DOCSLIB.ORG

EJRCF JRTR No.60

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EJRCF JRTR No.60 The Great East Japan Earthquake and JR Group Response Technological Development for the Tokaido Shinkansen: Recent Efforts in Countermeasures against Earthquakes Masaki Seki Introduction rolling stock; conserving energy; improving ride comfort; enhancing transport capacity by opening new shinkansen The Tokaido Shinkansen opened in 1964 as the world’s first station in Shinagawa; improving convenience; introducing high-speed railway. It is a key transport artery connecting new ATC; and securing safe and stable transport by Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka and it has evolved into a aseismic reinforcement of structures. Services on the Tokaido sophisticated, high-speed railway by refining service in Shinkansen have been greatly improved, cutting the fastest areas such as safety, punctuality, convenience, ride comfort, trip between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka to 2 hours 25 minutes. and environmental friendliness. The evolution was supported Some 400 daily operations on the Tokaido Shinkansen arrive by various technological developments. with an average delay per train of 0.4 minutes and there has The tsunami after the Great East Japan Earthquake on never been an accident resulting in a passenger fatality 11 March 2011 caused huge damage to conventional railway (Figure 1). lines along the Pacific coast of Japan’s Tohoku region. Since These improvements have been achieved by pro-active an earthquake in the Tokai region or a triple earthquake in the measures with the top priority on securing safe and stable Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai area could cause a tsunami of transport. In countermeasures against natural disasters, for the same size, the disaster preparedness of railways in these example, works such as slope protection has helped achieve regions must be studied. This article reviews earthquake resistance to heavy rainfall. In earthquake countermeasures, countermeasures for the Tokaido Shinkansen. civil-engineering structures have been reinforced using aseismic design. To stop trains quickly in an earthquake, the Continuing Evolution Tokaido shinkansen EaRthquake Rapid Alarm System (TERRA- S) and other systems have been introduced. Total investment Since JR Central was established in 1987, much work has since 1987 and including FY2012 to support safe and stable been done on increasing speeds through introducing new transport has reached ¥2.7 trillion with approximately ¥150 billion invested annually in recent years (Figure 2). Figure 1 Changes in Delay per Train (minutes) 8.0 7.1 1972–86 Average delay 7.0 (Last 15 years of JNR) 6.4 Includes force majeure such as rain, wind, and earthquakes 3.1 minutes/train in addition to man-made disruptions such as accidents and 6.0 breakdowns 5.0 5.0 4.4 JR 3.9 4.0 3.1 1987–96 1997–2010 3.0 2.7 (First 10 years after (11th and subsequent 2.6 2.4 privatization) years after privatization) 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.0 0.8 minutes/train 0.4 minutes/train 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 (Fiscal year) Japan Railway & Transport Review No. 60 • Oct 2012 16 The Great East Japan Earthquake and JR Group Response Technology Developments at Komaki on. A major result has been development of derailment Research Centre and deviation prevention measures drawing lessons from the Joetsu Shinkansen derailment during the Mid Railway operations depend on people with different skills Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in October 2004. As a working diligently together. Securing safety and enhancing new countermeasure against earthquakes for the Tokaido future business depends on improving technical abilities. To Shinkansen, devices are being studied that prevent as much achieve this goal as well as train and educate employees, as possible train derailment and deviation from tracks in JR Central established its own R&D facility in Komaki City, an earthquake and secure running safety for trains. Based Aichi Prefecture, in July 2002. The Komaki Research Centre on those results, countermeasure constructions for railway covers a wide area and incorporates large test machines facilities such as track, embankments, and viaducts (Figure 3) as well as full-scale viaducts, embankments, and and for rolling stock are being realized, and various other civil-engineering railway structures. These have been countermeasures are currently being taken. used to develop the series N700A shinkansen rolling stock, to improve maintenance and management of structures, and Earthquake Countermeasures for Tokaido to develop countermeasures to natural disasters, such as Shinkansen earthquakes and heavy rainfalls. The N700A development included studies using the Overview Vehicle Dynamic Simulator on introducing a body inclining One of the most important measures for supporting system to improve ride comfort when running through curves safe and stable transport by the Tokaido Shinkansen at 270 km/h. (Figure 3, left). A Rolling Stock Field Test Simulator (Figure 3, right) was also introduced in April 2008 to re-create running of shinkansen rolling stock while stationary. It works by operating rolling stock on track wheels to simulate Figure 2 Capital Investment in Safety rails and reproduces running conditions by simulating various vibrations. Efforts are underway to optimize safety, stability (100 million yen) 3500 3240 and ride comfort, while cutting weight and conserving energy. Other 2984 2888 3000 2774 In addition to test experiments, unique simulation Investment related 2652 to safety 2448 technologies are being developed, including dynamic 2500 2098 1750 1081 1241 1555 simulation that models running trains, tracks, and structures 863 2000 1063 and for simulation of damage to reinforced concrete. 813 1500 1283 Another characteristic of the Komaki Research Centre 1000 594 is that it is in an environment where general issues that 1693 1789 1647 501 1285 1385 1429 1490 encompass the fields of transport, rolling stock, ground 500 110 689 facilities and track, and electricity can be actively worked 391 0 1987 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (Start of JR Central) plan Figure 3 Vehicle Dynamic Simulator (left) and Rolling Stock Field Test Simulator (right) 17 Japan Railway & Transport Review No. 60 • Oct 2012 Table 1 Earthquake Countermeasures in Areas Subject to Intensified Measures against Earthquake Disasters (1976 – 96) Embankment reinforcement Bridge collapse prevention construction Reinforcement behind bridge abutments Girder movement stopper Sheet piles Railway line Sheet piling Bridge seat widening Tie rods construction Strut construction [Bridge seat widening construction/ [Sheet piling cofferdam construction] Girder movement stopper] [Strut construction] Bridge pier reinforcement Slope reinforcement Tunnel reinforcement Centring Rock bolt construction L=3-5m Backfilling Rebar Concrete Backfilling [Slope face protective [Rock bolt anchor [Reinforced-concrete jacketing] [Retaining wall] construction] construction] [Backfilling] Figure 4 Damage to Reinforced-Concrete Viaducts in Great Hanshin Earthquake Shear failure Flexural failure Figure 5 Standard Reinforcing Method for Viaducts Reinforcing by Steel Jacketing is countermeasures against earthquakes. Earthquake countermeasures for civil-engineering structures on the Tokaido Shinkansen have been implemented steadily from 1979 in the Japanese National Railways (JNR) era. Most of those have been completed for areas where long-term blockage could occur as a result of the Level-2 (extremely rare earthquake motion defined in Japanese seismic design codes) seismic motion of the Great Hanshin Earthquake and the seismic motion of the theoretical Tokai Earthquake that was simulated in 2003. After the Joetsu Shinkansen derailment during the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake, JR Central studied new earthquake countermeasures mainly at the Komaki Research Centre to prevent derailment and spread of damage caused by deviation. The result was new installation of dual-redundunt derailment and deviation prevention methods, consisting of Japan Railway & Transport Review No. 60 • Oct 2012 18 The Great East Japan Earthquake and JR Group Response Figure 6 Shaking table testing of 1/5-Scale Model Reinforced-Concrete Viaducts Level-2 (extremely rare earthquake motion defined in Japanese seismic design codes) Seismic Motion Non-reinforced (before shaking) Non-reinforced (after shaking) Reinforced by steel jacketing (before shaking) Reinforced by steel jacketing (after shaking) derailment prevention guard deviation-prevention stoppers, concrete columns of the San’yo Shinkansen viaduct and countermeasures to control large displacement of suffered severe shear and flexural failure, resulting in structures and tracks. viaduct collapse (Figure 4). Recovery restoration from Earthquake countermeasures from the early days of the the flexural failure took much less time than the 3 Tokaido Shinkansen can be separated into the following months required to recover from the damage caused by two categories: aseismic reinforcement of civil-engineering shear failure. structures, and measures to stop trains quickly before the The Tokaido Shinkansen was further from the main strike. epicentre and only suffered relatively minor damage. Countermeasures taken in light of this earthquake Aseismic reinforcement of civil-engineering structures involved jacketing its shear-critical concrete columns Measures before Great
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atsumi and Goltz: Fifteen Years of Disaster Volunteers 220
    Atsumi and Goltz: Fifteen Years of Disaster Volunteers International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters March 2014, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 220–240. Fifteen Years of Disaster Volunteers in Japan: A Longitudinal Fieldwork Assessment of a Disaster Non-Profit Organization Tomohide Atsumi Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University and James D. Goltz California Emergency Management Agency and the California Institute of Technology Email: [email protected] Since the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, Japanese society has become accustomed to the presence of volunteers in the pre- and post-disaster environments, more specifically, in preparedness, response and recovery. The present study draws on the disaster research literature in exploring the social contexts in which groups of Kobe earthquake volunteers converged in January 1995 and formed organizations that continued to respond to national and international disasters during the 15 years that followed the 1995 earthquake. Based on the first author’s own longitudinal participant observation at a non-profit organization, the Nippon Volunteer Network Active in Disaster (NVNAD), the present study traces the development of the NVNAD over the last 15 years. The study’s basic conclusion is that, over the years, organized volunteerism in Japan has witnessed a struggle between the development of formal organizations emphasizing interagency cooperation and coordination of volunteers on one hand and the maintenance of a more affective social support-oriented approach with volunteers being physically and emotionally present to disaster survivors on the other. Keywords: Earthquake, Disaster volunteers 220 Atsumi and Goltz: Fifteen Years of Disaster Volunteers Introduction At 5:46 AM on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (henceforth called the Kobe earthquake) struck the regions of Hanshin and Awaji Island in Japan, claiming more than 6,400 lives and injuring more than 15,000 in a densely populated urban coastal corridor whose central city is Kobe.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Insomnia Among Residents of Tokyo and Osaka After the Great East Japan Earthquake: a Prospective Study
    INTERACTIVE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH Sugiura et al Original Paper Prevalence of Insomnia Among Residents of Tokyo and Osaka After the Great East Japan Earthquake: A Prospective Study Hiroaki Sugiura1*, MD, PhD; Manabu Akahane1*, MD, PhD; Yasushi Ohkusa2*, PhD; Nobuhiko Okabe2*, MD, PhD; Tomomi Sano1*, MD, PhD; Noriko Jojima3*, MSN; Harumi Bando3*, MS; Tomoaki Imamura1*, MD, PhD 1Health Management and Policy, Department of Public Health, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan 2National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, Tokyo, Japan 3Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan *all authors contributed equally Corresponding Author: Hiroaki Sugiura, MD, PhD Health Management and Policy Department of Public Health Nara Medical University School of Medicine 840 Shijo-cho Kashihara, 634-8521 Japan Phone: 81 744 22 3051 ext 2224 Fax: 81 744 25 7657 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011. Tokyo and Osaka, which are located 375 km and 750 km, respectively, from the epicenter, experienced tremors of 5.0 lower and 3.0 seismic intensity on the Japan Meteorological Agency scale. The Great East Japan Earthquake was the fourth largest earthquake in the world and was accompanied by a radioactive leak at a nuclear power plant and a tsunami. In the aftermath of a disaster, some affected individuals presented to mental health facilities with acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, few studies have addressed mental stress problems other than ASD or PTSD among the general public immediately after a disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Great East Japan Earthquake, Jr East Mitigation Successes, and Lessons for California High-Speed Rail
    MTI Funded by U.S. Department of Services Transit Census California of Water 2012 Transportation and California Great East Japan Earthquake, Department of Transportation JR East Mitigation Successes, and Lessons for California High-Speed Rail MTI ReportMTI 12-02 MTI Report 12-37 December 2012 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon. Norman Y. Mineta The Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) was established by Congress in 1991 as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA) and was reauthorized under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century (TEA-21). MTI then successfully MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES competed to be named a Tier 1 Center in 2002 and 2006 in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Most recently, MTI successfully competed in the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2011 to Founder, Honorable Norman Thomas Barron (TE 2015) Ed Hamberger (Ex-Officio) Michael Townes* (TE 2014) be named a Tier 1 Transit-Focused University Transportation Center. The Institute is funded by Congress through the United States Mineta (Ex-Officio) Executive Vice President President/CEO Senior Vice President Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), University Transportation Secretary (ret.), US Department of Strategic Initiatives Association of American Railroads Transit Sector Transportation Parsons Group HNTB Centers Program, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. Vice Chair Steve Heminger (TE 2015) Hill & Knowlton, Inc. Joseph Boardman (Ex-Officio) Executive Director Bud Wright (Ex-Officio) Chief Executive Officer Metropolitan Transportation Executive Director The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface Honorary Chair, Honorable Bill Amtrak Commission American Association of State transportation modes.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Recovery and Youth, Peace and Security: Examining the Project, “The SOKA Global Action”
    Soka Gakkai International Office for UN Affairs Disaster Recovery and Youth, Peace and Security: Examining the Project, “The SOKA Global Action” A Thematic Paper for the Progress Study on Youth, Peace and Security Prepared by the Soka Gakkai International October 2017 Introduction In March 2011, the northeast region of Japan known as Tohoku1 was hit by a natural disaster of enormous magnitude: The Great East Japan Earthquake. The 9.0-magnitude earthquake, coupled with numerous aftershocks, a series of highly destructive tsunami waves and a nuclear reactor accident,2 claimed thousands of lives, while causing lasting damage to the surrounding communities and survivors of the atrocity. Even today, more than six years later, many continue to live in temporary housing and endure ongoing uncertainty about the future. The suffering this event engendered, including deaths, loss of loved ones and assets, and economic stagnation, forced many young people in A local band performs at a temporary housing unit in Japan to re-examine their values and ways of life. Miyagi Prefecture (2011) Against this backdrop, and coupled with other socio-political factors affecting people’s sense of 1 The Tohoku region is the northeastern part of the largest island (Honshu) of Japan, and consists of six prefectures: Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi and Yamagata. 2 The nuclear power plant accident has made the situation more complex, posing serious security and safety challenges including threats to people’s health and food production. Some evacuees are uncertain if they can ever return to their homes or where they will live in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Boat Disaster Relief Volunteer Center (PBV) Annual Report
    Peace Boat Disaster Relief Volunteer Center（PBV） Annual Report 2018-2019 4.1.2018 → 3.31.2019 ［Official Website(JP)］https://pbv.or.jp/ ［Official Website (EN)］https://pbv.or.jp/en/ CONTENTS Domestic and International Disaster Relief Together with various partners, PBV carries out relief activities targeted at the needs of the people affected by disasters, to help rebuild their communities. Disaster Risk Reduction We conduct capacity building and educational programs for disaster risk reduction and build networks to create societies resilient to disasters. Support to Tohoku We have engaged in long-term support activities in the area affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, founding a new organization in 2016 to tackle local issues. 2 VISION It Takes People to Support People Peace Boat Disaster Relief Volunteer Center (PBV) is an NGO that works to assist disaster- affected people and strengthen the disaster resilience of communities. Anyone could encounter natural disaster. We believe that creating societies where everyone helps one another – even across borders - would generate a force capable of facing challenges together. Cause Mission Challenges to Tackle Vision What We Do Society we aim to Necessary for people to lend Crystalizing thoughts achieve a helping hand to one into actionable, A society where all people can help each other another in times of disaster workable plans MISSION Helping each other to take a step forward together We never know when disaster will strike us. At times we are the victims of disasters, at times we are the ones giving aid. Save yourself and your loved ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake a Japanese Perspective
    SPECIAL REPORT Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake A Japanese Perspective Hiroshi Muguruma This report presents an overview of the Ph.D. performance of reinforced and precast, Professor Emeritus Department of prestressed concrete buildings during the Architectural Engineering Kyoto University Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake (also known as Kyoto, Japan the Great Hanshin earthquake) of January 17, 1995, situated in and around the city of Kobe, Japan. The performance of pile foundations is also examined. Highway bridges, rapid transit structures, and other special structures are covered elsewhere. The assessment of damage is related to the Minehiro Nishiyama evolution of design code provisions for Ph.D. concrete building structures in Japan. Department of Preliminary reports indicate that precast, Architectural Engineering Kyoto University prestressed concrete structures performed Kyoto, Japan remarkably well during the earthquake, especially those designed with recent seismic code provisions. The probable causes of the damage are examined, although it should be emphasized that several investigations are currently being carried out to determine more comprehensive causes of structural failures Fumio Watanabe, Ph.D. by many researchers, engineers, the Professor Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), the Department of Architectural Engineering Japan Prestressed Concrete Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Association (JPCEA), and other organizations. 28 PCI JOURNAL t precisely 5:46 a.m. in the N early morning of January 17, A 1995, a devastating earthquake struck Japan, imparting a trail of de­ ® ~ Severely damaged area struction across a narrow band extend­ ing from northern Awaji Island through the cities of Kobe, Ashiya, Nishinomiya and Takarazuka (see Fig. 1). The 7.2 Richter magnitude registered was one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • HFA Irides Review Report Focusing on the 2011
    Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters HFA IRIDeS Review Report Focusing on 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake May 2014 International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Japan Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters HFA IRIDeS Review Report Focusing on 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake May 2014 International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Japan Preface Having experienced the catastrophic disaster in 2011, Tohoku University has founded the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS). Together with collaborating organizations from many countries and staff with a broad array of specializations, the IRIDeS conducts world-leading research on natural disaster science and disaster mitigation. Based on the lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan (Tohoku) Earthquake and Tsunami disaster, the IRIDeS aims to become a world center for the research/ study of disasters and disaster mitigation, learning from and building upon past lessons in disaster management from Japan and others around the world. Throughout, the IRIDeS should contribute to on- going recovery/reconstruction efforts in areas affected by the 2011 tsunami, conducting action-oriented research and pursuing effective disaster management to build a sustainable and resilient society. The 3rd United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 will be held on 14-18 March 2015 in Sendai City, one of the areas seriously damaged due to the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami. The IRIDeS shall play an important role at the conference as an academic organization located in the hosting city. Drafting of this report, focusing on the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami in terms of the core indicators of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, is one of the contributory activities to the forthcoming event.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 IOKIBE Makoto President, National Defense Academy of Japan
    KOKUSAI MONDAI (INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS) JAN-FEB 2012 ISSUE SPECIAL LEAD-OFF INTERVIEW RECOVERY FROM THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE ― TOWARD A JAPAN MORE OPEN TO THE WORLD ― IOKIBE Makoto President, National Defense Academy of Japan Interviewer: YAMAMOTO Yoshinobu Advisor, PHP Research Institute Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo The Great East Japan Earthquake and Japan – Reflecting on Past Disasters Yamamoto: I would like to begin by asking Mr. Makoto Iokibe, President of the National Defense Academy of Japan and recently Chairman of the Reconstruction Design Council in Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake, to comment on the significance the recent disaster had for Japanese history and for the Japanese people in light of his previous experience of the Great Hanshin Earthquake. Iokibe: The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 16 years ago struck at 5:46 am. I was still asleep when the entire house shuddered with a boom and awakened me, and I recall experiencing a shaking such as I had never felt before. My home was entirely destroyed, and the dismal state of houses and roads in our neighborhood testified to the ferocity of an epicentral earthquake. The most characteristic feature of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake was that 90% of the victims were crushed to death when their houses collapsed, a fact attributable to the time at which the earthquake struck. The remaining 10% or so of the 6,434 deaths were due to fire or other causes. The Great Kanto Earthquake [of 1923], on the other hand, was actually a sequence of three earthquakes. In addition, that earthquake struck at 11:58 am, and the flames from kitchen stoves heating up lunch were fanned by the strong wind into a tremendous conflagration.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster, January 17, Kobe District: Geological Survey of Japan, Scale Est to the 15,000 Members of GSA
    Vol. 5, No. 8 August 1995 INSIDE • South-Central Section Meeting, p. 160 GSA TODAY • New Members, p. 161 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • New Fellows, Student Associates, p. 163 The 1995 Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe), Japan, Earthquake Thomas L. Holzer, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 34° 135° 10' 45' 135° 15' 135° 20' R o k k o M o u n t a i n s Nikawa-Yurino Holocene Alluvium and Reclaimed Ground Active Faults (Late Quaternary Activity) Figure 1. Neotectonic CRYSTALLINE ROCK OUTCROP FILTRATION Dashed where inferred ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS PLANT Pliocene - Pleistocene Sediment gravel, sand, clay Faults (Early Quaternary or map of Osaka Bay region ANCIENT SHORELINE, 6000 yr B.P. Miocene Sediment and Volcanics Tertiary Activity) LITTORAL & LAGOONAL DEPOSITS (generalized from River sand & clay Pre-Tertiary Intrusives, Sediment, and Major Tectonic Line in Metamorphic Rock Pre-Tertiary Basement Sangawa et al., 1983; SHORELINE circa 1885 RECLAIMED GROUND 34° 45' Tsukuda et al., 1982; and -10 BASE OF MARINE CLAY 0 25 50 km Elevation, m Asiya Mukogawa Tsukuda et al., 1985). JMA INTENSITY 7 134°-30' 135° 135°-30' 2 ? ? ? Nishinomiya 2 Hanshin Expressway Daikai Kobe 5 Harbor TRAIN 25' 10 m ° STATION 43 35° 35° Expressway 20 m 135 34° 40' Hanshin Rokko Island Expressway Port 30 m 43 5 Island Figure 2. Generalized OSAKA geologic map of Kobe Osaka Bay 0 5 km KOBE (from Huzita and Kasama, N EPICENTER 1983) and Japanese 34° 40' I N L A N D S E A 34°-30' 34°-30' Meteorological Agency ° 135° 15' 135° 20 135° 25 O S A K A B A Y (JMA) intensity 7 area.
    [Show full text]
  • What If the Uemachi Fault Belt Became Active and a Great Hanshin
    Earthquakes/Tsunamis Earthquakes/Tsunamis There are no safe places in Japan that do not experience earthquakes What if the Uemachi fault belt became active and a What if the Tokai, Tonankai, or Nankai Earthquake were to occur? Areas where there is expected to be severe damage through strong shaking and large tsunamis in the event of the Tokai, Tonankai and Earthquakes/Tsunamis Nankai Earthquakes have been designated in advance, and disaster prevention countermeasures are being strengthened. Great Hanshin Earthquake-level struck Suita City? "Earthquake Disaster Preventative Countermeasures Strengthening Area" and "Disaster Preventative Countermeasures Promotion Area" Estimated seismic intensity Estimated liquefaction Estimated physical damage The Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes are expected to cause severe damage in broad areas of western Japan. Given this, areas that have a particular need to promote earthquake disaster prevention measures have been designated. For the Tokai Earthquake the The entire Suita City would suffer an upper Liquefaction of sand would be developed About 60% of wooden buildings and 30% of "Earthquake Disaster Preventative Countermeasures Strengthening Area" (orange) has been established, and for the Tonankai and Nankai Fires 6-level on the Japanese earthquake scale. 7 on through the outburst and fluxion of sand in not other type buildings would be half or Earthquakes the "Disaster Preventative Countermeasures Promotion Area" (yellow) has been established, and e¤ orts toward earthquake the scale would also be registered in not only only the low-lying area on the Kanzaki River completely destroyed in the city. preparedness are being advanced. Suita City has been designated a part of the "Tonankai and Nankai Earthquake Disaster Preventative the low-lying area on the Kanzaki River and Ai and Ai River in River in the south of the city but the the south of the Countermeasures Promotion Area".
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction: Perspective from Japan
    2008 Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction: Perspective from Japan The report describes gender perspective of disaster risk reduction in Japan from field survey, policy analysis, and two case studies of Hiroshima and Kobe. Yukiko Takeuchi and Rajib Shaw Kyoto University November 2008 Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction: Perspective from Japan Yukiko Takeuchi & Rajib Shaw International Environment and Disaster Management, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, KYOTO UNIVERSITY November, 2008 Table of Contents 1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Gender and Disaster .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Organization of the Report ............................................................................... 6 2. Review of National Policy of Disaster Risk Reduction and Gender ............. 7 2.1 Generic Aspects of National Disaster Management Policy ....................... 7 2.1.1 General Disaster Situation in Japan ........................................................ 7 2.1.2 Legal System and Structure of Disaster Management in Japan ......... 8 2.1.3 Disaster Management Planning in Japan ............................................. 10 2.2 Overview and timeline of gender inclusion in Disaster Management Plan ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Current Focus and Emphasis .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PAPER TITLE – Arial 12Pt
    RECOVERY TWO YEARS AFTER THE 2011 TŌHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI: A RETURN MISSION REPORT BY EEFIT RECOVERY TWO YEARS AFTER THE 2011 TŌHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI: A RETURN MISSION REPORT BY EEFIT Mr. Antonios Pomonis, Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd. (Team Leader) Mr. Joshua Macabuag, University College London (Editor) Mr. Carlos Molina Hutt, University College London (Editor) Prof. David Alexander, University College London Mr. Anton Andonov, Risk Engineering Ltd. Dr. Catherine Crawford, University College London Dr. Stephen Platt, Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd. Dr. Alison Raby, University of Plymouth Dr. Emily Kwok Mei So, University of Cambridge Dr. Ming Tan, Mott MacDonald Dr. Joanna Faure Walker, University College London Mr. Jack Yiu, Arup Report prepared in association with: Dr. Maki Koyama, Kyoto University Professor Hitomi Murakami, Yamaguchi University Dr. Anawat Suppasri, Tōhoku University Report cover: Photos of the Crisis Management Department Building in Minamisanriku taken during the 2011 (top) and 2013 (bottom) EEFIT missions. Recovery Two Years After The 2011 Tōhoku i Earthquake and Tsunami Executive Summary The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 was the largest event that has been recorded in Japan since the beginning of instrumental seismology circa 1900, and is the most expensive natural disaster recorded in the world to date. EEFIT sent a team to the affected regions during the immediate aftermath of the event (May 29 – June 3, 2011) to learn lessons regarding the initial impacts of the disaster, and the findings are given in the 2011 EEFIT Japan Report (EEFIT 2011) available on the EEFIT website. Two years later EEFIT launched a return mission (May 28 – June 7, 2013) to examine the direction and progress of the recovery and reconstruction efforts in Japan.
    [Show full text]