogyakarta aims to shed new light and have an understanding of the dynamics of the Catholics in this part of Indonesia. The advent of Christianity during the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia and Java had a great impact in creating new identities among the large Muslim population. The study will show the journey of the Catholics laity as well as the missionaries in establishing their stronghold in Central Java. There were great challenges for the Catholic identity between the periods of 1890 until the current moment (2020). Also, we need to note that the rise of the Catholic population in Java and Yogyakarta had contributed to the establishment of very well important national heroes and figures in the Indonesian Republic. On the other hand, the deep-rooted Catholic identity which blended inside the Javanese culture in Yogyakarta had created and shaped this new Catholic identity for some converts within the Indonesian state. It was seen as a troublesome ever since the independence of the Indonesian Republic. To scrutinize the relationship between the state and the religion in Indonesia, this research uses the concept of presentation of self by Erving Goffman, where we
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