Kuzniecki, Uriel

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Kuzniecki, Uriel general del conflicto. ¿Fueron meros peones de los países centrales, movidos en la dirección escogida por intereses externos y como parte de políticas gestadas a distancia por las potencias? ¿O fueron acaso jugadores CAMBOYA Y EL KHMER ROUGE: activos e independientes en el mundo bipolar de la Guerra Fría, movilizando sus recursos y fuerzas en base a criterios propios? Las ¿CÓMO FUE POSIBLE? diversas respuestas que a lo largo del tiempo fueron dándose a estas preguntas definieron las diferentes escuelas de pensamiento en torno al La Guerra Fría y las grandes potencias en el análisis de la cuestión. Sudeste Asiático Muchos estudiosos1 del caso del genocidio en Camboya parecen proponer que la primera pregunta es la que se ciñe más a la realidad de lo sucedido en el país. De este modo, argumentan que fueron principalmente Uriel Kuzniecki las políticas exteriores de China y los Estados Unidos (“EEUU” de ahora en Universidad de San Andrés adelante) las que, directa o indirectamente, permitieron la emergencia del -Septiembre 2009- Khmer Rouge (“KR” de ahora en adelante), su victoria inicial en 1975 y su supervivencia y fortalecimiento en la década que siguió a su Resumen derrocamiento del poder. Aunque admiten que al momento de negociar la paz a principios de la década de 1990 la guerrilla amenazó con salirse de control y destruir así todo esfuerzo diplomático, no parecen reconocer una El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis histórico de la relación autonomía del KR en las instancias previas, lo que vale tanto para el orden entre el Khmer Rouge y las potencias extranjeras en el contexto de la del accionar como para el de los objetivos. En efecto, podemos observar Guerra Fría. Por un lado se pretende explicar el grado en que las acciones cómo durante estos años los países centrales, y en especial los EEUU, de las grandes potencias influyeron sobre el desarrollo de los eventos que pensaron en Camboya como en una palanca que podía ser activada y condujeron al genocidio perpetrado por dicho grupo, a la vez que sobre su desactivada de modo casi inmediato y libre de conflictos, a pesar de que en posterior accionar política y evolución. Por el otro se intenta entender al ciertas ocasiones esto probó no ser cierto y los sucesos internos del país Khmer Rouge en calidad de actor con un margen de maniobra y una asiático determinaron comportamientos no siempre conformes a lo que el autonomía en el plano de la acción mayores a los generalmente supuestos. gigante americano esperaba. Se concluye que en el marco del mundo bipolar, en que las grandes potencias se disputaban el control sobre las diferentes regiones, el grupo En este estudio se intentará sin embargo ahondar en el vínculo guerrillero supo presentar su lucha y sus intereses en los términos propios entre la guerrilla que perpetró uno de los grandes genocidios del siglo y los de la Guerra Fría, valiéndose así de la intervención extranjera para dar poderes extranjeros, para ver que la relación no se presenta tan lineal solución a los problemas locales. como algunos suponen. Propongo entonces que no puede decirse que el KR haya sido meramente un peón de las potencias que se salió de control en los últimos años, sino que en todo momento fue un estratega que Introducción buscó activamente definir sus luchas en concordancia con la lógica más general de la Guerra Fría, consiguiendo de ese modo la intervención Al comenzar a estudiar el caso de los países periféricos durante el 1 período de Guerra Fría uno se enfrenta desde un principio a la pregunta Entre ellos, según mi interpretación, Bert (1993), Chua-Eoan (1990) y McGregor de cuál fue el verdadero rol que estos países ocuparon en el marco más (1990). -1- extranjera que en ese contexto podría traer una solución más rápida a lo rasgos culturales que de este modo mitigaban los efectos de su ocupación, que se consideraban problemas locales. Desde este punto de vista, el giro las relaciones con Vietnam carecieron de este componente y encontraron liberal que el KR encaró a principio de los ’80 no sólo puede interpretarse desde un principio un alto grado de conflictividad (Shawcross, 1979). Los como una señal de la debilidad de la organización, que se vio forzada a vietnamitas veían en los khmer un pueblo “bárbaro” y trataban de erradicar renegar de su ideología fundante, sino también como una herramienta sus costumbres de todo área que lograran controlar. Frente a esta situación, estratégica esgrimida hábilmente por un actor con gran capacidad para en 1840 los camboyanos se alzaron en rebelión contra la creciente influencia adaptarse y de este modo fortalecerse. El distanciamiento en los ’90 vietnamita sobre la vida khmer. Las difíciles relaciones que a lo largo de respecto de sus patronos llegaría entonces como la toma de conciencia de los siglos mantendría con su vecino oriental harían perdurar en ambas que el fin de la Guerra Fría y así del interés extranjero en la región hacían culturas una cierta enemistad étnica que, como veremos, influiría en el cada vez más difícil una solución mediada o impuesta desde afuera que desenlace de los sucesos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. fuese favorable a los intereses del KR, frente a lo cual la guerrilla Hacia fines de la década de 1850 el naturalista francés Henri Mouhot intentaría valerse de los medios acumulados durante los años previos hizo una travesía por Siam, Camboya y Laos, advirtiendo a su regreso sobre para tomar las riendas del asunto en sus propias manos. la excelente oportunidad que Camboya representaba para Francia. Débil y Pujas de poder y percepciones encontradas, la Camboya de estos dependiente del declinante Siam (apoyado por Gran Bretaña, rival años constituye un caso ilustrativo no sólo del modo en que pueblos colonial de Francia), Camboya podía hacer las veces de un buffer zone enteros vieron sus destinos signados por políticas planificadas muy lejos de entre las posesiones francesas en Vietnam y el Siam pro-británico (Carvin, su hogar, sino también de la manera en que grupos locales buscaron s.a.). Asimismo, debido a la proximidad entre Saigón y el territorio activamente la intervención extranjera, distinta y más amplia en su camboyano (alrededor de 60 kilómetros de distancia), era común que naturaleza, para encontrar una consecución más rápida de sus intereses. bandidos y rebeldes delinquieran en la ciudad y buscaran refugio en los bosques del país vecino cruzando el Mekong, río éste que a su vez era visto Primera Parte : Desde los tiempos del Imperio a la Guerra de como una ruta de escape hacia China. Con todas estas motivaciones, en 1861 el comandante francés en Saigón, almirante Charner, viajó a Camboya Vietnam para informarle al rey que los franceses estaban determinados a ocupar Indochina de modo permanente y que ofrecía a los camboyanos ayuda para Breve recorrido previo: Camboya entre el Imperio y la Segunda Guerra conservar su libertad. El rey camboyano era consciente de que Francia era la Mundial (1939 – 1945) única que podía brindarle la protección necesaria frente al temido avance vietnamita desde el este, pero temía que tal actitud resultase desafiante a ojos de sus vecinos y por ende le resultara perjudicial en caso de que los El antiguo Imperio Khmer (la khmer o jmer es la etnia originaria de franceses decidiesen eventualmente retirarse de la zona. De todos modos y Camboya) vio su apogeo entre los siglos IX y XIII, controlando vastos contra el enojo siamés, en 1864 se estableció un protectorado francés sobre territorios de las actuales Tailandia, Laos, Vietnam y Camboya desde su Camboya. capital situada en la ciudad de Angkor. La agresividad de los pueblos vecinos, los conflictos dinásticos internos y el deterioro gradual de sus Sin embargo, el hecho de que Camboya fuese un protectorado cultivos de arroz (Colaboradores de Wikipedia, 2009a) determinaron que la mientras las posesiones orientales tuviesen el status de colonia resultó capital imperial fuese conquistada por Siam (actual Tailandia) en 1431, y el perjudicial para la primera (Shawcross, 1979): el poder imperial tendió a resto del reino para 1594. Comenzaría entonces para Camboya un período empujar sus fronteras coloniales hacia el norte y el oeste a expensas de signado por la puja de poder entre sus grandes vecinos: Siam al oeste y Camboya, siendo los constantes cambios de frontera una primera fuente de Vietnam hacia el este. Mientras los siameses y los khmer compartían ciertos conflictos durante estos años. Las primeras revueltas comenzaron a fines de -2- siglo y los franceses se vieron obligados a ceder respondiendo a aquellas Independencia de Vietnam) liderado por el nacionalista Ho Chi Minh se demandas que los camboyanos consideraban más humillantes. De todos rehusaba a permitir que la monarquía de Bao Dai, respaldada por Francia, modos tomarían la decisión de reforzar su control sobre el protectorado, y gobernara el país. El 2 de agosto de 1945 sus fuerzas entraron en Hanoi y aprovecharon entonces la muerte del rey de la dinastía de los Norodom en días después declararon el nacimiento de la República Democrática de 1904 para transferir el poder a la rama de los Sisowath, más fiel a sus Vietnam. Los franceses no dieron su reconocimiento a este nuevo Estado intereses. creyendo que de este modo sus posibilidades de sobrevivir serían Los próximos signos de agitación política preocupante llegarían remotas. En efecto, en 1946 Ho Chi Minh fue forzado a firmar una recién en la década de 1940. Aunque el Partido Comunista Indochino se tregua, aunque no duraría por mucho tiempo: en noviembre de ese mismo había creado en 1930, en un principio había sido casi por entero vietnamita año una disputa relativamente menor en la ciudad portuaria de Haiphong y fue recién hacia el final de la década que su pensamiento nacionalista resultaría en el estallido de la primera guerra de Indochina.
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