DOCSLIB.ORG

Download (PDF)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download (PDF) International Journal of Language , Literature , Culture and History Studies Vol.1, NO.2 , P: 104 - 114 Received : 10 Des 2018 Accepted : 08 Mar 2019 The study of ancient times and celebrations related to Shahnameh Zahra reshadinejad Keywords: Shah-Name Ferdowsi, holydays, celebrations, customs A master's degree in Persian language and literature , Islamic Azad University , Nagaf Introduction: Abad , Esfahan , Iran Ancient Iranian celebrations have long been [email protected] the focus of writers and poets. traditions Atta Muhammad Radmanesh and customs are related to issues that have been reflected in the works of writers and in Professor of Free Islamic Azad University the of poets. These celebrations reflect the of Najaf Abad , Esfahan ,.Iran beliefs, belief and beliefs of the ancient [email protected] Persians, the festivities that come from and remind them of the happy events, and each has its own traits and myth. Abstract: In fact, rituals are the mirror of a nation's culture, and culture encompasses a wide One of the indexes of a nation culturally is domain, from human language to his how cultural & social customs, celebration manuscripts and all social norms, traditions, & customs of people & their holding & and customs. It is impossible to strengthen attributing originate from subsets of the cultural foundations in a state or a culture, which present amount of mobility country without recognition of their moods & happiness in a society in evidence, by and funds. During each nation has a lot of hakhamaneshi inscription & historical traditions and traditions, every part of value from ancient time of Iranshahr.The which is written and written in text, work, Iranian was people who had a deep cultural or book; in fact, Shahnameh is the greatest history & they seized every opportunity for work of Iranian epic literature and the great holding celebrations & happiness. It works of the world in this literary genre. a depends on special days in throughout the wealth that speaks of all the resources of year, they were holding celebration in Iranians in culture, language, and customs, appropriate with them. and can be traced to recognition of national In state, the reflect of Iranian ancient and ideological identity and consistency. celebrations as noruz,mehregan & sadeh, During the festivities and ceremonies of we contact days & holding which are delight among Iranians, we encounter included Iranian celebrations but, in festivals other than Novruz, Mehregan and according to another glorious custom, it Sadda, which have been set up over the year had a fewer importance for poetries & and has the name of private. There was no writers. This paper has made to longer a week in the Iranian calendar and in introduction & revision features of this sort the Iranian calendar prior to Islam was the of celebrations in Shah-Name Ferdowsi in day after the month, so each day it had its this regard, for recovering original of these own name, which was referred to as a deity holdings & celebrations & customs & or deity. feature according to them. 104 the other aspect which has been tried by mazda in the name of ahura mazda and careful examination is to note the ahura mazda in the name of ahura mazda . characteristics of each day. in this article, In the following table, the names of these the iranian days will be reviewed; the days six Emshasepand or prominent god s are which have been given a special name introduced, together with their meaning and every thirty days and each had its functions characteristics: and functions. each of these days is determined based on the name of gods or gods. the names of ahura mazda and ahura Table 1: Introduction Emshaspandan Emshas word epand Properties Duty. Row! meaning name(m onth) In the spiritual world the 1 The name of the 11th symbol of Nick's Vahone month of the year and the thought Nick's idea or second day of day is the in the material world of bahman flower of the Yasaman. utility creatures In the spiritual world the 2 It is the second month of representative of the Best and Ordhbe the year and the third day truth right. hesht of the month. In the material world, the oll of the land fires It is the sixth month of 3 in the spiritual scholar The country the year and the fourth of the divine monarchy is wishing, Shahriv day of the month , flower in the material world, the desired ar Shahsepargamʼ Reyhan the agent of the metals monarchy. for this month . The name of the twelfth In the spiritual world a 4 month of the year and the symbol of tenderness modesty Sepand fifth of day, the and humility and pure armaz Ahooramazda girl, is her in the material world of sacrifice special flower. a client on the planet. The name of the third 5 in the spiritual world, month of the year and the the perfection of ahura completene sixth of May is the Khorda mazda ss or resurrection of the d in the material world of accuracy resurrection, the flower the water nurse. of the Khorda. the spiritual life of 6 It was the fifth month of Ahura Mazda. the year and the seventh no death . Mordad in the material world of day of day. the herb nurse 105 For this purpose, there will be a brief There are words of "tide" and "carnival" description of the terms of festivity and that have flourished from ancient times to days. date in Persian. (1340, 1340) Text: Special Iranian days: Celebration: the avestan year is the solar system. every year has twelve months, and every month The word celebration was preserved in just 30 days, these 30 days have a special Persian, Avestan. ` Yazeshne Like tide of name, every day. the names are gods and Mehregan or tide of Farvardegan. they gave gods. but remained five days. it is five days special ceremonies to worship, worship, or after the last day of march, three hundred ritual, and celebrated on the blessed days. (, and sixty. these five names have been 1994: "The term of celebration, which chosen from the five parts of zoroastrianism means easter, comes from the word" Yasna . also twelve months of avestan has twelve ". In Sanskrit, Yajne is referred to as and in names selected from the names of gods and the vicinity of " Yazeshn". (Moein, 1338: gods with twelve names of thirty names of 195) days. the top five names are displayed as follows :1 Table (2): Introduction of the Pentateuch (Andargahan) Razi, 2001: 130 and Oshidary, 2007. Rule The meaning of special day. Avestan name Common Name: number the word one. .اهنود گاه اَهو َن وئی تی The prince and the The first day or the 1 َ creator. day of 361 years. Ahunavaiti Ahnavad-Gah .اشتود گاه اوش َت وئی تی Day two from toe your health َ 2 or day 362 Ushtavahiti Ashtavad-Gah .سپنتمد گاه سپن َت مئینیو Day 3 from toe or holy wisdom َ ِ 3 day of 363 years Spenta-Mainyu Spantmad-Gah وهو خ َشتر وهو خ َشتَر گاه َ on the fourth of the ُ -Good authority Vohu claw, on the eighth Vohu-khshatra- 4 and good country khshathra of 364 years Gah وهیشتو اشت گاه وهیشتُو ایشتی. His best wishes the fifth day َ 5 and best fortune Vahishto-Ishti Vahishtvasht-Gah the Iranians celebrated the day of the 10th of february . ferdowsi is one of the crescent of the Moon. in addition, the first most famous poets who have paid more day of the month, named in the name of attention to these days than others and ahura mazda , also celebrated the first day always refers to these days. of spring and the first day of spring and the In light of what has passed, their days and first day of the autumn , known as novruz tasks are listed in the following table: and mehregan , which was the 10th of the 106 Table 3: Introduction of the Thirty Years of Iranians Rule number deity deity transcription day name one. - Ahuramazda Urmazd-ruz Urmazd days 1 One of the cares and learning of Nick's speech Avalanche Bahman-ruz Bahman day 2 to man guarding all fires on the Ordibehest- Ordibehesht Ordibehesht 3 planet. ruz day Storage of metals Shahrivar Sahriwar-ruz Shahrivar 4 Sepandarmaz- Sepandarmaz the sight of the earth Sepandarmaz 5 ruz days The prince and the creator. khordad Xordad-ruz Khordad day 6 the protection of the universe, the medicines, the medicines, which Amordad have originated in fruit, Mordad Amordad-ruz 7 days of the beasts, and دافع the the guard of the beasts and the plants; Think of things and Dey-Be Azar- Azar Be Dey Dey 8 materials" Ruz days Storage of animals and Azar Azar-ruz Azar day 9 burning evil and sin Water watch. Aban Aban-ruz Aban day 10 the purification of the evil khorshid Xor-ruz Khoor day 11 care of horses and carrier Maah Mah-ruz Mah day 12 of their race rainy and updating Tir Tir-ruz Tir day 13 animal protection goosh gus-ruz Goosh day. 14 plan of things and dey-be mehr- Dey Be Mehr dey 15 materials ruz days Support for peace and friendship, farm guard, Mehr Mehr-ruz Mehr day 16 policeman and comfort to Iran to learn of the servitude of servitude and to Soroush Soroush-ruz Soroush day 17 obedience them To judge the actions of the people on the Day of Rashan Rashn-ruz Rashan day 18 Judgment Farvardin capacitive heaven Farvardin Farwrdin-ruz 19 Day helping warriors to win Bahram bahram-ruz Bahram Day 20 107 Good food and food and Raam Raam-Ruz Raam day.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Causes of the Rise and Flourishing of Civilizations
    www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 5 May 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Causes of the rise and flourishing of civilizations Habibullah hazem Abstract A cursory glance at human history makes it very clear that civilizations are born as human beings, reach maturity and growth, and collapse and die due to more internal causes. The death of civilizations is something that history has talked about a lot and it is called forgotten civilizations. In the science of history and more in the philosophy of history, the issue of how the causes and factors of the emergence, flourishing and destruction of civilizations are mentioned and history analysts study these causes and factors. According to them, the mentioned causes and factors are natural and in the field of events related to natural and human laws. But in intra-religious analysis, looking at causes and factors is done from another angle; The Qur'an, with the aim of guiding human beings, looks at events from an educational point of view. On this basis, each of the events is closely related to the issues of punishment and encouragement of human beings and finds meaning and meaning with monotheism and its belongings. Although it is necessary to look at the events and their causes from the perspective of philosophy of history and natural traditions and laws, but these traditions are closely related to human actions and behavior. In a comprehensive analysis, although earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters are related to natural laws, but human actions are effective in its creation and emergence, and these actions can have a positive and negative impact on natural laws and nature.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 UPDATE November 23, 2020 Global Total Cases – 59,025,871 Total Deaths – 1,393,889
    COVID-19 UPDATE November 23, 2020 Global Total cases – 59,025,871 Total deaths – 1,393,889 United States Total cases – 12,369,978 Total deaths – 257,415 On Wednesday, the United States surpassed 250,000 coronavirus deaths. The total number of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the United States has reached new highs every day since November 11, when hospitalizations first surpassed the April peak. One week before the end of the month, the United States has already recorded its highest monthly case total in November, reporting more than 3,075,000 cases. The number of November cases could exceed four million, more than double the total in October. Trump Administration • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention urged Americans against traveling for Thanksgiving and to limit gatherings to people in the same household as Covid-19 rages in the U.S. o “Celebrating virtually or with the people you live with is the safest choice this Thanksgiving,” the agency said on its website on Thursday. “Travel may increase your chance of getting and spreading COVID-19.” o For people considering traveling for the holiday, the agency offered a checklist of risks and standard advice such as wearing a face covering and staying 6 feet away from people “who don’t live with you.” People hosting Thanksgiving guests at home should observe precautions that could include having an outdoor meal with family and friends, have people bring their own food and drink, and opening windows if the gathering is indoors. • In a call last week, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Robert Redfield and Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar encouraged governors to help build confidence in vaccines and stressed the importance of wearing masks.
    [Show full text]
  • HARZA ENGINEERING 'COMPANY D45'" CONSULTING ENGINEERS
    SBEST AVAILABLE COPY> HARZA ENGINEERING 'COMPANY d45'" CONSULTING ENGINEERS ELECTRIC UTILITY MANAGEMENT PROJECT TE.RAN - IRAN,., 44 'Date: Assignment vStatus and Progress n m N,~, -L ~~Electric Utility Management Project -. Iran L Period: JEsfand 1351 . -:. ,,1 A general report of the activities of this ­ Project for the month' of Esfand 1351 is :.I.&1J.~J J~t ~eI as follows: s AZARBAIJAN REGIONAL ELECTRIC COMPANY W Projects ec4 e.1w -J - Project No. 1910.2 -Installation of Computer jT.~ as-~~"G'LS u)v-JdJyPt J)~ A report reviewing the operations and computer,! JAJ1JJT~IS!A~ ~T programs development was submitted this ,y Lr-'YM . .QT themonth REC, by alonga consultant with Ministry following counterparts. a visit to • j .. ~ ESFAHIAN REGIONAL ELECTRIC COMPANY .__... * ~ Projects ~L .~±.4F..~ - d~4 dj~ Project 31. -oProvisional Acceptance "' .4..* S.~z ~Tests -Shahre Kord Diesel Electric Station 2 Lr~ J 1 U42Z'-"" o-) LY),H .0 The consultant' made a field trip to Shahre,~ A) . " * Kord to check the installation of the new r '1 1000 Kw ond 500 Kw diesel generators j J!iS! "L t., . LS 2 i '~j~.:*. supplied by the Skoda Company. Full load and 10% overload tests were conducted.. The station auxiliaries and 11 v switchgear L J T- were inspected, protective relays tested,. w . ~ . Provisional acceptance of bAoconsultantwas:c, . and e cal nsIones. visit ii~connection with establishing 'a; C) c,4' tIJl relay gru in'he's'fha tiame 4 lws pn S(~ z toa,,Issist i hci Jj0ahe C - - ST AVAIl AI.E COPY 2 control circuiting and testing relays -- j) .
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Study of the Persian Concept of Âberu 113
    A Contribution to the Study of the Persian Concept of Âberu 113 Magdalena Zaborowska* PL ISSN 02398818 HEMISPHERES Vo l. 29, No. 1, 2014 A Contribution to the Study of the Persian Concept of Âberu Abstract The concept of âberu is one of those key concepts in Iranian culture which are very hard to define. In this paper the author attempts to explain its philosophical meaning, both by philological analysis based on dictionary sources and by placing it within the context of Iranian, pre-Islamic and Islamic culture. Emphasizing the bond between the idea of water and the concept of âberu, as well as defining it as veil woven from values and principles that protects humans; thus enables an understanding of its significant status among Iranians in contemporary culture. Because loss of âberu or its destruction is commonly understood in the terms of a threat to life, many actions undertaken by Iranians are motivated by the desire to preserve it. Since various methodological approaches can be applied to the study of the concept of âberu, this article should be viewed only as an small contribution to reviling its complexity. There is no doubt that understanding another culture requires familiarizing oneself with its fundamental concepts. While representatives of a particular culture often refer to such concepts and ideas in an attempt to facilitate intuition for others they usually remain unintelligible and unclear. Grasping their meaning is a difficult task as most of them are culturally rooted and refer to cultural experience. Decoding these ideas may however help in understanding how people think, with reference to their value systems and beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Holiday Calendar
    IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR 2016 January 2016 Your Travel Companion 1 goingIRAN wants you to see, read, and know everything about Iran. Ask us about all your needs. goingIRAN strives to acquaint Iranian art and culture with audiences abroad. COPYRIGHT All of the published content on this e-Booklet have all rights reserved. All goingIRAN content, logos and graphic designs of this e-Booklet are property of the Web Gasht Nameh Company. Solely Web Gasht Nameh holds the right to publish and use the formerly stated material. Any use of the goingIRAN graphics (logo, content, design) may only happen through the written request of the user and the ac- ceptance of goingIRAN. Upon our realization of any violation of goingIRAN’s rights, legal action will be taken. IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR Author: Rojan Hemmati & Alireza Sattari (Sourced From an authentic 2016 Iranian Calendar) Central Office: Tehran-IRAN Post code: 1447893713 Designed by Studio TOOL www.goingiran.com [email protected] 2 Aside from the national holidays that follow the Persian Solar Calendar, many of Iran’s holidays are in accordance with events in the Islamic religion and follow the Mus- lim Lunar Calendar, which moves about 10 days forward each year. A few examples of Iranian holidays are: Iranian New Year (Nowruz): Celebrated on the first day of spring, this date has been the mark of the New Year for over 5,000 years throughout several ancient cultures. It embraces the spring equinox and has been celebrated in the same unique Iranian way for the past 3,000 years. It is also deeply rooted in the Zoroastrian belief system.
    [Show full text]
  • To:$M.R$Ahmad$Shahid$ Special$Rapporteur$On$The
    To:$M.r$Ahmad$Shahid$ Special$Rapporteur$on$the$human$rights$situation$in$Iran$ $ Dear%Sir,% % such%as%equal%rights%to%education%for%everyone,%preventing%the%dismissal%and%forced%retirements%of% dissident%university%professors,%right%of%research%without%limitations%in%universities%and%to%sum%up% expansion%of%academic%liberties.%Student%activists%have%also%been%pursuing%basic%rights%of%the%people% such%as%freedom%of%speech,%press,%and%rallies,%free%formation%and%function%of%parties,%syndicates,%civil% associations%and%also%regard%of%democratic%principles%in%the%political%structure%for%many%years.% % But%unfortunately%the%regime%has%rarely%been%friendly%towards%students.%They%have%always%tried%to%force% from%education,%banishments%to%universities%in%remote%cities,%arrests,%prosecutions%and%heavy%sentences% of%lashing,%prison%and%even%incarceration%in%banishment,%all%for%peaceful%and%lawful%pursuit%of%the% previously%mentioned%demands.%Demands%which%according%to%the%human%rights%charter%are%considered% the%most%basic%rights%of%every%human%being%and%Islamic%Republic%of%Iran%as%a%subscriber%is%bound%to% uphold.% % The%government%also%attempts%to%shut%down%any%student%associations%which%are%active%in%peaceful%and% lawful%criticism,%and%their%members%are%subjected%to%all%sorts%of%pressures%and%restrictions%to%stop%them.% Islamic%Associations%for%example%which%have%over%60%years%of%history%almost%twice%as%of%the%Islamic% republic%regimeE%and%in%recent%years%have%been%the%only%official%criticizing%student%associations%in% universities,%despite%their%massive%number%of%student%members,%have%been%shut%down%by%the%
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Assets and Liabilities of the Banking System
    Table 1 SUMMARY OF THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE BANKING SYSTEM (1) (billion rials) Year-end balance Percentage change Ordibehesht Ordibehesht Ordibehesht Ordibehesht Ordibehesht Esfand Ordibehesht Esfand Ordibehesht 1385 to 1386 to 1385 to 1386 to 1384 1384 1385 1385 1386 Ordibehesht Ordibehesht Esfand Esfand 1384 1385 1384 1385 Assets Foreign assets 626,886.9 770,170.4 799,821.4 928,552.5 957,655.3 27.6 19.7 3.8 3.1 Claims on public sector 238,439.2 235,607.7 236,051.1 256,219.8 269,849.3 -1.0 14.3 0.2 5.3 Government 147,588.6 135,794.5 137,542.1 160,269.3 174,463.5 -6.8 26.8 1.3 8.9 Public corporations and agencies 90,850.6 99,813.2 98,509.0 95,950.5 95,385.8 8.4 -3.2 -1.3 -0.6 Claims on non-public sector 636,344.1 865,315.4 882,475.8 1,226,201.0 1,268,190.2 38.7 43.7 2.0 3.4 Others 295,811.1 488,302.9 433,775.5 671,235.9 635,783.4 46.6 46.6 -11.2 -5.3 Sub-total 1,797,481.3 2,359,396.4 2,352,123.8 3,082,209.2 3,131,478.2 30.9 33.1 -0.3 1.6 Below the line items 412,609.8 445,191.6 439,828.3 599,812.1 613,946.3 6.6 39.6 -1.2 2.4 Total assets = total liabilities 2,210,091.1 2,804,588.0 2,791,952.1 3,682,021.3 3,745,424.5 26.3 34.2 -0.5 1.7 Liabilities Liquidity 682,418.4 921,019.4 921,027.0 1,284,199.4 1,314,977.7 35.0 42.8 0 2.4 Money 230,253.8 317,919.4 287,499.3 414,544.9 390,298.3 24.9 35.8 -9.6 -5.8 Quasi-money 452,164.6 603,100.0 633,527.7 869,654.5 924,679.4 40.1 46.0 5.0 6.3 Loans and deposits of the public sector 143,020.4 167,667.4 217,330.9 220,621.4 235,271.1 52.0 8.3 29.6 6.6 Government 133,632.2 156,378.9 202,322.4 208,532.4
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE a Study on the Relationship Between Temperature
    Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 3 [12] November 2014: 42-45 ©2014 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India Online ISSN 2277-1808 Journal’s URL:http://www.bepls.com CODEN: BEPLAD Global Impact Factor 0.533 Universal Impact Factor 0.9804 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A study on the relationship between temperature and height in Ardabil province, according to the meteorological data Bahman Bahari Bighdilu Department of Agriculture, Pars Abad Moghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, pars Abad Moghan, Iran Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT the relationship between temperature and height was investigated Based on the review of one of the most important climatic parameters (temperature) in order to provide scientific solutions to meet the social needs and careful planning in the region in the field of agriculture. There was a significant relationship on the basis of Laps Rate phenomenon, so that the differences between heating and cooling processes of 70 degrees Celsius and the height difference of 1500 meters in the province show this important issue. Keywords: temperature, according, meteorological data Received 10.09.2014 Revised 09.10.2014 Accepted 02.11. 2014 INTRODUCTION Location, range and area This region with the area of 17,867 square kilometers is located at the north of Iran plateau between the coordinates of '45 and ‘37 to '42 and '39 North latitude and '55 and 48 to '3 and 47 east longitudes from the Greenwich meridian. Based on the assessment studies of Land resources in this area (Ardabil Province) a total of 7 major types and one type of mixed lands and 32 units of land have been identified.
    [Show full text]
  • The Calendars of India
    The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Application for Writ of Injunction Or in the Alternative for Certiorari Before Judgment Or Summary Reversal
    No.__ In the Supreme Court of the United States RITESH TANDON; KAREN BUSCH; TERRY GANNON; CAROLYN GANNON; JEREMY WONG; JULIE EVARKIOU; DHRUV KHANNA; CONNIE RICHARDS; FRANCES BEAUDET; MAYA MANSOUR, APPLICANTS, v. GAVIN NEWSOM; ROB BONTA; TOMÁS J. ARAGÓN; JEFFREY V. SMITH; SARA H. CODY. RESPONDENTS. To the Honorable Elena Kagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Circuit Justice for the Ninth Circuit EMERGENCY APPLICATION FOR WRIT OF INJUNCTION OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR CERTIORARI BEFORE JUDGMENT OR SUMMARY REVERSAL RELIEF REQUESTED BY SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 2021 ROBERT E. DUNN RYAN J. WALSH J.D. TRIPOLI Counsel of Record EIMER STAHL LLP AMY MILLER 99 S. Almaden Blvd. EIMER STAHL LLP Suite 642 10 East Doty Street San Jose, CA 95113 Suite 800 (408) 889-1690 Madison, WI 53703 [email protected] (608) 442-5798 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] JOHN K. ADAMS EMILY E. SULLIVAN Counsel for Applicants EIMER STAHL LLP 224 S. Michigan Ave. Suite 1100 Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 660-7600 [email protected] [email protected] QUESTION PRESENTED In ordinary times, Pastor Jeremy Wong and Karen Busch regularly held Bible studies, prayer meetings, and worship services at their homes—as had millions of other Christians in California who sincerely believe assembling for small-group, “house church” fellowship is just as indispensable to their faith as attending Mass is for a Catholic. Yet for over a year now, California has completely prohibited or substantially restricted those “gatherings” and many others. Indoor gatherings are completely prohibited in Tier 1 counties and limited to no more than three households in Tiers 2, 3, and 4, while outdoor gatherings are limited to no more than three households in all tiers.
    [Show full text]
  • “Iran and Its Neighbors: Diverging Views on a Strategic Region”
    SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Eugene Whitlock (Ed.) “Iran and Its Neighbors: Diverging Views on a Strategic Region” July 2003 Berlin © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2003 All rights reserved SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Telephone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] Table of Contents 5 Foreword – Johannes Reissner 7 Iran and the Middle East 9 The Infernal Triangle: Iran, Israel, and the United States – Samuel W. Lewis 15 Iran’s Relationship to Its Neighbors in Central Asia and the Caucasus 17 Iran’s Role in the South Caucasus and Caspian Region: Diverging Views of the U.S. and Europe – Brenda Shaffer 23 Iran in the Caucasus, Caspian and Central Asia: Lessons for Western Strategy – Edmund Herzig 29 U.S. and Iranian Policy in Afghanistan – Barnett R. Rubin 35 Iran and the Problem of Proliferation 37 Dealing with Iran’s Nuclear Program – Michael Eisenstadt 42 Iran, the Bomb, and the Future of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – Oliver Thränert 53 The Potential for Iran to Provoke Further Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East – Patrick Clawson 57 The Role of Iran and the Region for Global Energy Supply 59 Iran’s Oil and Gas Development and the Effect of U.S. Economic Sanctions – James A. Placke 65 Why Iran Is Key for Europe’s Security of Energy Supply – Friedemann Müller 70 Post-War Iraq and Iran’s Petroleum Sector – Joe Barnes and
    [Show full text]
  • Producer Price Index in Iran Shahrivar 1397 (August 23 - September 22, 2018)
    Producer Price Index in Iran Shahrivar 1397 (August 23 – September 22, 2018) Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran General Directorate of Economic Statistics Producer Price Index in Iran Shahrivar 1397 (August 23 - September 22, 2018) (1395 = 100) ©Economic Statistics Mehr 1397 Department (October 2018) www.cbi.ir IN THE NAME OF GOD Summary Results of the Producer Price Index in Iran Shahrivar 1397 (1395=100) ب increase no change or virtually unchanged Percent change compared to similar month of Groups previous month the previous year ب General Index 9.4 44.4 Major Groups: 1- Agriculture, forestry and fishing 8.1 37.0 2- Manufacturing 13.9 61.1 3- Transportation and storage 4.2 36.5 4- Accommodation and food service activities 6.8 23.7 5- Information and communication 0.0 0.9 6- Education 0.6 14.5 15.7 ب Human health and social work activities 1.8 7- 8- Other service activities 3.1 19.0 Special Group: Services 3.0 25.4 Producer Price Index in Iran Shahrivar 1397 (1395 = 100) The Producer Price Index (PPI) went up 9.4 percent in Shahrivar 1397. The index level of 157.8 was 44.4 percent higher than in Shahrivar 1396. For the first 6 months of 1397, the PPI edged up 25.1 percent, compared to the similar period in 1396. This index moved up 18.2 percent for the 12 months ended in Shahrivar 1397. Agriculture, forestry and fishing: In Shahrivar, a 8.1-percent increase in the prices of this group can be traced to the rises in the indices for oily sunflowers, potatoes, tomatoes, hay, grapes, dates, tangerines, fresh nuts, animal production and Persian gulf fishes.
    [Show full text]