Instructor's Guide

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® i A Wealth of Information. A World of Ideas. Instructor’s Guide

Biomes of the Earth: Core Concepts Video Clip Library

Introduction

This comprehensive video clip library of 50 two-to-three-minute segments—breathtakingly filmed in locales around the world—will open viewers’ eyes as they learn key biological, environmental, and geological concepts associated with the ecological communities forming the biosphere. Whether using a single biome clip to support a discussion or an entire five-clip biome module to give students a quick introduction, Biomes of the Earth is an indispensable educational tool.

Video segments include… • Taiga (page 2) • Tundra (page 6) • Deserts (page 11) • Grasslands (page 15) • Farms and Cities (page 20) • Temperate Forests (page 25) • Tropical Forests (page 30) • Wetlands (page 35) • Lakes and Rivers (page 40) • Oceans (page 45)

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Taiga: Quiz

Q1: The taiga biome is the _____ terrestrial biome on the planet. (a) largest (b) smallest (c) wettest (d) driest

Q2: Parts of _____ are included in the taiga biome. (a) South America (b) Scotland and North America (c) Australia and New Zealand (d) northern Alaska

Q3: The taiga _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) is the northernmost biome, located above the tundra (b) is located along the top of the continents of the northern hemisphere (c) is extremely cold for most of the year, and moderately cold in the summer months (d) has long, harsh winters, and short, moist summers

Q4: The two types of taiga are _____. (a) eastern and western (b) grassland and woodland (c) dark and light (d) arctic and boreal

Q5: The climate of the taiga is _____. (a) warm and rainy (b) about the same as the climate of the temperate zone (c) extremely cold for most of the year, and moderately cold in the summer months (d) extremely cold in winter, and hot in summer

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Q6: The taiga’s climate is due in part to _____. (a) the sun’s rays hitting it directly for most of the year (b) the polar jet stream, and frigid water currents (c) the sun’s heat being absorbed back into the land for most of the year (d) dry air masses that collect above the landscape

Q7: Conifers (pines, spruces, and firs) are common to the taiga, while _____ play an important role by passing nutrients on to the trees and producing antibiotics that hamper harmful soil bacteria. (a) fungi (b) mosses and lichens (c) shrubs (d) berry plants

Q8: True or False? Summer temperatures in the taiga can be so variable that animals that would normally lay eggs on the ground instead give birth to live young, because the eggs could freeze.

Q9: True or False? Because summer temperatures in the taiga can be so variable, insect populations (mosquitoes, gnats, and black flies) are kept low.

Q10: Which of these are most characteristic of the taiga? (Choose all that apply.) (a) amphibians (b) reptiles (c) salmon (d) bald eagles (e) bears and wolves (f) burrowing animals (g) lynx and bobcats

Q11: Many of the species that originally inhabited the taiga can no longer be found because _____. (a) climate change has altered their habitats (b) hunting in the taiga is not regulated (c) European colonists began the practice of hunting animals that native peoples had not (d) the taiga has a long history of human hunting, starting with the humans who crossed the land bridge from Asia to North America

Q12: Damming, lumber harvesting, and _____ account for a great deal of pollution and destruction in the taiga. (a) weather patterns (b) agriculture (c) mining (d) new shopping centers and housing developments

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Taiga: Answers

Q1: The taiga biome is the _____ terrestrial biome on the planet. A: (a) largest

Q2: Parts of _____ are included in the taiga biome. A: (b) Scotland and North America

Q3: The taiga _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (b) is located along the top of the continents of the northern hemisphere (d) has long, harsh winters, and short, moist summers

Q4: The two types of taiga are _____. A: (c) dark and light

Q5: The climate of the taiga is _____. A: (d) extremely cold in winter, and hot in summer

Q6: The taiga’s climate is due in part to _____. A: (b) the polar jet stream, and frigid water currents

Q8: True or False? Summer temperatures in the taiga can be so variable that animals that would normally lay eggs on the ground instead give birth to live young, because the eggs could freeze. A: True.

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Q9: True or False? Because summer temperatures in the taiga can be so variable, insect populations (mosquitoes, gnats, and black flies) are kept low. A: False.

Q10: Which of these are most characteristic of the taiga? (Choose all that apply.) A: (c) salmon; (d) bald eagles; (e) bears and wolves; (g) lynx and bobcats

Q11: Many of the species that originally inhabited the taiga can no longer be found because _____. A: (d) the taiga has a long history of human hunting, starting with the humans who crossed the land bridge from Asia to North America

Q12: Damming, lumber harvesting, and _____ account for a great deal of pollution and destruction in the taiga. A: (c) mining

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Tundra: Quiz

Q1: The two types of tundra are _____. (a) high arctic and low arctic (b) polar (or arctic) and alpine (c) grassy and frozen (or arctic) (d) arctic and meadow

Q2: The tundra is found _____. (a) mainly in northernmost regions, stretching from Canada to the North Pole and to Siberia (b) mainly in northernmost regions, but also at the South Pole (c) in a ring of regions surrounding both poles, but also on very cold mountaintops worldwide (d) in many places worldwide, but predominantly in Alaska and the Northwest Territories

Q3: In general, both types of tundra _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) have low average temperatures below 25° F (b) are dominated by lichens, shrubs, and coniferous trees (c) can become extremely hot during their short summers (d) are found on every continent except Antarctica

Q4: The Earth has been through at least five ice ages, interspersed by long periods of warm temperatures. These cycles take millions of years; the global warming we are experiencing today _____. (a) is occurring at approximately the same rate as previous warming periods (b) may be a sign that another ice age is beginning (c) is actually occurring at a slower rate of speed than previous warming periods (d) is taking place hundreds of times faster than previous warming periods

Q5: The climate of the tundra consists of _____. (a) long, cold winters, and short, hot summers (b) long, cold winters and short, cool summers (c) summers and winters of equal length (temperatures vary according to tundra type) (d) winters and summers of extreme temperatures, separated by relatively mild spring and fall seasons

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Q6: Just beyond the edge of the arctic tundra, a timberline usually forms, and the region then becomes classified as the taiga biome. Because the line of demarcation between them connects points all having the same average temperature, it is called a(n) _____. (a) isotherm (b) thermocline (c) isobar (d) inversion

Q7: Which of these characteristics help wildlife survive in the tundra? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The ptarmigan has feathered feet that prevent heat loss. (b) Falcons and owls have large fat reserves to survive winter, and long migrations. (c) Polar bear fur consists of specialized hairs that collect UV light and direct it back to their skin, where it is converted into heat. (d) Lemmings and marmots have thick fur to insulate them during the cold winter months.

Q8: Which of these characteristics help plants survive in the tundra? (Choose all that apply.) (a) Some species of dwarf shrubs go dormant over the winter months. (b) Some grow thick, waxy leaves that store moisture. (c) Some have small hairs growing on their leaves and stems to trap warm air. (d) Some grow multi-branched structures that help to block the impact of wind and snow.

Q9: True or False? Small shrubs often blanket the tundra landscape, making it nearly impossible for any insect species to thrive.

Q10: Scientists are concerned because the floating ice pack of the Arctic Ocean may melt completely within the next 60 years, and the _____ by the end of this century. (a) floating ice pack of the Antarctic Sea (b) Greenland Ice Sheet (c) Iceland Green Sheet (d) Tundra Ice Fields

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Q11: Global warming impacts the tundra because _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) rising water temperatures cause ice melt, creating temperate zones in which native species cannot survive (b) higher temperatures are causing an overgrowth of large predators, upsetting the ecosystem’s current balance of predator and prey (c) polar bears find it difficult to catch enough food because the ice they hunt on is forming later in the season (d) melting ice raises sea levels, which floods the land habitats of plants and animals

Q12: _____, oil spills, mining waste, and human activities that reduce the range of certain species all pose threats to the tundra. (a) Ozone depletion (b) Agriculture (c) Desertification (d) Over-fishing

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Tundra: Answers

Q1: The two types of tundra are _____. A: (b) polar (or arctic) and alpine

Q2: The tundra is found _____. A: (c) in a ring of regions surrounding both poles, but also on very cold mountaintops worldwide

Q3: In general, both types of tundra _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) have low average temperatures below 25° F

Q5: The climate of the tundra consists of _____. A: (b) long, cold winters and short, cool summers

Q7: Which of these characteristics help wildlife survive in the tundra? (Choose all that apply.) A: All are true except for (c).

Q8: Which of these characteristics help plants survive in the tundra? (Choose all that apply.) A: All are true except for (d).

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Q9: True or False? Small shrubs often blanket the tundra landscape, making it nearly impossible for any insect species to thrive. A: False. The shrubs create microclimates important for many small insects and worms living in the soil.

Q10: Scientists are concerned because the floating ice pack of the Arctic Ocean may melt completely within the next 60 years, and the _____ by the end of this century. A: (b) Greenland Ice Sheet

Q11: Global warming impacts the tundra because _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (c) polar bears find it difficult to catch enough food because the ice they hunt on is forming later in the season (d) melting ice raises sea levels, which floods the land habitats of plants and animals

Q12: _____, oil spills, mining waste, and human activities that reduce the range of certain species all pose threats to the tundra. A: (a) Ozone depletion

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Deserts: Quiz

Q1: Which of the following are true statements? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The world’s biggest deserts are in the coldest parts of the world. (b) Temperatures in the desert fluctuate wildly (over 100° in the day to below freezing at night) because there are few plants to help moderate the temperature. (c) Climate change may create more deserts and enlarge the deserts that exist. (d) Deserts account for about 10% of the Earth’s land surface.

Q2: On which continents can deserts be found? (a) North America, Africa (b) North America, Asia, Africa (c) Africa, Asia, South America (d) All seven continents

Q3: There are four major types of deserts: subtropical, continental, polar, and _____. (a) subpolar (b) tropical (c) west coast (d) inland

Q4: The _____ desert is the largest subtropical desert — it’s almost as large as the entire continental United States. (a) Gobi (b) Sahara (c) Kalahari (d) Arabian

Q5: Deserts account for about _____% of the entire land surface of the planet. (a) 10 (b) 30 (c) 50 (d) 80

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Q6: Most deserts are found _____, where there’s lots of radiant heat from the sun. (a) around the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (b) around the Equator (c) on the South American continent (d) at high altitudes

Q7: Because cold ocean currents cool the air above it (preventing rain from forming), and due to prevailing wind blowing from west to east, _____. (a) deserts often form in the middle of continents (b) deserts rarely form in coastal areas (c) many deserts form on the eastern sides of continents (d) coastal deserts only form on coastlines facing west

Q8: Animals that live in hot deserts keep cool by hiding underground during the day, or by _____. (a) storing reservoirs of cool air (b) shedding (c) sweating and panting (d) staying still

Q9: True or False? Many animals living in cold climate deserts stay warm because they have small ears with few blood vessels, and this prevents loss of heat.

Q10: Like many desert plants, cacti survive by _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) having spines, which protects them from thirsty animals (b) closing their pores during the day to hold moisture in (c) the way in which they convert energy from the sun (d) having spines instead of big leaves

Q11: True or False? Greenland is a polar desert because the air is so cold it cannot contain water vapor.

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s deserts? (a) Inefficient irrigation of crops (b) The invention of air conditioning (c) The El Niño weather pattern (d) Overuse of pesticides

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Deserts: Answers

Q1: Which of the following are true statements? (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) The world’s biggest deserts are in the coldest parts of the world (b) Temperatures in the desert fluctuate wildly (over 100° in the day to below freezing at night) because there are few plants to help moderate the temperature

Q2: On which continents can deserts be found? A: (d) All seven continents

Q3: There are four major types of deserts: subtropical, continental, polar, and _____. A: (c) west coast

Q4: The _____ desert is the largest subtropical desert — it’s almost as large as the entire continental United States. A: (b) Sahara

Q5: Deserts account for about _____% of the entire land surface of the planet. A: (b) 30

Q6: Most deserts are found _____, where there’s lots of radiant heat from the sun. A: (a) around the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

Q7: Because cold ocean currents cool the air above it (preventing rain from forming), and due to prevailing wind blowing from west to east, _____. A: (d) coastal deserts only form on coastlines facing west

Q8: Animals that live in hot deserts keep cool by hiding underground during the day, or by _____. A: (c) sweating and panting

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Q9: True or False? Many animals living in cold climate deserts stay warm because they have small ears with few blood vessels, and this prevents loss of heat. A: True.

Q10: Like many desert plants, cacti survive by _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: All of these are true.

Q11: True or False? Greenland is a polar desert because the air is so cold it cannot contain water vapor. A: True

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s deserts? A: (d) Overuse of pesticides

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Grasslands: Quiz

Q1: Which of the following are true statements? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The common feature of all grasslands is tall, waving fields of grass. (b) Grasslands can be very hot and dry. (c) Grasslands can be covered with snow. (d) The climate of grasslands is usually mild. (e) Tornadoes, monsoons, and violent thunderstorms are part of grasslands weather. (f) Dust storms are part of grasslands weather. (g) Grasslands account for about 10% of the Earth’s land surface.

Q2: Grasslands thrive in regions _____. (a) where there’s too much water for trees to grow, but enough to allow for large areas of grasses (b) where there’s not enough water for trees to grow, but not so little water as to create a desert (c) that are watered by underground pools and streams (d) that have been overgrazed by farm animals

Q3: On which continents can grasslands be found? (a) North America, Africa (b) North America, South America, Africa (c) All seven continents (d) All seven continents except Antarctica

Q4: There are two types of grassland biomes: tropical, and _____. (a) polar (b) temperate (c) prairie (d) mixed

Q5: In various parts of the world, grasslands are also called _____. (a) savannas, prairies, steppes, and pampas (b) savannas, prairies, steppes, and taigas (c) littoral zones (d) prairies, chaparral, and pampas

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Q6: Grasslands often undergo serious droughts; the 1930s Great Dustbowl on the American prairies was caused by a multi-year drought combined with _____. (a) severe lightning storms that caused brush fires (b) the collapse of the banking system, which meant that farmers could not receive aid (c) the fact that grasslands had been disturbed by human ranching and farming (d) flash floods

Q7: A culm is _____. (a) the flowering top of a grass plant (b) the root system of a grass plant (c) the upright stem of a grass plant (d) the seed pod of a grass plant

Q8: Some species of grass produce stems that spread across the ground. These stems are called _____. (a) rhizomes (b) turf (c) sod (d) culms

Q9: Besides grasses, _____ can also be found growing in the grasslands biome. (a) herbs and shrubs only (b) shrubs, the occasional tree, herbs, and forbs only (c) large, isolated stands of trees (d) weeds and forbs only

Q10: Some animals commonly found in grassland biomes include _____. (a) small burrowing mammals, herbivores (such as deer, bison, rabbits), and reptiles only (b) ruminants such as cows and sheep only (c) mainly large hunters (such as lions) and their prey (such as gazelles) (d) mainly small burrowing mammals, reptiles, herbivores, and hunters

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Q11: True or False? Grassland animals usually get all the water they need from their food.

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s grasslands? (a) Farmers plowing under the grasses and planting crops (b) Conversion to forests in which to grow commercially valuable timber (c) Conversion of flat areas denuded by drought to man-made ponds for use as commercial fisheries (d) Overgrazing

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Grasslands: Answers

Q1: Which of the following are true statements? (Choose all that apply.) A: (b) Grasslands can be very hot and dry (c) Grasslands can be covered with snow (e) Tornadoes, monsoons, and violent thunderstorms are part of grasslands weather (f) Dust storms are part of grasslands weather

Q2: Grasslands thrive in regions _____. A: (b) where there’s not enough water for trees to grow, but not so little water as to create a desert

Q3: On which continents can grasslands be found? A: (d) All seven continents except Antarctica

Q4: There are two types of grassland biomes: tropical, and _____. A: (b) temperate

Q5: In various parts of the world, grasslands are also called _____. A: (a) savannas, prairies, steppes, and pampas

Q6: Grasslands often undergo serious droughts; the 1930s Great Dustbowl on the American prairies was caused by a multi-year drought combined with _____. A: (c) the fact that grasslands that had been disturbed by human ranching and farming

Q7: A culm is _____. A: (c) the upright stem of a grass plant

Q8: Some species of grass produce stems that spread across the ground. These stems are called _____. A: (a) rhizomes

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Q9: Besides grasses, _____ can also be found growing in the grasslands biome. A: (b) shrubs, the occasional tree, herbs, and forbs only

Q10: Some animals commonly found in grassland biomes include _____. A: (d) mainly small burrowing mammals, reptiles, herbivores, and hunters

Q11: True or False? Grassland animals usually get all the water they need from their food. A: True.

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s grasslands? A: (c) Conversion of flat areas denuded by drought to man-made ponds for use as commercial fisheries

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Farms and Cities: Quiz

Q1: Cities and farms are considered to be a type of biome because _____. (a) where one is found, the other is found nearby (b) they share the same species of flora and fauna (c) they have local climates distinct from the land surrounding them (d) they occupy a major percentage of the Earth’s land mass

Q2: Which of these animals did NOT exist in the U.S. until Europeans brought them here? (Choose all that apply.) (a) cows (b) goats (c) sheep (d) chickens (e) bison

Q3: True or False? Rural farmland is just as unnatural an environment as cities because forests must be cut down to create agricultural fields, and almost all farm crops and livestock are selectively bred and modified by humans.

Q4: Farms and cities alter the natural ecosystem by creating what scientists call _____, for example, the heated air over a black, paved surface. (a) heat pockets (b) microclimates (c) heat zones (d) biospheres

Q5: Cities are typically 1 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding regions. This is called _____. (a) the heat island effect (b) the global warming effect (c) urban heating syndrome (d) the tropical effect

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Q6: The location of both farms and cities depends on factors such as proximity to water, access to natural resources, and _____ — because this pertains to soil type (for farms) and the ability of the land to hold up big buildings. (a) plate tectonics (b) geology (c) the lithosphere (d) soil horizons

Q7: Unlike most natural ecosystems, agricultural lands grow _____ biodiverse over time. (a) more (b) less

Q8: _____ different animal species account for 2/3’s of the world’s livestock. (a) Approximately 75 (b) Fifty (c) Ten (d) Two

Q9: Cities, with their mixture of native and imported species, retain a _____ rate of biodiversity. (a) high (b) low

Q10: Some of the most successful life-forms in both farm and city biomes are _____. (a) small mammals such as mice and squirrels (b) hardy plant species such as ivies and vines (c) pest species such as rats, cockroaches, and weeds (d) crows and pigeons

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Q11: One way to counteract the threat that farms and cities pose to plants and animals is to preserve or create _____ of wild areas within developed areas that allow animals to move from one large natural habitat to another. (a) natural corridors (b) microclimates (c) biomes (d) nature preserves

Q12: What effect might climate change have on farms and cities? (Choose all that apply.) (a) As sea levels rise, coastal cities will require more flood protection. (b) Pests that are currently found only in tropical regions might spread to what are now temperate zones. (c) Major centers of agriculture may need to shift northward to remain within the temperate range for growing crops. (d) Warmer temperatures in some regions will mean an overall planetary decrease in the use of fossil fuels.

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Farms and Cities: Answers

Q1: Cities and farms are considered to be a type of biome because _____. A: (c) they have local climates distinct from the land surrounding them

Q2: Which of these animals did NOT exist in the U.S. until Europeans brought them here? (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) cows; (b) goats; (c) sheep; (d) chickens

Q4: Farms and cities alter the natural ecosystem by creating what scientists call _____, for example, the heated air over a black, paved surface. A: (b) microclimates

Q5: Cities are typically 1 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding regions.This is called _____. A: (a) the heat island effect

Q7: Unlike most natural ecosystems, agricultural lands grow _____ biodiverse over time. A: (b) less

Q8: _____ different animal species account for 2/3’s of the world’s livestock. A: (d) Two (cows and sheep)

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Q9: Cities, with their mixture of native and imported species, retain a _____ rate of biodiversity. A: (b) low

Q10: Some of the most successful life-forms in both farm and city biomes are _____. A: (c) pest species such as rats, cockroaches, and weeds

Q12: What effect might climate change have on farms and cities? (Choose all that apply.) A: All answers except (d) are correct.

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Temperate Forests: Quiz

Q1: Though humans have lived in forests for tens of thousands of years, _____. (a) a taxonomy of forest life-forms was completed only about 35 years ago (b) most of the world’s forests still remain pristine (c) the forests still contain life-forms that have yet to be discovered (d) they only began clearing them for cultivation in the 19th century

Q2: How would you describe the trees in a ‘virgin forest’? (a) Very old, but small (b) Very large and very old (c) Young, new growth, with trees that have not yet attained maturity (d) A mix of large, old trees and new growth in undisturbed areas

Q3: The soils in temperate regions are unusually rich, since the trees have dropped their leaves each fall for thousands of years, creating _____. (a) a deep layer of loess (b) a deep carpet of loam (c) a layer of fertile turf (d) a carpet of dead leaves

Q4: Scientists believe that temperate forests have _____ biodiversity than jungles because _____. (a) more; the relatively mild conditions in forests are more conducive to the rise of life (b) less; jungles have more microclimates in which different species can thrive (c) more; forests have more microclimates in which different species can thrive (d) less; the development of temperate forests has been interrupted many times by ice ages, wiping out all life

Q5: Deciduous trees _____. (a) remain green year-round (b) shed their leaves every year (c) are also known as ‘annuals’ (d) are also known as ‘perennials’

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Q6: The temperate forest biome also contains _____. (a) temperate rain forests, such as the redwoods of the Pacific Northwest (b) tropical rain forests, such as those located along the equator (c) taiga forests, such as those in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula (d) boreal forests, such as those covering most of inland Canada

Q7: In temperate regions, winds primarily originate from the west, and are called _____. (a) prevailing winds (b) westerlies (c) trade winds (d) dominant winds

Q8: True or False? Because deciduous trees need lots of moisture, temperate forests prefer maritime climates near the coasts.

Q9: Temperate forests are mainly made up of different types of _____. (a) maples and oaks (b) hardwoods and conifers (c) birches and beeches (d) birches and maples

Q10: The roots of temperate forest trees extend about _____ beneath the soil’s surface; most nutrients are absorbed _____. (a) 8 feet; by these deep-reaching roots (b) 6 feet; within the top 8 inches of soil (c) 6 feet; within the top 3 feet of soil (d) 3 feet; within the top 8 inches of soil

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Q11: When trees are lost to logging or conversion to farmland, _____. (a) the local climate becomes more equalized, with summers growing cooler and winters growing warmer (b) an equal number of trees are planted elsewhere, in accordance with the 1979 treaty signed in Geneva (c) the local climate becomes cooler in summer because there are no trees to block the breeze (d) temperatures fluctuate more widely without the insulating properties of trees that keep the land cooler in summer and warmer in winter

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s temperate forest biomes? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The climate of this moisture-loving biome may become more dry due to Earth’s rising temperatures, causing the temperate forests to suffer. (b) Acid snow clings to leaves, causing even more damage than acid rain. (c) In many temperate regions, much of the forest has been cleared for mining. (d) When acid rain reaches the forest floor, it can reduce the amount of nutrients in the soil available to trees.

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Temperate Forests: Answers

Q1: Though humans have lived in forests for tens of thousands of years, _____. A: (c) the forests still contain life-forms that have yet to be discovered

Q2: How would you describe the trees in a ‘virgin forest’? A: (a) Very old, but small

Q3: The soils in temperate regions are unusually rich, since the trees have dropped their leaves each fall for thousands of years, creating _____. A: (b) a deep carpet of loam

Q4: Scientists believe that temperate forests have _____ biodiversity than jungles because _____. A: (d) less; the development of temperate forests has been interrupted many times by ice ages, wiping out all life

Q5: Deciduous trees _____. A: (b) shed their leaves every year

Q6: The temperate forest biome also contains _____. A: (a) temperate rain forests, such as the redwoods of the Pacific Northwest

Q7: In temperate regions, winds primarily originate from the west, and are called _____. A: (a) prevailing winds

Q8: True or False? Because deciduous trees need lots of moisture, temperate forests prefer maritime climates near the coasts. A: True

Q9: Temperate forests are mainly made up of different types of _____. A: (c) birches and beeches

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 28 Biomes of the Earth: TEMPERATE FORESTS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q10: The roots of temperate forest trees extend about _____ beneath the soil’s surface; most nutrients are absorbed _____. A: (d) 3 feet; within the top 8 inches of soil

Q11: When trees are lost to logging or conversion to farmland, _____. A: (d) temperatures fluctuate more widely without the insulating properties of trees that keep the land cooler in summer and warmer in winter

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the world’s temperate forest biomes? (Choose all that apply.) A: (c) In many temperate regions, much of the forest has been cleared for mining.

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 29 Biomes of the Earth: TROPICAL FORESTS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Tropical Forests: Quiz

Q1: Tropical forests cover approximately _____% of the world’s total land area. (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 27 (d) 48

Q2: Tropical forests are found _____. (a) mostly along the Equator (b) mostly along the Tropic of Cancer (c) adjacent to temperate rain forests (d) on every continent except for Antarctica

Q3: The world’s largest tropical forest is located in _____. (a) Africa (b) Indonesia (c) Australia (d) South America

Q4: True or False? The constant heat and sunlight in tropical forests causes water to evaporate from the land, which then falls in heavy downpours — meaning that the forests actually create their own rain.

Q5: One of the factors that causes a lot of rainfall in the tropical forests is _____. (a) trade winds (b) the horse latitudes (c) el niño (d) westerlies

Q6: Which of these is NOT a feature of tropical forests? (a) Hurricanes (b) Typhoons (c) Tsunamis (d) Monsoons

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Q7: Tropical forests are home to _____ of species of insects. (a) hundreds [only] (b) thousands [only] (c) hundreds of thousands [only] (d) millions

Q8: To adapt to tropical forest conditions, many trees have roots that grow _____. (a) deep into the soil (to extract nutrients without competition from insects) (b) across the forest floor and in shallow soil (to more easily trap nutrients) (c) across the forest floor (to extract nutrients from the humid air) (d) entwined with the roots of other plants (to symbiotically gain nutrients)

Q9: Another adaption of tropical forest trees is leaves _____. (a) with “drip tips” to help shed moisture (b) with “drip tips” to help trap moisture (c) with “stomata” to help trap moisture (d) with “stomata” that absorb oxygen

Q10: A(n) _____ is a vine-like plant that grows up from the forest floor to cover trees; a(n) _____ is a plant that grows on trees and gets its nutrients from the air. (a) epiphyte; orchid (b) epiphyte; liana (c) liana; epiphyte (d) orchid; liana

Q11: Forest clearing is an environmental threat because _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) farmers clear the land by burning the forest, which sends large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (b) tropical forest soil is rich in nutrients, so farmers clear as much land as they can to increase their profit (c) tropical forest soil is nutrient-poor, meaning that farmers have to clear more land every few years to grow more crops (d) farmers clear the land by spraying the forests with pesticides, which causes damage to the species that remain around the new farms

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Q12: Serious threats to the tropical mangrove forests include _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) clearing forests to create wild rice-growing areas (b) shrimp farming (c) harvesting of hardwoods for furniture and musical instruments (d) roads and settlements built into the forests to facilitate hardwood harvesting

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Tropical Forests: Answers

Q1: Tropical forests cover approximately _____% of the world’s total land area. A: (b) 7

Q2: Tropical forests are found _____. A: (a) mostly along the Equator

Q3: The world’s largest tropical forest is located in _____. A: (d) South America

Q5: One of the factors that causes a lot of rainfall in the tropical forests is _____. A: (a) trade winds

Q6: Which of these is NOT a feature of tropical forests? A: (c) Tsunamis

Q7: Tropical forests are home to _____ of species of insects. A: (d) millions

Q8: To adapt to tropical forest conditions, many trees have roots that grow _____. A: (b) across the forest floor and in shallow soil (to more easily trap nutrients)

Q9: Another adaption of tropical forest trees is leaves _____. A: (a) with “drip tips” to help shed moisture

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Q10: A(n) _____ is a vine-like plant that grows up from the forest floor to cover trees; a(n) _____ is a plant that grows on trees and gets its nutrients from the air. A: (c) liana; epiphyte

Q11: Forest clearing is an environmental threat because _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) farmers clear the land by burning the forest, which sends large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; (c) tropical forest soil is nutrient-poor, meaning that farmers have to clear more land every few years to grow more crops

Q12: Serious threats to the tropical mangrove forests include _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (b) shrimp farming (c) harvesting of hardwoods for furniture and musical instruments (d) roads and settlements built into the forests to facilitate hardwood harvesting

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 34 Biomes of the Earth: WETLANDS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Wetlands: Quiz

Q1: Wetlands are areas in which _____. (a) swamps have overtaken natural grassland growth (b) the soil is permanently saturated with water (c) the soil is saturated with water seasonally (d) the soil is saturated with water either permanently or seasonally

Q2: Wetlands include _____. (Choose all that apply.) (a) swamps, bogs, and marshes (b) shallow rivers and tributaries (c) the shallow edge of a lake (d) coastal wetland

Q3: _____ (is) (are) an example of a wetland. (Choose all that apply.) (a) The Staked Plains of Texas (b) The Asian steppes (c) The Florida Everglades (d) Any glacial run-off

Q4: Wetlands are found in two main regions: _____. (a) the tropics, and the cool temperate zone of the northern hemisphere (b) the tropics, and the cool temperate zone of the southern hemisphere (c) the cool temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, and the warm temperate zone of the southern hemisphere (d) the temperate zone of North America and the temperate zone of Europe

Q5: _____ wetlands derive their water supply solely from rainfall. (a) Pelagotrophic (b) Ombrotrophic (c) Hydrotrophic (d) Rheotrophic

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Q6: _____ wetlands are fed by water from rivers or springs. (a) Pelagotrophic (b) Ombrotrophic (c) Hydrotrophic (d) Rheotrophic

Q7: Marshes are characterized by _____. (a) emergent soft-stemmed plants (b) peat deposits and sphagnum moss (c) woody plants (d) high salinity and mangrove trees

Q8: Swamps are characterized by _____. (a) emergent soft-stemmed plants (b) peat deposits and sphagnum moss (c) woody plants (d) high salinity and mangrove trees

Q9: Coastal wetlands are characterized by _____. (a) emergent soft-stemmed plants (b) peat deposits and sphagnum moss (c) woody plants (d) high salinity and mangrove trees

Q10: Bogs are characterized by _____. (a) emergent soft-stemmed plants (b) peat deposits and sphagnum moss (c) woody plants (d) high salinity and mangrove trees

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Q11: In addition to an ample supply of water, wetlands require _____. (a) an aquifer below the surface to keep the water replenished (b) water-holding vegetation as part of the hydrologic cycle (c) a deep level of topsoil to keep the water from quickly draining away (d) an underlying layer of rock to keep the water from quickly draining away

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the wetlands? (a) farmers draining the areas in order to grow crops (b) mining for minerals (c) mining for peat (d) overgrowth of oxygen-depleting algae

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 37 Biomes of the Earth: WETLANDS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Wetlands: Answers

Q1: Wetlands are areas in which _____. A: (d) the soil is saturated with water either permanently or seasonally

Q2: Wetlands include _____. (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) swamps, bogs, and marshes; (c) the shallow edge of a lake; (d) coastal wetland

Q3: _____ (is) (are) an example of a wetland. (Choose all that apply.) A: (c) The Florida Everglades

Q4: Wetlands are found in two main regions: _____. A: (a) the tropics, and the cool temperate zone of the northern hemisphere

Q5: _____ wetlands derive their water supply solely from rainfall. A: (b) Ombrotrophic

Q6: _____ wetlands are fed by water from rivers or springs. A: (d) Rheotrophic

Q7: Marshes are characterized by _____. A: (a) emergent soft-stemmed plants

Q8: Swamps are characterized by _____. A: (c) woody plants

Q9: Coastal wetlands are characterized by _____. A: (d) high salinity and mangrove trees

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 38 Biomes of the Earth: WETLANDS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q10: Bogs are characterized by _____. A: (b) peat deposits and sphagnum moss

Q11: In addition to an ample supply of water, wetlands require _____. A: (d) an underlying layer of rock to keep the water from quickly draining away

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to the wetlands? A: (b) mining for minerals

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 39 Biomes of the Earth: LAKES AND RIVERS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Lakes and Rivers: Quiz

Q1: _____ tend to be much younger than _____; most we’re familiar with are just a few thousand years old. (a) Lakes; rivers (b) Rivers; lakes (c) Freshwater rivers; saltwater rivers (d) Ponds; lakes

Q2: In North and South America, rivers to the west of _____ flow west, and rivers to the east flow east and south. (a) the Gulf of Mexico (b) the Great Basin (c) the Continental Divide (d) the Great Lakes

Q3: Ninety-nine percent of the fresh water on Earth is found _____. (a) in wetlands and locked up in ice (b) in lakes (c) in rivers (d) underground

Q4: Which of these is NOT how a lake is formed? (a) Glaciers wore depressions into the land, then melted, filling the depressions with water. (b) Limestone erodes and collapses into sink holes, which then fill with rain water. (c) The Earth’s crust splits, creating a deep canyon that then fills with water. (d) The Earth’s surface water accumulates in crevices, then is pulled downward by gravity.

Q5: True or False? Rivers form when water accumulates in gullies, then begins flowing downhill, eventually forming a channel and then carving out an even larger channel through erosion.

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 40 Biomes of the Earth: LAKES AND RIVERS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q6: _____ generally have three sections: the upper reach, middle reach, and lower reach. (a) Rivers that begin high in the mountains (b) Lakes that straddle steep terrain (c) Rivers (d) Lakes and rivers both

Q7: A _____ is a type of waterfall which is a single long drop, whereas a _____ is water dropping over several levels. (a) crescendo; meander (b) cataract; cascade (c) meander; cataract (d) cascade; cataract

Q8: New Orleans is located on a _____ — a formation created when sediment carried by a river collects at the river’s end, splitting up the water’s flow into several channels. (a) delta (b) middle reach (c) cataract (d) salt marsh

Q9: There are _____ species living in the Amazon Basin, including nearly one-fifth of the planet’s freshwater fish. (a) hundreds of (b) thousands of (c) more than 1 million (d) more than 5 million

Q10: The Mississippi River originates in _____; in total, its drainage basin extends across 31 states and two Canadian provinces. (a) Missouri (b) Minnesota (c) Michigan (d) Saskatchewan

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 41 Biomes of the Earth: LAKES AND RIVERS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q11: Which is the world’s deepest lake? (a) Lake Titicaca, in South America (b) Lake Victoria, in Africa (c) Lake Baikal, in Siberia (d) Lake Superior, in the United States

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to lakes and rivers? (a) Build-up of leaves on a lake’s bottom that eventually results in it becoming a wetland or bog (b) Dams and irrigation systems (c) Invasive species that crowd out the native wildlife (d) Lack of biodiversity due to prohibition of new species

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 42 Biomes of the Earth: LAKES AND RIVERS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Lakes and Rivers: Answers

Q1: _____ tend to be much younger than _____; most we’re familiar with are just a few thousand years old. A: (a) Lakes; rivers

Q2: In North and South America, rivers to the west of _____ flow west, and rivers to the east flow east and south. A: (c) the Continental Divide

Q3: Ninety-nine percent of the fresh water on Earth is found _____. A: (d) underground

Q4: Which of these is NOT how a lake is formed? A: (d) The Earth’s surface water accumulates in crevices, then is pulled downward by gravity.

Q5: True or False? Rivers form when water accumulates in gullies, then begins flowing downhill, eventually forming a channel and then carving out an even larger channel through erosion. A: True.

Q6: _____ generally have three sections: the upper reach, middle reach, and lower reach. A: (a) Rivers that begin high in the mountains

Q7: A _____ is a type of waterfall which is a single long drop, whereas a _____ is water dropping over several levels. A: (b) cataract; cascade

Q8: New Orleans is located on a _____ — a formation created when sediment carried by a river collects at the river’s end, splitting up the water’s flow into several channels. A: (a) delta

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 43 Biomes of the Earth: LAKES AND RIVERS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q9: There are _____ species living in the Amazon Basin, including nearly one-fifth of the planet’s freshwater fish. A: (c) more than 1 million

Q10: The Mississippi River originates in _____; in total, its drainage basin extends across 31 states and two Canadian provinces. A: (b) Minnesota

Q11: Which is the world’s deepest lake? A: (c) Lake Baikal, in Siberia

Q12: Which of the following is NOT a threat to lakes and rivers? A: (d) Lack of biodiversity due to prohibition of new species

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 44 Biomes of the Earth: OCEANS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Oceans: Quiz

Q1: Almost _____ of our planet is covered by water, and the vast majority of that is saltwater. (a) one third (b) half (c) two thirds (d) one quarter

Q2: The oceans provide an enormous environment for sea creatures, with the deepest parts reaching down _____. (a) more than a mile (b) six miles (c) twelve miles (d) nearly twenty miles

Q3: Which of the following is NOT found below the surface of the oceans? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The legendary island of Atlantis (b) Forests of giant kelp (c) Meadows of sea grass (d) Vast mountain ranges (e) Volcanoes that erupt underwater

Q4: True or False? Oceans greatly impact on Earth’s climate; they act as huge heat reserves that fuel the circulation of air, sometimes resulting in hurricanes.

Q5: _____ of the world’s entire population lives within a hundred miles of the oceans. (a) One third (b) Half (c) Two thirds (d) One quarter

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 45 Biomes of the Earth: OCEANS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q6: The Earth’s oceans are the _____. (a) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and East China Sea (b) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic (c) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic (d) Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Southern

Q7: Which ocean is the largest? (a) The Atlantic (b) The Pacific (c) The East China (d) The Indian

Q8: Oceanographers divide the ocean floor into three main parts: _____. (a) the continental shelf, the abyssal plain, and the mid-ocean ridge (b) the coastal area, the mid-depths, and the ocean deeps (c) the continental shelf, the mesopelagic zone, and the mid-ocean ridge (d) the pelagic zone, the mesopelagic zone, and the hadal ridge

Q9: Ocean water circulates the globe in great wind-driven currents. One of the fastest surface currents is called _____. (a) the Coriolis Force (b) El Niño (c) the Benthic Force (d) the Gulf Stream

Q10: Plankton are _____. (Choose the one incorrect answer.) (a) organisms that primarily drift with ocean currents (b) organisms that are classified as plants (c) organisms that may be either plant or animal, but are never more than a few millimeters in size (d) organisms that are classified as animals

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 46 Biomes of the Earth: OCEANS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q11: Marine organisms that are capable of swimming strongly, such as dolphins, sharks, and fish, are termed _____. (a) pelagic (b) cartilaginous (c) nekton (d) thalasson

Q12: Materials such as plastics pose a threat to ocean life. An estimated _____ seals are killed each year by plastics. (a) 10,000 (b) 40,000 (c) 100,000 (d) 500,000

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 47 Biomes of the Earth: OCEANS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Oceans: Answers

Q1: Almost _____ of our planet is covered by water, and the vast majority of that is saltwater. A: (c) two thirds

Q2: The oceans provide an enormous environment for sea creatures, with the deepest parts reaching down _____. A: (b) six miles

Q3: Which of the following is NOT found below the surface of the oceans? (Choose all that apply.) A: (a) The legendary island of Atlantis

Q4: True or False? Oceans greatly impact on Earth’s climate; they act as huge heat reserves that fuel the circulation of air, sometimes resulting in hurricanes. A: True.

Q5: _____ of the world’s entire population lives within a hundred miles of the oceans. A: (c) Two thirds

Q6: The Earth’s oceans are the _____. A: (b) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, Arctic

Q7: Which ocean is the largest? A: (b) The Pacific

Q8: Oceanographers divide the ocean floor into three main parts: _____. A: (a) the continental shelf, the abyssal plain, and the mid-ocean ridge

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 48 Biomes of the Earth: OCEANS Core Concepts Video Clip Library INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE

Q9: Ocean water circulates the globe in great wind-driven currents. One of the fastest surface currents is called _____. A: (d) the Gulf Stream

Q10: Plankton are _____. (Choose the one incorrect answer.) A: (c) organisms that may be either plant or animal, but are never more than a few millimeters in size

Q11: Marine organisms that are capable of swimming strongly, such as dolphins, sharks, and fish, are termed _____. A: (c) nekton

Q12: Materials such as plastics pose a threat to ocean life. An estimated _____ seals are killed each year by plastics. A: (b) 40,000

Films for the Humanities & Sciences® Copyright © 2010 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126 49 Films for the Humanities & Sciences® i A Wealth of Information. A World of Ideas.