OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 54 NO. 1 WINTER 2004 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Term Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2004 President Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 14 West College Ave., Westerville, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43081 (614)882-3878. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2004 Vice President John Mocic, Box 170-RD #1, Dilles Bottom, BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST OH 43947, (740)676-1077. 1956 thru 1967 out of print 2004 Immediate Past President Walt Sperry, 1006 1/2 S. Main St., Mt. 1968 - 1999 $ 2.50 Vernon, OH 43050, (740) 392-9774. 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 2004 Executive Secretary Frank Otto, 2200 E. 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Husband President: David W. Reed III, 2469 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2839 and wife Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, Their Fires Are Cold Chapter published quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Wolfcreek Chapter President: Richard Henry, P.O. Box 109-1, Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 As the days are once again getting Front Cover Information 3 longer, several things become apparent. The Manring Mound Site, Clark County, Ohio First, that little bit of snow that makes it by Robert W. Morris 4 impossible to see much earth could Fluted Point From A Licking County Rock Shelter soon be gone and we just might be able by Jeff Carskadden 10 to resume hunting in earnest. The last A Salvaged Adena Keyhole Pendant time I went out, I got so muddy that my by Matt Rismiller 13 dog wouldn't come to me. You know Continuing Discoveries at the Olive Branch Site, the stuff I'm talking about, mud on top Alexander County, Illinois and frozen an inch or so below, greasy by Richard Michael Gramly PhD 14 and heavy. You might say, yuck, but A Pair of Hammer Poll Axes from an Eighteenth Century there is something to being out in a Delaware Village Site by John C. Rummel 21 field, fresh air, open, mud, just having a good look see. The Peopling of the America Symposium Symposium Participants 22 Prime surface hunting is just around the corner and so is our symposium, A Whittlesey Culture Engraved Shell Mask "The Peopling of the Americas". In fact this is the wake up call. In the by Jim Hovan 24 next issue of the "Ohio Archaeologist" the discussion will be about Two Double Crescents 25 what a great time we had, the archaeological super stars that were Meeting Scenes 26 here, all the new friends we made and the renewal of old friendships Engraved Slate Artifact by Richard D. Moats 27 and the entirely big weekend that it turned out to be. I don't do the Fluted Points from Huron County, Ohio predictions well, but I don't want to be hearing about the should haves by David W. Didion 28 after the show, you know you could should all over yourself if you are Artifacts as Legacy: Two Extraordinary Pieces from not careful. This is it friends and neighbors. Don't get shut out, fill out Portage County, Ohio by Michael Rusnak 29 the application and send it now. There are more details in this journal. Some Ohio Adzes From My Collection Please note that all of our speakers have been published. Most of it by Ear Hothem 30 is over my head, but three of our speakers have recently published A Tapered Celt From Michigan books dealing with the subject matter of our symposium. I highly rec­ by Douglas A. Whitcomb 31 ommend them as they are very informative, each is different and all are A Fairfield County Effigy Stone by Don Casto 32 readable. Your homework assignment is to read authors Dillehay, Adovasio and Chatters' recent books. Finding the oldest trace of Prismoidal Bannerstone Found in Darke County humans in the new world has got to be one of the hottest topics, in by Michael E Batten 33 archaeology, to explore. Dillehay will give you a feel of our southern Wolf Creek Artifact Show May 16th 33 continent, not just Monte Verde, but what we know about the first Twin Tracks, A Middle Woodland Site in South Americans. Find out who's in the "card carrying clovis first" club Perry County, Ohio by D. R. Gehlbach 34 from Adovasio, and Kennewick Man and the "Pacific Rim" theory from Catalogs As Reference Histories of Artifacts Chatters. Pruffer's book details Archaic warfare and scalping, if you by Bob Haag 38 need more. Historic Era Indian Effigy Pipes by James Ritchie .... 39 Speaking of books, Robert Converse's book should be out as you Artifacts From a Maritime Archaic (Red Paint) read this. 'The Archaeology of Ohio" is just that, the story of Ohio's Site in Maine by Robert W. Morris 40 past. There will only be so many copies available, and I'm not saying hurry up, I'm saying that when they are gone they will be gone! And A Morrow County Birdstone by Jeff Zemrock 42 you know how I feel about should. Chapter Report Final Notice 42 At the January meeting, awards were given for the best field found ASO Summer Shows Notice 42 artifacts of the year, 2003. In order to qualify, you must be a winner of Couple Shares Two Quality Stone Tool Finds: one of our seven categories in 2003. I would like to acknowledge the Roller Pestle from Summit County, Adena Celt from winners: Steve House, Danny Crissinger, Tim Shepard, Mark Brock- Portage County by Michael Rusnak 43 Palaeo Miniature Projectile Points from Knox County well, Tom Debolt and John Bennett III. Congratulations and good luck by Michael A. Fath 44 to you and the future contestants. As always, we try to keep fraudulent artifacts off of the tables at our Copper in Ohio by Tom Marckel 45 meetings. It is a tough task. To any buyer, be aware. If you are not Kokosing Chapter Annual Field Find Contest Winners . 46 sure, ask someone you know or find someone you trust. We are here ASO Meeting Dates 46 to help you have the best experience you can have. New VHS Tape Available by William H. Tippins 47 January Meeting Donors for Silent Auction 47 Happy hunting. Mercer County Historical Society 25th Annual Exhibit. 47 Brian Foltz, President

Front Cover: The largest of two side-notched bifaces in the Neralich Cache, Olive Branch site, Illinois. Made of Burlington chert, the blade is 11 inches long and weighs 1.16 pounds. Grinding is present only at the center of the basal edge. The complete report on this and other remarkable finds at Olive Branch can be seen on pages 14-20. (Photo by Pete Bostrom)

3 THE MANRING MOUND SITE, CLARK COUNTY, OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

Plate 1 (Morris) A classic Hopewell obsidian spear-point (Ross Barbed spear) measuring 6 inches in length, from Manring Mound-1. Introduction

This paper concerns the discovery, area brought picnic lunches to the site and post molds were filled with finely rotted, details, and artifacts recovered from the as the road builders' shovels dug through woody earth and formed the outer limit of Manring Mound, a significant Hopewell site the mound, onlookers probed through the the rectangular tomb. The post molds indi­ in Clark County, Ohio. The majority of this earth picking up Indian artifacts. Unfortu­ cate the logs used for the wall of the tomb information comes from a report written on nately, no record or information about arti­ had been 6 to 8 inches in diameter and March 15, 1941 by Arthur R. Altick, then facts collected at that time exists. had flat (not pointed) lower ends. Altick Secretary-Curator of the Clark County His­ In 1919, Altick visited the Manring site interpreted the logs had probably been torical Society. Altick was a knowledge­ and observed, photographed, and sur­ placed vertically in a trench which was able, avocational archaeologist and served veyed the mounds. His photograph (Figure later infilled with earth to form the walls of as Curator of the Clark County Historical 2) looking west along the National Road the tomb, rather than having been driven Society (Museum) collections from 1933 shows the extent to which road construc­ into place. until his untimely death in 1947. We are tion had destroyed the northern half of indebted to him for his careful field study, Manring Mound-1. In the mound area, he Artifacts from Manring Mound-1 detailed notes, and preserved artifacts reports finding 3 hammerstones, a broken from the Manring Mound site, since it is no During the drag-line grading of the spear-point, 2 flint knives, and a block of mound in March 1940, which unearthed longer in existence, having been destroyed white flint, all heavily patinated. in 1940. The artifacts illustrated in this the Hopewell burial and essentially paper are in the collections of the Clark In 1940, Altick was visited at the Clark destroyed the mound, several individuals County Historical Society, Springfield, County Historical Society (Museum) by Mr. including Charles A. Culp, R.O Kneisley Ohio. In his interesting paper concerning Charles A. Culp, who reported that a drag­ and others collected important artifacts the prehistoric archaeology of Clark line operation was grading a hill along the from the mound debris. Through the efforts County, David Collins (1959) briefly dis­ National Road on the Manring farm for of Arthur Altick, many of these artifacts cusses the Manring Mound and illustrates house-building sites. Culp requested that were subsequently donated to the Clark some of the artifacts recovered from this Altick visit the site because the drag-line County Historical Society and entered into site. A detailed archaeological analysis of had scraped the hill (mound) down to a the collections where they remain at the Manring site and its significance was depth of 12 feet and had uncovered a layer present. Among the most interesting are a written by Mark Seeman and Ann Cramer of black earthy material containing human single, large copper celt and six smaller in 1982 and published in the Ohio Journal bones, which Culp had dug into and copper celts and adzes. The large copper of Science. screened. By the time Altick visited the celt (Figure 4) measures 11 inches in site, which he realized was the National length, 2 inches wide at the poll and The Manring Mound site is located on Road Mound, all that remained were the almost 4V2 inches wide at the bit. Com­ the south side of U.S. Route 40 about 'A broken, scattered bones of one or more posed of native copper, it averages M inch mile east of New Love Road in Harmony uncremated burials that had been badly in thickness and weighs 5 pounds 9 Township, Clark County, Ohio. Originally mutilated by the effects of the drag-line ounces. The smaller copper celts and the site consisted of two mounds; the scoop and Culp's digging. The skeletal adzes range from 5'A to 3V~ inches in length largest, designated as Manring Mound-1, remains represented a Hopewell burial; with the larger variety weighing 15 ounces was also known as the National Road however, it was so disturbed that no perti­ and the smaller about 5 ounces (Figure 5). Mound, since it was located immediately nent information relative to orientation and The celts have flared bits, whereas the adjacent to the old National Road (now relationship to accompanying artifacts was adzes have less flare at the bit and are Route 40). It was named for George W. possible to record. Seeman and Cramer plano-convex in cross-section. Portions of Manring, on whose farm it was located. (1982) state that it is impossible to know in the copper celts and adzes are coated to Altick surveyed the mound in 1919 and what order or how many burials were some extent with a blue-green patina of described it as an oval structure measuring interred in Manring Mound-1. cupric salts. Interestingly, these salts have 250 feet in length at its base which was preserved the impression of woven fabric oriented in a north-south direction and 200 On March 25, 1940, a snowy, windy, 8 in places on several of the celts. Lepper feet in width in an east-west direction. degree temperature day, Altick and col­ (1999) reports that the Hopewell would According to Altick (1941), the top of the league, Edwin Dille, attempted to salvage often clothe or wrap the bodies of their mound stood 25 feet above the National and record what was left of viable archaeo­ dead in fine textiles and bury an assort­ Road and a large white oak tree grew near logical data at the mound site, which by ment of ornaments and ritual objects with its crest (Figure 1). Also in 1919, Altick dis­ now had been extensively dug up and the dead. Some of these Manring celts covered a second mound nearby which he graded by the drag-line operations (Figure were evidently in contact with the fabric referred to as Manring Mound-2. This 3). Altick identified the aforementioned which clothed or accompanied the burial. mound was located about 300 feet south­ skeletal remains as having been originally east of Manring Mound-1 and was much located in a "tomb" within the mound and Another copper artifact recovered from smaller. He reports it was approximately 3 he and Dille carefully hand-troweled all the the mound is a rectangular breastplate feet in height, 30 feet in diameter, and the debris in the tomb area. Altick (1941) which measures 7 inches in length, 4H top had sunken about 8 inches in depth, describes the tomb as having been of rec­ inches in width, and V* inch in thickness possibly due to collapse of some of the tangular shape, approximately 12 by 10 (Figure 6). The breastplate has rounded internal structures. feet in size, with the long axis oriented in a corners and is partly corroded along one north-south direction. The lower portion of side. It is perforated by 2 holes spaced 2>i the tomb consisted of black earthy mate­ inches apart, probably used to suspend it Mound Exploration rial (which had contained the uncremated by a thong or cord. These copper artifacts According to Altick (1941), the north- skeletal remains) resting on a compact are typical of the Hopewell culture and con­ central half of the large Manring Mound-1 layer of white, calcined shell material firm that Manring Mound-1 was definitely a was cut through and destroyed in the ranging from y» to 1 inch thick. Below this Hopewell burial site. As is commonly 1830's by road builders during construc­ shelly layer was compacted gravelly, clay known, the Hopewell people established tion of the National Road. A Mrs. Frank W. loarn in which Altick and Dille discovered a and maintained an extensive trade network Harford reported that early settlers in the series of 56 vertical post molds. These in North America and the native copper

5 used to fashion these artifacts was derived banded grey slate (Figure 7). The gorget is materials for these beads. Jennings (1989) from the Lake Superior area, very possibly rectangular-shaped with rounded corners mentions that the Hopewell used the shells the Keweenaw Peninsula. and measures 4 V2 inches in length and 1% of the snail, Busycon sp., from the Gulf of s One of the few lithic artifacts preserved inches in width. It has a thickness of At Mexico for cups and dippers, as well as from the Manring Mound is a beautiful inches and the two holes, both drilled from cut pieces of the central whorl (columella) obsidian spearpoint measuring 6 inches in one side, are located 1V* inches apart. The for beads. One of the shell beads (Figure 8, length and 3 inches in width at the barbed gorget may have been broken at the time upper right) is quite interesting because it end (Plate 1). It is in excellent condition of burial because the broken surfaces are contains the distinctive boreholes of the except for slight breakage of one barb at coated with calcium carbonate, as are por­ infamous marine sponge, Cliona sp., which the base. The spear-point has been tions of the gorget surface. actively bores into the shells of both living referred to as a Ross Barbed spear and The most abundant artifacts recovered and dead marine molluscs. This sponge nearly identical examples have been recov­ from the mound site were hundreds of plays a major role in the marine environ­ ered from Mound City Mound-7, Hopewell shell beads (Figure 8) which Altick col­ ment in the breakdown and destruction of Mound-25, Hopewell Mound-17 and the lected as he troweled through the mound calcium carbonate molluscan shells, as Snyders Mound-114 (Seeman and Cramer, debris. Seeman and Cramer (1982) well as being a scourge of living oyster 1982). This spear-point is also quite similar counted at least 715 shell beads in the beds. to the obsidian spearhead or knife illus­ Clark County Historical Society collection, Other interesting artifacts recovered from trated by Jennings (1989) from a Hopewell which ranged in size from 65 mm long and the Manring Mound include a bear canine mound, but lacks the flared stem. This 20 mm wide to 8 mm long and 8 mm wide. tooth measuring 2% inches in length and spear could also have been hafted and These beads (Figure 8) represent a range several imitation bear canine teeth made used as a ceremonial knife and its pres­ of shapes and forms. The large to medium from bone, approximately 3 inches in ence is additional strong evidence docu­ size beads are mainly an elongate, tubular length and drilled with 2 holes about 7A of menting the Manring Mound as a definite variety, slightly convex outward, tapering an inch apart (Figure 10). In addition, sev­ Hopewell site. Obsidian, which is natural toward each end and drilled through the eral drilled animal tooth beads, as well as volcanic glass, is another commodity used center parallel to the long axis of the bead. several cut and incised bear mandibles by the Hopewell that does not occur natu­ Many of the medium-sized beads range were also recovered (Figure 9). The bear rally in Ohio or the Midwest, but was from cylindrical to barrel-shaped, whereas mandible ornaments have spiral grooves derived from a volcanic region in the many of the smaller beads have an oval incised on the upper portion. According to western United States. According to Jen­ outline and are flat on two, opposite sides. Seeman and Cramer (1982), the bear was nings (1989) the obsidian found in Due to their large diameter, Seeman and an important symbolic animal in the Hopewell mounds or sites in central and Cramer (1982) interpret these beads to Hopewell culture and bear-related orna­ southern Ohio (his core Scioto area) came have been made from marine shell material ments represent a widespread animal from the Yellowstone National Park area, rather than local freshwater mussels. Por­ association among the northern Hopewell. which consists of a volcanic terrain con­ tions of large, thick-shelled marine mol­ All artifacts recovered from Manring taining extensive ash deposits, lava flows, luscs, such as the columella of marine Mound-1 (discussed and illustrated) remain and obsidian exposures. snails like the whelk (Busvcon sp.) or in the collections of the Clark County His­ conch (Strombus sp.) or bivalve molluscs torical Society. No human bone from the Another lithic artifact from the Manring (clams and oysters) were the likely raw Manring site is in the collection. Additional Mound is a broken, 2 hole gorget made of

Figure 1 (Morris) Manring Mound-1 (National Road Mound) as it appeared in 1919, viewed from the south. Photograph taken by Arthur Altick - August 1919.

6 artifacts recovered from Manring Mound-1 beads confirm Manring Mound-1 to have mission to study and photograph artifacts as reported by Altick (1941), but which are been an important Hopewell burial site. and materials in the CCHS collections. In not in the CCHS collection include the fol­ According to Seeman and Cramer (1982) addition, the author thanks Kasey lowing: a pulley-shaped, copper earspool; the presence of 7 copper celts in Manring Eichensehr, Archivist at the Clark County a small copper pin or awl tip; and a small Mound-1 represents the second largest Historical Society, for her excellent help in platform pipe of Ohio pipestone. This pipe concentration of copper celts known in a making available artifacts and records per­ evidently measured 15i inches in length, single mound, ranking behind only the 66 taining to the Manring site, as well as was 3A inches tall and had a bowl diameter copper celts recovered from Hopewell reproducing the original photographs for of % inches. Altick mentions this is one of, if Mound-25. Seeman and Cramer consider Figures 1 - 3 in this paper. not, the smallest platform pipes found in an the Manring Mound site to have been an Ohio Hopewell mound. important Hopewell center and was prob­ References ably occupied shortly after 100 A.D. Man- Altick, Arthur R. Manring Mound-2 ring Mound-1, although no longer in 1941 Manring Mound, Tomb of the Mound According to Seeman and Cramer existence, is also quite significant due to Builders. Unpublished report dated (1982) George Manring and Arthur Altick its size. Altick's survey measurements of March 15, 1941 and submitted to the excavated the central portion of Manring the existing mound in 1919, already having Clark County Historical Society and the Mound-2 in September 1946. They dis­ been partly destroyed in the 1830's, indi­ Ohio State Archaeological and Historical covered a buried clay feature which Altick cate it was 250 feet (76 m) by 200 feet (61 Society, Columbus. referred to as an "altar" and the remains of m) at its base and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. Collins, David R. a single human cremation. Very few arti­ Seeman and Cramer (1982) calculate a 1959 Archaeology of Clark County. The Clark facts were found in the mound, but evi­ mound that size represents roughly about County Historical Society, Springfield, dently did include the following: an ovoid 14,000 cubic meters of earth and thus Ohio (Reprinted 1979) biface of Flint Ridge flint; a LeCroy point of makes Manring Mound-1 one of the Jennings, Jesse D. Flint Ridge flint; 3 irregular blocks of flint, 2 largest known Hopewell mounds any­ 1989 Prehistory of North America, 3rd Edition. Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain of which were Flint Ridge; and several where. In conclusion, were it not for the View, California flakes of Harrison County flint. None of the detailed information recorded and reports material from Manring Mound-2 occurs in Lepper, Bradley T. written by Arthur Altick, as well as his field 1999 People of the Mounds: Ohio's Hopewell the CCHS collection. work and careful preservation of artifacts Culture. Hopewell Culture National His­ in the Clark County Historical Society col­ torical Park and Eastern National Park Summary lections, we would have very little knowl­ and Monument Association. edge of this amazing Hopewell mound The Manring Mound site is certainly the Seeman, Mark F. and Ann C. Cramer which once existed in Clark County. 1982 The Manring Mounds: A Hopewell most significant Hopewell site known to Center in the Mad River Drainage, Clark date in Clark County for several reasons. Acknowledgments County, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science The copper artifacts including the seven 82(4): 151-160. celts and adzes, the breastplate and ear- The author is very grateful to and thanks spool, as well as the obsidian barbed Virginia L. Weygandt, Senior Curator of the spear (or knife) and abundant marine shell Clark County Historical Society, for per­

Figure 2 (Morris) Manring Mound-1 viewed from the east, adjacent to U.S. Route 40. Note how construction of the National Road (U.S. 40) removed the northern portion of the original mound and left a steep embankment. Photograph by Arthur Altick - August 1919.

7 ** Figure 3 (Morris) Arthur Altick taking field notes at the Manring Mound site after it has been destroyed and graded by the drag-line operation. Photograph by Edwin Dille - March 1940.

Figure 4 (Morris) Large copper celt measuring 11 inches in length and weighing 5'A pounds, from Manring Mound-1, Clark County, Ohio.

Figure 5 (Morris) Five Hopewell copper celts and adzes from Manring Mound-1. The length of the larger celts is 5'A inches; the smaller are 3'A inches. Figure 6 (Morris) Rectangular Hopewell copper breastplate from Manring Figure 7 (Morris) Top - Assortment of shell beads of various Mound-1. The breastplate measures 7 inches in length and is perforated by 2 shapes and sizes made from marine molluscan shells. Note the holes. boreholes of the sponge Cliona in the bead (top right). Bottom - Two hole gorget of banded grey slate from Manring Mound-1.

Figure 8 (Morris) Some of the 715 shell beads recovered by Arthur Altick from Manring Mound-1, March 1940.

4 «Jc^ JT y

Figure 9 (Morris) Top row - Two drilled and incised bear mandible ornaments and two drilled animal teeth. Bottom row - A bear canine tooth (left) and three imitation bear canine teeth made from bone and drilled, from Manring Mound-1. FLUTED POINT FROM A LICKING COUNTY ROCK SHELTER by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Illustrated in the accompanying photo­ farming activities. For this reason Bill's upstream-most shelter measured twelve graph (Figure 1) is a reworked fluted point grandfather, according to Bill, did not and a half feet deep, was forty feet long, that was found in a rock shelter along take the time to dig around in the shelter and had been about eight feet high Wakatomika Creek near Fallsburg, north­ after finding the point on the surface. before stream action had washed out the eastern Licking County, Ohio. The point Seeing the fluted point again inspired me floor (Figure 3). The smaller shelter meas­ came to my attention in 1964 when a to finally pay a visit to Bill's grandfather's ured only seven feet deep, was twenty- high school friend and classmate, Bill farm, with the thought in mind that the five feet long, and seven feet high (Figure Martin, brought the point to school. He shelter might still remain unexcavated 4). I do not know which of the two shel­ informed me that the point had been even though more than thirty-five years ters the fluted point was from, although found years before by his grandfather in a had passed since the fluted point had Jim Morton believes it came from the "cave" on the old family farm near Falls­ been found. I had been told that the smaller of the two. Jim stated that the burg. His grandfather had seen the point shelter could easily be seen from measurements of the smaller shelter exposed on the floor of the cave and had Frampton Road, which ran along the roughly correspond with the description saved it. south edge of the farm, and thus it was he remembered from a conversation he probably well known to local collectors. once had with Bill Martin. I purchased the fluted point from Bill On the other hand, anyone digging at the that day for twenty dollars, but a year site would also have been noticed by Wakatomika Creek heads near New­ later I traded it to another Zanesville area passersby. This fact might have discour­ castle in Coshocton County and follows a artifact collector for some local site mate­ aged anyone from attempting an excava­ rather circuitous course through south­ rial. At the time I was beginning to purge tion, at least without permission. I knew eastern Knox, northeastern Licking, and my collection of all non-Muskingum where the shelter was supposed to be finally northwestern Muskingum County, County artifacts, and the Licking County because Bill had plotted it on a Licking entering the Muskingum River at fluted point was one of the first items to County road map for me in 1964, and Dresden. In the vicinity of Fallsburg the go. I must admit that I did not appreciate had also given me a description of the creek flows through a series of steep- the significance of such a find at the time, setting. In addition, another high school sided V-shaped gorges, and occasionally and was more interested in accumulating friend of mine, Jim Morton, had once vis­ high cliffs and large overhangs can be only local artifacts. ited the farm and had also provided me found right along or very near the creek with a description of the area. (Figure 5). The area is quite picturesque, I had all but forgotten about the Falls­ and was the focus of countless geology burg fluted point until the year 2000, Although I will be referring to the prop­ and biology field trips that I participated thirty-five years after I traded it away. erty as the "old Martin farm," I am not in while attending Denison University at That year I had the opportunity to absolutely sure that the farm was owned Granville in the late 1960s. These field examine the collection of another local by Bill Martin's paternal grandfather. The trips were upstream from the old Martin Zanesville collector, which included four farm could have been owned by Bill's farm, however, so during these excur­ Muskingum County-area fluted points. I mother's father, and at the time I wrote sions I did not see or bother to look for made a comment to him that one of his this article I did not have access to old the Martin shelter. During these various fluted points looked very much like one I Licking County plat books. I did know field trips we did discover or were shown had seen years before from a Licking that the farm was located in the north­ at least seven other potentially inhabit­ County rock shelter. I remembered the west quarter of section 9, Fallsbury able shelters along Wakatomika Creek, Fallsburg point because of its somewhat Township, about a mile and a half north­ and over the years I have seen artifacts distinctive color and the resharpening. east of Fallsburg. I also knew that the excavated by the property owners or This second collector stated that he had shelter was located along the northeast local collectors from several of these obtained this point several years earlier side of Wakatomika Creek, and as noted other shelters. The Martin shelter is, how­ from none other than the individual who above, could easily be seen from ever, the only one in the Fallsburg area to had acquired the Fallsburg point from Frampton Road (Figure 2). It was not until my knowledge that contained a Paleo- me. It was determined in the conversa­ December 2003, however, that I had the Indian fluted point. In fact, it is the only tion that followed that the fluted point I opportunity to travel to the Fallsburg area shelter that I know of in all of east-central was then examining had in fact been the and visit the farm, now owned by the Ohio to produce such a point. The ear­ one found in the Fallsburg shelter. I was Alexander family. I was accompanied by liest artifact that I am aware of from a able to make a few measurements and ASO member Gary Felumlee. local shelter is a late Paleo-lndian par­ take what turned out to be a rather poor allel-flaked lanceolate point found in the photograph of the point at the time of my As luck would have it, we discovered Knight Hollow Rock Shelter in south­ visit to this second collector. The point, two rock shelters at the location western Muskingum County (Felumlee however, still remains in his collection, described to me. They were about two 1983). Because the Fallsburg point is so even though I offered him twenty dollars hundred feet apart. Any archaeological heavily resharpened, it is quite possible for it. deposits in the larger of the two shelters that it was originally lost elsewhere, then had been scoured away long ago by found, resharpened, and deposited in the Bill Martin's grandfather, whose name I flood waters from Wakatomika Creek. To shelter during Archaic or Woodland can no longer remember, was not partic­ our chagrin, the smaller shelter, which sat times. I would like to think, however, that ularly interested in Indian relics, and a little higher up the hillside, appeared to the point was deposited by the original would only rarely bother to pick them up have been pot holed. The larger and owner, a Paleo-lndian hunter. when he encountered them during his

10 The Fallsburg fluted point is made of gray Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County. It was at least 5.6 cm long, and measures 2.3 cm wide at the base. The depth of the basal concavity is 3 mm. Each side of the point had a single flute, presently measuring 3.0 cm and 1.9 cm long. As can be seen in the photo, how­ ever, the flute scars were partially obliter­ ated by the resharpening. Basal grinding is present, and lateral grinding extends along both edges of the point from the base to where the resharpening begins.

References Felumlee, Gary 1983 Report on the Knight Hollow Rock Shelter. Ohio Archaeologist 33(4):22- 28.

Figure 1 (Carskadden) The resharpened fluted point found before 1964 in a rock shelter on the old Martin farm near Fallsburg, Licking County.

3Mfcc- - m^r 4; r

•1651 ~x • -\ * Figure 2 (Carskadden) A portion of the Perryton 7.5 minute topo map showing the location of the Martin shelters (black dot in the center of the map).

11 Figure 3 (Carskadden) Photo taken in December 2003 of the larger of the two shelters on the old Martin farm. Note the standing water in the scoured-out floor. A gas line can also be seen floating on top of the water. Gary Felumlee is standing in the back­ ground to the right of the overhang.

Figure 4 (Carskadden) Photo taken in December 2003 of the smaller of the two shelters on the old Martin farm. Gary Felumlee is standing under the overhang. The fluted point may have been found in this shelter.

Figure 5 (Carskadden) Photo of Wakatomika Creek near the Martin shelters.

12 A SALVAGED ADENA KEYHOLE PENDANT by Matt Rismiller 4174 SR 127 South Greenville, Ohio 45331

I had only been collecting prehistoric smoothed down by old grinding. Appar­ salvaged keyhole pendant I have seen. It Indian artifacts for a short time when I dis­ ently the original keyhole pendant was would be interesting to know if anyone else covered what appeared to be a fine broken through the first hole and is now has found a salvaged or repaired keyhole banded slate gorget buried in a box of junk the top edge of the piece. Rather than dis­ pendant similar to this one. If nothing else, at a local farm auction near Pitsburg in card the valuable object, the prehistoric this object proves that one should carefully southeastern Darke County, Ohio. Upon Indian drilled a new hole about one half examine all pieces of slate that are appar­ first glance the object appeared to be a inch below the break, thus creating a new ently just broken fragments, because, broken version of an Adena Keyhole type and serviceable keyhole gorget, albeit often, they were reused by the prehistoric gorget as illustrated by Converse in his somewhat slightly smaller. people who took so much time and care to Slate Types of Ohio book (1978). The gorget is made of the highest quality make them. I was able to buy the artifact quite rea­ banded slate and exhibits a high degree of References Cited sonably since no one else was aware of its polish and finishing. It was no doubt very Converse, Robert N. identity and no other Indian artifacts were valuable to its original owner and creator, 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological in the sale. Upon closer inspection, the and he therefore decided to salvage it Society of Ohio. Columbus. break, which traversed the second hole, is rather than discard such a beautiful object. apparently quite old and has been This is the only prehistorically repaired and

Figure 1 (Rismiller) Obverse and reverse of salvaged Adena Keyhole pendant.

13 Plate 1 (Gramly) The smaller of the two Burlington chert bifaces in the Neralich cache. The blade was broken when found. It is about 11 inches long and weighs almost a pound. (Photo by Pete Bostrom)

14 CONTINUING DISCOVERIES AT THE OLIVE BRANCH SITE, ALEXANDER COUNTY, ILLINOIS by Richard Michael Gramly, PhD American Society for Amateur Archaeology North Andover, Massachusetts

During August and November, 2003, stored (cached) only temporarily within those areas - focussing instead upon in the 16th year of our exploration of the loose, sandy soils and were withdrawn undisturbed, stratified soils; however, a Very Early Archaic Olive Branch site on as needed for ceremonial rites. small amount of work within disturbed the banks of the Mississippi River in The mound was gutted along its main units has taught us that collectors' dig­ "southern, southern" Illinois, a fieldcrew axis during 1899-1907 when a trackline ging was superficial. Only the loose, of amateur archaeologists directed by for the Eastern Illinois and Missouri Rail­ upper 50-70 cm, of the archaeological myself made several important discov­ road was constructed between the com­ deposit was turned over by them in a eries. These finds, which I am pleased to munities of Thebes and Santa Fe search for Dalton points and artifact share with readers of the Ohio Archaeol­ (Fayville), Illinois. Standing remnants of caches. Much of value was left undis­ ogist, provide new insights into a most the mound were dug into by collectors turbed within stiffer, underlying river silts. ancient era when hunters forsook a peri­ beginning in the 1960's, when groups of Two easily followed boundaries patetic (semi-nomadic) lifestyle in favor well-crafted Dalton projectile points and between undisturbed deposits and ran­ of permanent residency along rivers and red ochre-covered, side-notched knives sacked soils are edges of the railroad major wetlands. In radiocarbon years, were recovered. These spectacular finds, bed, roughly 5 m apart and paralleling the this radical change in lifestyle and diet many of which were manufactured from river (Figure 1). Standing in the RR bed, began around 10,000 BP. The Olive imported raw materials, suggest that collectors dug forward into the fringes of Branch site, because of its strategic much was lost during grading fro the rail­ the site's mounded ceremonial precinct. position at the first ford of the Missis­ road. Too, our excavations since 1987 Fortunately it appears that they did not sippi River north of New Orleans, likely have swelled the inventory of artifact think to dig below their feet where basal was a backdrop to important ancient groups or "caches"; however, none of our remnants of the mound's silty sands still events. finds were totally unexpected or unique. existed. Within a narrow remnant, Recently (2002) I have summarized encompassed by 2-m square S40W5, the Our luck changed for the better during first (of two) spectacular Very Early the highlights of our fieldwork at Olive August, 2003, when a small wedge of Branch, which provide a perspective on Archaic blades was unearthed on August undisturbed "mound" yielded a pair of 15, 2003. The second specimen was this rich habitation site. The sheer den­ impressive side-notched bifaces (blades) sity of artifacts there within stratified exposed the following day. We have enveloped by red ochre (See cover illus­ named this pair of blades the Neralich deposits surpasses anything in the tration and plate 1). This unprecedented North American archaeological record Cache after Jason Neralich - Member of find is described below. The August the American Society for Amateur for an encampment of its age. Despite fieldwork also resulted in our discovery disturbances caused by railroad- Archaeology (ASAA) from High Ridge, of a waste deposit, likely a Dalton latrine, Missouri. Jason made the initial find; building and clandestine digging, there with a trove of flaked artifacts and scrap is potential for many years of archaeo­ while, the second biface was brought to food bone. Bone of any sort is rare at the light by our fieldcrew under the direction logical exploration. The limits of the Olive Branch site as the acid riverine silts anciently inhabited area are known only of ASAA Member Bart Smith - a resident cause its rapid deterioration. Collagen of Carbondale, Illinois. approximately; to date three acres of from a piece of well-preserved deer bone archaeological deposits have been con­ in the latrine furnished an excellent Excavations by the author revealed firmed by excavation. radiocarbon date for the late Dalton Hill that the notched bifaces lay flat sur­ An unfortunate casualty of distur­ Phase; this welcome result, which cor­ rounded by finely powdered red ochre. bances was the partial destruction of the roborates other radiocarbon dates based Scanning electron microscopy and Xray site's largest ceremonial precinct and on wood charcoal, is given below. Our compositional analysis showed the ochre presumed cemetery. This feature occu­ November, 2003, excavation also pro­ to be very homogeneous and very pure - pied a patch of silty sand immediately vided us a few surprises, which we will indicators of processing (Peter Bush, per­ landward of a large limestone bedrock describe below. None, however, eclipse sonal communication), Perhaps the mass, which we have dubbed the "Rock the pair of bifaces encountered during bifaces had been placed within red- Platform". The sand, which may have August — a discovery which even active painted weavings, hide parfleches, bas­ been mounded, was perhaps a natural archaeologists seldom expect to repeat kets, or wooden coffers that had decayed levee or bar created by the Mississippi's more than a few times per decade. completely leaving no trace? The umbra floods during the 10th or 11th millennium of ocherous soil surrounding the bifaces BP (C-14). However the mound was The Neralich Cache lay between two contrasting depositional formed, it was selected by the site's One of our first tasks after purchase of units - a dark brown silt and a soft, light- early inhabitants as a depository for the Olive Branch site from the Union brown, sandier soil (Figures 2 and 3). groups of flaked stone artifacts. Some of Pacific Railroad in 1987 was to map the Although it is difficult to reconstruct the these artifact clusters may represent perimeter of the sector, dug over by col­ exact appearance of this part of the Olive burial offerings and are analogous to lectors as well as the 1899-1907 railroad Branch site prior to RR bed construction, finds at the Sloan Dalton site, Arkansas it appears that the Neralich Cache may cut. Naturally, our formal excavations (Morse 1997). Others may have been have rested within a shallow pit on the during the past 16 years have avoided

15 riverward or western side of the mound. argued, suggests an age within the 10th We are pleased to report another As good fortune would have it, the arti­ millennium BP (radiocarbon). radiocarbon date* for the Hill Phase facts were protected by a few cm of orig­ obtained on bone collagen extracted inal pit fill, and escaped nearly unscathed A Late Dalton Latrine from a well-preserved segment of deer during grading by RR contractors. Pres­ When dealing with prehistoric native metapodial that was entombed within sure by heavy, earth-movers or even by American sites the subject of human the latrine at 154 cm below surface. railroad engines and cars appears to waste is seldom discussed. At encamp­ This determination (Beta-182618) was have fractured the thinner biface, which ments of hunter-gatherers it is assumed 9,080 +/- 50 years BP or 10,240-10,205 was closer to center-line of the RR cut. that excretion occurred anywhere outside calendar years BP. This date on bone collagen is remarkably consistent with There were no human bones, nor any hearth and home. While casual sanitary the three other dates on wood and nut trace of human cremains, in association behavior might be expected for small charcoal. I have argued (Gramly 2002) with the bifaces. The careful placement groups during overnight stays, lengthier that at Olive Branch the Hill Phase was of the two blades - about 20 cm (8 occupations at more populous settle­ succeeded immediately by a phase of inches) apart with their long axes nearly ments - like Olive Branch - would have the Hardin Tradition. parallel and their tips pointing upriver been better regimented. Waste disposal (Figure 4) - within a patch (pit?) of red might even have been confined to desig­ Bones from the Dalton latrine are ochre is notable. Judging by its nated sectors. invaluable evidence of ancient diet. perimeter and cross-section, this patch Nearly 450 gr (approximately one pound) Over the years we have encountered was no larger than a meter square at the of fragments were gleaned from the ground middens here and there at the level of the bifaces. It was too small to sticky, brown waste by dry sieving and Olive Branch encampment. These Very have accommodated an articulated special wet-sieving of 400 pounds of Early Archaic (Dalton) middens have pro­ skeleton of an adult human being and soil. Befitting the site's location on the duced numerous stone artifacts, abun­ would have been a tight fit for even bun­ bank of the Mississippi River, we dant charcoal, bits of calcined animal dled remains. It is simpler to believe that observed the presence of drumfish (den- bone, and particles of red ochre left over a pit was dug to receive only the bifaces taries), gar (bony scales), sturgeon (bony from grinding pigment; no refuse deposit and wrappings (?). scutes) and many vertebrae of unidenti­ offered clear evidence of use as a latrine. fied small fish. Bird (turkey and a smaller, The ritual use of elliptically-shaped In August, 2002, while working at the unidentified bird), deer, and terrapin were worked stones, sometimes smeared with foot of the Rock Platform, we excavators also on the Dalton "bill of fare." A turkey red ochre and "dressed" in plant mate­ observed a lense of rich brown soil with limb bone had been sharpened by rials to represent actual garments, is well many Dalton artifacts and many pieces grinding and served either as an awl or known for Highland New Guinea societies of "green" (uncalcined) food bone. Char­ projectile point. Similar simple bone tools (Hampton 1999). Such stones, which coal and red ochre were sparse. are on record for an early phase of the often embody specific dead persons, are Expanded excavations at this locality Dalton Tradition at Dust Cave, Alabama stored in special cabinets within men's during 2003 furnished more bone, stone (Driskell 1996). huts. Periodically they are the focus of tools (Figure 5) and homogeneous, ancestral rites. Might the Neralich Cache clinging brown soil. The soil, when A well-preserved deer astragalus (foot bifaces have been used in a similar dampened, gave off an unmistakable bone) from 170 cm below surface within manner? Perhaps the pair commemo­ odor. The remarkable preservation of the latrine was measured and found to be rated or "stood for" an important man bone clearly indicated that the ancient identical or close in size to four deer and woman who were mythic pioneers of environment of deposition was special astragali reported by Spiess and Lewis the Upper Mississippi River Valley? When and unlike anything we had ever wit­ (2001: Table 2-5) in the collections of the not in use, the bifaces might have been nessed. I had no reservations whatso­ Smithsonian Institution (see especially cached properly in the mound with the ever in regarding this cubic meter USNM 256056 and 396283). Well-pre­ Olive Branch site's dead? (approximately) of smelly soil as a Dalton served bones from "tight" archaeological latrine. There was no evidence of a contexts that have been absolutely dated The age of the side-notched bifaces of to greater than 10,000 years are rare any­ superstructure or, if you will, an "out­ the Neralich Cache may be estimated by where within the Eastern Woodlands. We house"; however, removal of the deposit their association with Dalton artifacts were pleased to add this astragalus and revealed a natural (?) arrangement of elsewhere within the mound at the Olive accompanying food bones to the archive rocks that could have screened a user Branch site, that is to say, artifacts that of specimens and data belonging to the needing privacy (Figure 6). date to the period 9100-9975 radio­ Olive Branch Consortium (see Gramly carbon years BP. In actual (solar) years The latrine occupied much of the 2-m 2002: Appendix A for particulars about the antiquity of the bifaces is likely square S56E6 from roughly 70 cm below the consortium). greater - perhaps 10,200-10,400 years surface downward to bedrock and sterile BP or older. A find of similar sidenotched soil at nearly 200 cm below surface. Bone It is likely that additional latrines will be blades, although considerably smaller in was particularly abundant in the lower discovered by future excavators working length, is known for southern Illinois (cf. half of the 130 cm-thick deposit. Figure 5 along the "River side" of the Rock Plat­ Central States Archaeological Journal 12- illustrates all the culturally diagnostic form at the Olive Branch site. Once rec­ 2: 79-81) as well as from the Olive Branch flaked stone artifacts from the latrine. The ognized, the fill of such features should site itself - see Gramly 1995: 62 for an drills and projectile points are late in the be collected into and transported off site illustration. Although such impressive Dalton sequence at Olive Branch; the V- for wet-sieving and separation of artifacts are as yet unnamed, likely they base drill forms, in particular, belong to organics. The presence of pollen and are the products of makers of Cache the Hill Phase, which has been dated by seeds might be expected. River points or perhaps Thebes points. three charcoal samples from elsewhere Points of both types have come to light in on the site to circa 9,100-9,200 BP or - November, 2003, Discoveries our excavations within the Dalton zone at roughly 10,300 calendar (solar) years ago Olive Branch. This association, it may be (Gramly 2002: 72). While we waited for a flotilla of

16 wooden boats to pass carrying historical Hixton quartzite originating in southern northwestern Alabama. Pp. 313-330 in reenactors of Lewis and Clark's Fall, Wisconsin; and if so, it is possibly a dis­ David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. 1803, voyage on the Mississippi River tance record for movement of this desir­ Sassaman (eds.) The Paleoindian and between Cairo and St. Louis, our field­ able, attractive raw material during the Early Archaic Southeast. University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa. crew opened a 10-m trench within the Very Early Archaic period. By way of the Gramly, Richard Michael Elbow Sector of the Olive Branch site. Mississippi River at least 500 miles sep­ 1995 The Olive Branch site: The Initial This sector, previous excavating had arate the Olive Branch site and Wis­ Archaic period in southern Illinois. The taught us, would contain abundant Hill consin sources. Amateur Archaeologist 2(1): 40-74. Phase (terminal Dalton) artifacts. Our 2002 Olive Branch: A Very Early Archaic Site Quartzite occurs in small amounts expectations were fully realized: During on the Mississippi River. American throughout the archaeological deposits at Society for Amateur Archaeology. seven days of fieldwork 18 intact, fin­ Olive Branch. Until this new find was North Andover, MA. 262 pp. ished Dalton projectile points and two made, I had believed that all quartzite Hampton, O. W. points of equivalent antiquity (a San was picked up either as gravel in river 1999 Culture of Stone: Sacred and Profane Patrice point and a Pine Tree type) were Uses of Stone Among the Dani. Texas bars or at outcrops in southeastern Mis­ collected as well as 200 unifacial and A&M University Press. College Station, souri. The flake tool of Wisconsin bifacial flaked objects (adzes, point pre­ TX. quartzite causes me to rethink simple Morse, Dan F. forms and knives). ideas about unimodal origins of raw 1997 Sloan: A Paleoindian Dalton Cemetery With the generous financial assistance materials while reminding me about Olive in Arkansas. Smithsonian Institution of ASAA Member Tommy Beutell, we Branch's strategic location near the forks Press. Washington, D.C. were able to hire an in-ground radar Spiess, Arthur E. and Robert A. Lewis of major rivers. The encampment was 2001 The Turner Farm Fauna: 5000 Years of device operated by a 2-man team of geo­ well situated to receive goods coming Hunting and Fishing in Penobscot Bay, physical prospectors. The team and our­ from great distances in all directions. Maine. Occasional Publications in selves searched the former mound and From time to time we should not be sur­ Maine Archaeology 11. Maine State "sacred precinct" of the Olive Branch site prised to make unusual discoveries at Museum. Augusta. seeking Dalton implement caches and one of America's great, early, riverine spectacular artifacts that might have archaeological sites. been overlooked by earlier excavators. Although results were negative and no Acknowledgements caches were found, the utility of inground The author wishes to thank the Awards radar for locating stone artifacts embedded within river silt was confirmed. Committee, Officers, and Trustees of the Archaeological Society of Ohio for their After concluding the search for caches, generous grant covering the cost of we continued trenching. Time ran out, tandem linear accelerator mass spec­ however, before we reached limestone troscopy performed by Beta Analytic, bedrock on all parts of the 10-m trench. Inc., Coral Gables, FL. The help of pho­ The upper 120-140 cm of deposits were tographer and longtime colleague Pete featureless except for some obvious Bostrom was especially welcome. modern disturbances emanating from the Peter Bush, Director of the South surface; these collectors' testpits were Campus Instrumentation Center, SUNY barren of artifacts except for soft drink at Buffalo, kindly performed analyses of cans. At 92 cm below surface within ochre within the Neralich Cache; while, undisturbed soils of excavation unit Bill Pickard, ASAA Member and long-time S56EO a Dalton point preform and an excavator of the Olive Branch site, ovate knife preform were found. This pair processed a 400-pound (!) bulk soil of artifacts, which was made of raw sample from the Dalton latrine - which material from the same core, lay in direct yielded many faunal remains. contact (Figure 7, right). The find was particularly interesting in light of a second The American Society for Amateur point-knife pair that we discovered within Archaeology also would like to thank offi­ adjacent unit S55EO at a slightly greater cers and ranks of the Salt River Battery, depth - 110-115 cm below surface. Orphan Brigade, "southern" Kentucky for These other specimens, however, were their salute to Lewis and Clark's flotilla. not preforms; rather, they were com­ We also heartily acknowledge the honor pleted, unused, and neatly made (Figure paid to us by the Corps of Discovery 7, left). The two pairs of Dalton artifacts - around our campfire on November 19, of the same types but different "states" - 2003. Godspeed! are a unique find in the writer's experi­ ence. No evidence of a pit feature was References Cited discerned, and how the pairs came to Bush, Peter J. rest so close together is a mystery. 2003 (personal communication) Ochre analysis of two samples beneath Another significant find in the 10-m Biface A, 2-m square S40W5, Olive trench was a large flake tool (Figure 8) of Branch site. 5 pp. South Campus Instrumentation Center, University at dappled dark pink and gray-white Buffalo, SUNY. quartzite, which appeared at 90 cm Driskell, Boyce N. below surface in unit S56EO I have been 1996 Stratified Late Pleistocene and Early told that the color is highly distinctive of Holocene deposits at Dust Cave,

17 Figure 1 Hypothesized contours of Olive Branch site prior to 1899-1907 excavation of RR bed showing location of Neralich Cache discovered in August, 2003, as well as other known findspots of Very Early Archaic artifact clusters (shown as filled cir­ cles). up-river S38 W7

Edge RR Cut (1899-1907)

Figure 2 The location of Neralich Cache bifaces within 2 m square N40W5, Olive 0.** V \v. • Branch site, August, 2003. 1, wider of two *fm A™ - " notched bifaces resting at 19 cm below **r' C? '-"• current surface; 2, narrower of two notched bifaces resting at 20 cm below ! current surface. ^#giift'E)<£AVATEp|^ £&£ W w~

18 S40 S40 W7 W5

Redeposited earthV:%V ) (from RR building) l' / *\". >».*.«.*»* ** • *.v- J * * Compact, dark-brown £-]?£:•*;"-' Soft, light-brown T20

CM Com 50

fiJBure 3 Reconstructed southern face of 2-m square S40W5 at onset of August 15/16, 2003, excava­ tion. Arrow indicates location of wider of two notched bifaces - the specimen excavated by Jason Neralich on 8/15/03.

Figure 4 The Neralich Cache in situ. Del Beck photo.

19 Figure 6 Dalton latrine under excavation, August, 2003. The dashed line follows the perime­ ter of the latrine and its dark brown soil rich in food bone and flaked stone refuse.

Figure 5 Culturally diagnostic flaked stone artifacts unearthed within Dalton latrine, 2-m square S56E6, Rock Platform sector, Olive Branch site. Top row (from left): Unidentified fragment of a corner-notched point; Dalton pro­ jectile point base; Dalton projectile point, ears missing; base of large Dalton knife. Second row (from left): Early stage Dalton point preform; late stage Dalton pro­ jectile point preform used as a knife; basal fragment of Hill Phase, V-base Dalton drill; basal fragment of Hill Phase V-base Dalton drill preform; box-base Dalton drill. Third row (from left): Endscrapers (5). Fourth row (from left): graver with multiple spurs; convergent sidescraper; single- bitted adze. Length of adze = 7.9 cm (3.1 inches).

Figure 8 Massive flake tool (a backed sidescraper) of dappled pink, red and white Hixton quartzite from Figure 7 Two artifact groups unearthed at the Olive Branch site during November, 2003. the Dalton zone, Elbow sector, Olive Branch site. Left, pristine Dalton projectile point of Bailey chert and bi-pointed (ovate) knife of Discovered in November, 2003. The source of Kornthal chert - an uncommon raw material for a biface; Hixton quartzite is in Wisconsin, over 400 miles due Right, Dalton projectile point preform of Bailey chert and ovate knife preform of Bailey north of Olive Branch and perhaps 500 miles by chert - both specimens appear to have originated as flakes from the same nodule. water and land routes. Length of Kornthal knife = 9.3 cm (3.67 inches). Length of scraper = 10.1 cm (3.98 inches).

20 A PAIR OF HAMMER POLL AXES FROM AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DELAWARE VILLAGE SITE

by John C. Rummel 478 Burns Drive North Plain City, Ohio

Hammer Poll axes appeared on the have also been used as a weapon with the facts is currently being prepared and will American Frontier in the early eighteenth poll serving as a dull spike. appear in a future issue of the Ohio century and were utilized up through the The two axes pictured were recovered Archaeologist. end of the nineteenth century as both tools from the Delaware village, Kuskusky, Reference: and weapons among the American located near New Castle, Pennsylvania. Petersen, Harold L. Indians. The primary purpose was its use The top example is 5K" long and the lower 1965 American Indian Tomahawks. Museum as a tool, however, it has been stated example is 5V long. A more in-depth of the American Indian, Heye Founda­ (Petersen, 1965: 31) that axes with smaller article on the site and other recovered arti­ tion, Reprint Edition, 1984. polls, such as the lower example, would

Figure 1 (Rummel) Hammer Poll axes recovered from Kuskusky, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania.

21 THE PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS SYMPOSIUM COLUMBUS, OHIO, MAY 22, 2004 SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS

Dr. James Adovasio Jim Adovasio is Director of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute Erie Pennsylvania. He is the exca­ vator of the Meadowcroft Rockshelter, one of the oldest dated sites in North America. He is the lead author on the book The First Americans and will speak on pre-Clovis cultures in the New World.

Dr. James Chatters Jim Chatters is a forensic archaeologist and was the lead investigator of the 9,000 year-old Kennewick Man skeleton. His studies revealed that Kennewick Man was from an ancient population of non-Mon­ goloid people. His book, Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans tells of his experi­ ences.

Robert N. Converse Bob Converse has been Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist for 34 years. His books include The Archae­ ology of Ohio, Ohio Flint Types, The Glacial Kame Indians, The Meuser Collection, Ohio Stone Tools and Ohio Slate Types. He will speak on the Mielke site, a newly documented Paleo location in Shelby County, Ohio.

Dr. Chris Ellis Chris Ellis of the University of Western Ontario is a Paleo specialist and has done work at numerous early sites in Canada including Crowfield, Thedford II and Caradoc and has written numerous papers and reports. He will speak on these and other sites and the Paleo phenomenon in Canada.

Dale Gnidovec Curator and Collections Manager of the Orton Hall Geological Museum at Ohio State, Dale Gnidovec is a geologist with a special interest in paleontology, Ice Age animals and the Paleo environment. His talk will end on a look at a dig near Findlay, Ohio, which produced many fossil bones.

Dr. Richard M. Gramly Mike Gramly is a graduate of Harvard and has worked from Kenya to Peru. He is the author of numerous books and reports on Paleo sites and is one of America's foremost scholars on Paleo cultures. Among his many investigations are the Vail site in Maine, East Wenatchee in Washington and the Lamb Farm in New York.

22 Dr. Doug Owsley Doug Owsley is Division Head for Physical Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution. He is America's foremost forensic anthropologist and is a world recognized expert on human skeletons. He has con­ ducted extensive research in osteology, bone and dental pathology and has written over 130 published articles.

Dr. Olaf H. Prufer Olaf H. Prufer is Professor of Anthropology at Kent State University. One of America's leading archaeolo­ gists, he is a specialist in Midwestern cultures. His book The Paleo-lndians of Ohio led the way for future Paleo studies in the Midwest. His paper will focus on past and recent Paleo scholarship and the future of Paleo research.

Dr. Brian G. Redmond Brian Redmond is Curator of Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. One of Ohio's leading archaeologists, he co-directed excavations at the Sheriden Cave site which contained the remains of many Pleistocene animals as well as bone and stone tools which dated to 11,000 B.R

Dr. Dennis Stanford Dr. Stanford is Curator of Archaeology and Chairman of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution. He has devoted his career to early American prehistory and has done field work from Alaska to Monte Verde in Chile. He will speak on the evidence of a European origin for the first inhabitants of the Americas.

Dr. Tom Dillehay - Keynote Banquet Speaker Tom Dillehay is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Kentucky. He has published 13 books and 100 articles and is excavator of the Monte Verde site in Chile. Dillehay will present the featured program at the symposium dinner on Saturday night. His talk is entitled Problems and Prospects in the First Peo­ pling of the Americas.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO PRESENTS "THE PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS" MAY 22, 2004 CONCOURSE HOTEL, COLUMBUS, OHIO 614-237-2515 FOR RESERVATIONS Dear members and guests, table space, so bring your site material. No artifact dealers. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is proud to present our first symposium, "The -During the symposium, questions you may have, must be written. We collect Peopling of the Americas", This event will be held on May 22, 2004 at the them for the speakers. Concourse Hotel, which is next to Port Columbus International Airport. I would -During the symposium we will have a morning, lunch and afternoon break. The like to go over some items that may enhance your time at the symposium. Hotel will have a lunch buffet available. There is also a restaurant in the Hotel, and -Do stick around for the weekend because our Annual Meeting is the next day. some fast food at other locations. Our featured speaker for Sunday is Dr. James Chatters. The Saturday night dinner will be buffet style. The dinner program includes -If you reserve a room at the Concourse Hotel, do mention the ASO to get a recognition of contributors, speakers and ASO members. Highlight of the dinner reduced rate. Included with your room is a breakfast buffet. The Hotel features will be an address by Dr. Tom Dillehay. You must buy the buffet to hear the an indoor pool and weight room. The Easton Town Center is close as is the keynote address. Seating for the buffet is limited. If there are seats left, you can Aladdin Shrine building. buy them at the door. -Friday evening, beginning at 6:30 we will be having a cash bar, there will be dis­ -Seating is limited at the symposium. plays to view and the speakers will be on hand. A do not miss. We will begin at -Concentrated and informative. This is an 11 speaker, one day event. We have 8:00 a.m. on Saturday, so be there early. locally, nationally and internationally recognized experts for your pleasure. There -Displays will be limited to book sellers and paleo sites. There is no charge for is something for everyone.

23 A WHITTLESEY CULTURE ENGRAVED SHELL MASK by Jim Hovan 16979 South Meadow Circle Strongsville, Ohio

In the color plate is one of the rare cre­ pian culture to the west. In our area, both drilled eyes with accompanying "weeping ations from the Mississippian period - a the Fort Ancient people in southern Ohio eye" design always done in an angular two mask found on the Engle-Eiden site near and Indiana, and the Whittlesey people or three-forked design, a nose carved in Sheffield, Lorain County, Ohio. As with along the shores of Lake Erie were recipi­ bas-relief rather than by lines, and a mouth other late prehistoric cultures of the Missis­ ents of these motifs and artifacts. with angular lines similar to the eye motif. sippian period, Ohio cultures borrowed a This mask has the typical features of the Such creations are extremely rare in Fort few Mississippian designs and occasional artifact type - an arrangement along the Ancient and especially uncommon on artifacts from the widespread Mississip­ upper edge denoting hair or headdress, Whittlesey sites.

24 TWO DOUBLE CRESCENTS

Two Double Crescent bannerstones. Double Crescents are among the rarest of all bannerstone types. Top example was collected near Granville, Licking County, Ohio before 1954 by the late Phil Kientz of Columbus, Ohio, and is now in the collection of Rick Waibel, South Charleston, Ohio. The lower specimen is in the col­ lection of David Root, Toledo, Ohio, and was found in Kent County, Michigan.

25 SCENES FROM THE JANUARY MEETING by Elaine Holzapfel I ;. ) y^ 11 «Wl ''*• 1 \: 7)gs

TL

M-I'W nniir \, fc&i Dovetail made of Miniature axes, hammerstones, and pestles displayed by Charles McCorkle. Nethers flint found by Rick Simpson in 1976.

Field Found contest display

Dave Collins displays slate artifacts. Greg Shipley looks on.

John (Chris) Rummel with snake effigy. See Ohio Archaeologist 53(4). l|!,M»t"t,,,t Historic Era pipes shown by Jim Ritchie, Sob Converse's display of artifacts made of Nellie Chert. Nellie chert was the theme of the meeting. The Arefraeologi'-al 5< K if '<

Four Mile Creek md : ik/i chert artifacts found this artifact and has won the category displayed by Bear effigy Miscellaneous Matt Rismiller of pipe displayed Greenville. by Pat MH 1 ? 2W3 Layshock. Tubular Bannerstone found by Mark Harsman.

26 ENGRAVED SLATE ARTIFACT by Richard D. Moats Glenford, Ohio

Pictured is an engraved slate artifact base is "pocketed" very similar to that of a owned by Carl Harruff, ASO Trustee. The Bird Stone. type is questionable. Because it is I performed a computer enhancement of engraved, one would speculate that it is a the nearly invisible engraving. The delin­ salvaged piece, probably a winged banner. eated engraving suggests possible appli­ It could have had no purpose, at this cation instructions for the piece but this is stage, other that that of a pendant. But it obviously speculation. is very interesting that it is drilled and the

Figure 3 (Moats) Isolated Engraving k

Figure 1 (Moats) Standard photograph. Figure 2 (Moats) Computer enhanced.

Figure 4 (Moats) Various views of engraved artifact.

27 FLUTED POINTS FROM HURON COUNTY, OHIO by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio 44870

The subjects of this article are two fluted I wish that I could report that the fluted other obvious Paleo material or debitage of points which were both found in Sherman points described in this article were found similar flint has yet been discovered at the Township, Huron County, Ohio. Their forms at possible major Paleo sights, but it find locations. I will keep searching and will and chipping style are quite different and I appears that both are isolated pieces report any additional Paleo artifacts will not attempt to describe them by using which were lost by Ohio's first hunters as located at or near these places. a regional name or speculate on their they traveled through Huron County. No placement within the Paleo Period. I'll just illustrate them and describe their features as best I can. The first fluted point, pictured in Fig. 1, was found by the Howard Smith family in about 1990 or 1991 while doing some light landscaping around their residence. Their house is located on the first terrace approximately 100 yards west of a major northerly flowing creek. The point is 3 inches in length and V/» inches wide at about mid-length. The sides are gently convex, and the blade is perfectly symmet­ rical. Edge grinding is present along H of its length. The point is made of a good quality black flint, probably of a Coshocton origin, and has taken on a reddish patina, particu­ larly along the upper edge and tip area. Both obverse and reverse sides display a single wide flute approximately 2 inches in length. The base shows some trim flaking which seems to have deepened the basal concavity to a depth of Ae inch. The basal width is 7A inch. The second fluted point, pictured in Fig. 2, I found on April 2, 2003. The find loca­ tion is approximately 50 yards east of a minor northerly flowing creek. It was found midway up the westerly facing slope of the first elevated plain. This point is 27A inches in length, however there are indications that the original length was greater. The lower SA of the blade is roughly chipped as if re-chipped to repair damage. There also appears to be the remnant of an impact fracture originating from the tip, with a pos­ sible thinning flake struck from the dam­ aged tip as well. The blade edges also show grinding along more than half the length, rather than the more normal third of the length. The point is widest at the flared base, measuring 1 inch at the basal ears. The base is round and concave with a depth of Va inch. Chipping over the majority of the piece was finely executed and dis­ plays narrow ribbon flaking over the face of the blade and fine edge pressure chipping. Both obverse and reverse faces display multiple flutes, with at least two on each face, the longest flute being about VA< inch. This point is also manufactured from a high quality black flint which has aged to show somewhat of a glossy gray patina. Both blades in Figs. 1 and 2 are lenticular and have a width to thickness ratio of about 4 to1.

28 ARTIFACTS AS LEGACY: TWO EXTRAORDINARY PIECES FROM PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

As anyone who has ever held prehistoric banding lines run in pleasing diagonals. especially at the bit. Adams remarked that artifacts knows, they sometimes carry a The piece is smoothly polished and has the bit is "nearly as sharp as the day it was connection with the ancient people who four small grooves on the long edges on made." made them. Occasionally, artifacts can also either side of the two holes. The tool is testimony to how prehistoric carry a connection with those who first Robert Converse's Ohio Slate Types people recognized the appropriate hard found them - those who also had enough identifies rectangular two-hole gorgets with raw material for making a tool that would foresight to recognize their importance and the Adena, Hopewell and Glacial Kame stand up to heavy use. save them for future generations. Such is cultures. Converse notes that the type "is Converse's Ohio Stone Tools places the case with the two extraordinary and found in a number of widespread cultural such hematite celts in the Adena and Fort rare artifacts pictured in figures 1 -4. contexts in the Eastern United States." Ancient time periods. He points out that Both the two-hole gorget (figure 1) and It is interesting to speculate on whether specimens often show "rough sections of the hematite celt (or chisel) (figure 2) are the 4 grooves are decorative or may have the original lump or material from which from the collection of ASO member Jeff served a purpose, such as notching to aid they were fashioned." A few rough sections Adams. Both objects were found by Leon in attachment. Adams notes that, on close of the original material can be seen in the Adams, Jeff's grandfather, in the 1930's in examination, wear patterns and polish can photographs. Deerfield Township of Portage County, Ohio be seen in and on the bottoms of the two Adams comments that these two arti­ in the Mahoning River drainage area. holes, indicating the presence of a string or facts are ones that will remain in his collec­ Jeff Adams acknowledges that his tie. However, none of the four grooves tion and serve as reminders of his grandfather's appreciation for the many show any wear or polish. Instead, you can grandfather, as well as the family farm artifacts he found influenced his own fas­ still see rough saw marks in the grooves. where they were found. In turn, his children cination with these objects and the For this reason, Adams believes that the are also developing an appreciation for people who made them. Jeff notes that shape itself is what was important - pos­ these ancient objects. he found his first point when he was 6 sibly as some kind of effigy. Much thanks to Jeff Adams for sharing years old and walking behind a tractor Celt these fine artifacts and the connections that they bring with them. with this grandfather. Figure 3 shows two views of a celt or Gorget chisel made of a high quality hematite. The References: The two-hole gorget measures 3 inches piece is quite heavy for its size, indicating Robert N. Converse, in length and 1 inch in width, and roughly the density of the material. In some places 1978 Ohio Slate Types Archaeological .25 inches in thickness. It is made of the material actually has the look of poured Society of Ohio greenish to gray banded slate. Additionally, metal. The tool measures 3 inches in Robert N. Converse the ancient craftsman who made it posi­ length and .75 inches in width. It has a great deal of shaping all around - and 1973 Ohio Stone Tools Archaeological tioned the material in such a way that the Society of Ohio

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Well-made hematite celt from Portage County.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of unusual gorget.

29 SOME OHIO ADZES FROM MY COLLECTION by Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458 Lancaster, Ohio

The state of Ohio is noted for high- They range in length from several inches flattened reverse can range from very quality hardstone artifacts, most made of (some resharpened to this size) to 6 inches slightly excurvate to flat to definitely incur- high-grade glacial stones brought from the or more. vate or gouge-like. Most Ohio adzes are Great Lakes region and north. Among the Adzes, as opposed to celts or rectangular to triangular in outline, and artifacts are ungrooved adzes, wood­ ungrooved axes, are flattened on one face. many are beautifully shaped and finished. working tool heads. These are largely from When mounted in an L-shaped handle, this Woodland times, ca. 1000 BC - AD 800 face (the reverse) was toward the user. The

Figure 1 (Hothem) Adze, greenish-black hardstone, well-polished, 4% inches. There are some peck- Figure 2 (Hothem) Adzes, both from unknown Ohio counties. Left, marks remaining near the black on greenish-cream, high facial polish, 3'A inches. Right, green poll on both faces. Ohio mixed hardstone, obverse face flattened, 3Vn inches. Though not of county unknown. large size, both are well-finished.

Figure 3 (Hothem) Adze, trian­ gular, overall polish, brown JmW^ hardstone, 3% inches long. This small adze was found by the owner on the floor of a gravel pit in 1954, and a sec­ ond adze was picked up a few feet away. Tuscarawas Valley, Coshocton County, Figure 4 (Hothem) Adze, grey and white hardstone, 41s/m inches. The Ohio. example, with only moderate polish, has a humped side profile. Van Wert County, Ohio.

• • k

• " ! m a -

:.:•:,. •.'::• ; • llfflfHiisjPS^

•':%&&

Figure 5 (Hothem) Adze, mixed grey and green hardstone, high overall Figure 6 (Hothem) Adze, hardstone with black on cream markings, polish. There is a lighter inclusion on the obverse near the poll, and the flattened configuration, lower blade polish. It is 5% inches long, Ohio example is 4V< inches long. Delaware County, Ohio. county unknown.

30 A TAPERED CELT FROM MICHIGAN

Douglas A. Whitcomb Wolverine, Michigan

In 1952 I was in second grade when I saw my first Indian artifact. We were studying the local Indians and a classmate brought in the artifact for the class to see. Her older brother had found it a few years earlier along the banks of Crockery Creek in our hometown of Ravenna in Muskegon County, Michigan, i do not recall that anyone, including the teacher, knew what the artifact actually was or what its use might have been, but we could all tell that it had been made by a prehistoric man. The following year we had the same teacher and again we studied Michigan's earliest inhabitants. By this time, my interest in Indian artifacts had grown very strong. My father encouraged this and showed me a tobacco tin full of arrowheads that my grandfather had found on his farm in Allegan County, Michigan. Again my classmate brought in the Indian stone. I, of course, wanted to start my own collection, or more likely, I just wanted to be able to hold it and look at it anytime I wanted to. I only had two dollars and won­ dered if that would be enough to entice her or her brother to part with the artifact. After 47 years, I still remember the conversation like it was yesterday. As we left the classroom at the end of the day, there was a moment in the hall when we were somewhat alone. I said to her, "You know that Indian stone?" She never gave me a chance to offer my two dollars; she just answered, "Yeah, do you want it?" I was stunned and stammered out, "Yes." At that, she handed it over to me and I walked home in a daze. Robert N. Converse in his book Ohio Stone Tools offers a perfect description of this artifact. He calls it a tapered celt and describes it as "usually long and oval in center cross-section. The bits are sharpened equally from both sides. There are no angular facets on the balance of the piece, all surfaces being smoothly rounded. Classic examples are scarce." With regards to size and materials used, he states, "Most tend to be fairly large - 7 to 8 inches in length - and are made from heavy, dense stone of high quality. Collections from Siep Mound, the Harness Mound, and the original Hopewell works in the Ohio State Museum include this celt form" (Converse 1973). The celt that I obtained is 93/« inches long and 3 inches from the bit. It is made from a fine-grained hard­ stone material that is a dark bluish-gray in color. Judging from where it was found, a creek bank, and the few small prehistoric nicks on the bit, I believe that it had been used perhaps near the area it was found for some woodworking endeavor. Crockery Creek is a tributary of the Grand River. The location where the celt was found is almost equidistant between the Grand and Muskegon River Valleys, and both areas were occupied when the Hopewell culture was flourishing during the Middle Woodland period, some 2000 years ago (Quimby 1960 and Fitting 1970). References Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Fitting, James E. 1970 The Archaeology of Michigan. The Natural His­ tory Press, Garden City, New York. Figure 1 (Whitcomb) Quimby, George I. Hopewell celt from 1960 Indian Life in the Upper Great Lakes. Michigan 9% inches long. The University of Michigan Press, Chicago, Illinois.

31 A FAIRFIELD COUNTY EFFIGY STONE by Don Casto 138 Ann Court Lancaster, Ohio

I visited a local household auction not far edgeable people. I was happy to learn been found on the Miller family property in from my home last October. In the sale from Robert Converse that it was an effigy Berne Township, Fairfield County, Ohio, was a foot-square piece of plywood which stone of fossilized limestone. and according to a distribution map in had a few artifacts glued to it among which Later I reviewed my Ohio Slate Types to Slate Types it is only the second reported were a Notched Base point and other flints learn more about this artifact. I read that from this county. as well as a celt - all surrounding an odd little is known from an archaeological looking stone in the center. Since I was pri­ standpoint about effigy stones and that References marily interested in the celt, I bought the their distribution is primarily in western Converse, Robert entire lot. Ohio along the Miami Rivers. Nearly all of 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological When ungluing the artifacts with water, them have a head, body and tail - some Society of Ohio. the center stone dropped to the floor but well sculpted - others rather amorphous. was not damaged. I thought it was only an Nearly all of them are made of banded Meuser, Dr. Gordon slate. Rare examples - such as this one - 1950 So-called Effigy Forms in Ohio. Ohio odd-shaped rock or perhaps a fossil and Indian Relic Collectors Society. put it in a drawer. However, I brought it to a are made of limestone or sandstone. state meeting to show it to more knowl­ This effigy stone is reported to have

Figure 1 (Casto) Effigy stone from Fairfield County.

Figure 2 (Casto) 1 Figure 3 (Casto) Artifacts which accompanied the effigy stone. Celt is 4 A Distribution map inches long. of effigy stones in Ohio (after Converse).

32 PRISMOIDAL BANNERSTONE FOUND IN DARKE COUNTY by Michael L. Batten Ansonia, Ohio

While surface hunting with my son After I cleaned the artifact, I discovered lacks 7s inch of being completely drilled. Joseph and friend Charles Hall in it was not completely drilled, and that the jne sjte is on an elevated area in the November, 2003, I found this prismoidal diameters of the holes differed. One hole drainage of the Stillwater River. The bannerstone. It is made from green measures 'A inch and the other S inch. location has previously yielded a 3A banded slate and measures 2% inches Drilling from the smaller hole extends •-- of grooved hammer, a full grooved slate long and 3 inches wide. The maximum an inch; drilling from the larger hole axe, and various projectile points from thickness is 13/s inches. extends 17* inches. The bannerstone the Archaic period.

Figure 1 (Batten) Prismoidal slate bannerstone found in Darke County.

WOLF CREEK ARTIFACT SHOW MAY 16TH

The Wolf Creek Chapter will present an south to Marietta, off at Exit 1, turn left on Richard Henry, 685 Miller Road, Water- archaeological show May 16th, 2004, at State Rt. 7 - Comfort Inn is 300 yards on ford, Ohio 45786. Comfort Inn, Marietta, Ohio. Take I-77 right. For further information contact

33 TWIN TRACKS, A MIDDLE WOODLAND SITE IN PERRY COUNTY OHIO by D.R. Gehlbach

The Twin Tracks site is situated in Our 2002 Research now included a more significant represen­ northern Perry County, Ohio about two Figure 1 shows the Twin Tracks site, an tation of Archaic materials. miles from Glenford. The name is taken elevated kametop remnant. The railroad Our June 2002 finds included; from two abandoned railroad right of tracks once ran along the tree line at the 1 Flint Ridge St. Albans bifurcate ways which mark the eastern site rear of the picture. Our surface collecting, 2 Nethers flint broad base dovetails, boundary. The one-time stop on the Balti­ beginning on April 16, at the elevation in more & Ohio and Hocking Valley railroads one broken (One of the dovetails is the middle of the photo, was centered in a shown in Figure 2) called Yost or Yost Station lies a couple plot measuring 40' by 50'. We quickly dis­ hundred yards north of the location. All covered that the primary debris field was 2 Upper Mercer side notches that remains of the former rural depot concentrated at the highest point and 10 Flint ridge square knives (broken) complex is a small freight building now extended to the southern farm boundary 1 sandstone hand pestle used as a farm storage barn. Twin Tracks fence-line at the right of the photo. We also 1 granite adze (broken) is situated on an elevated kame, bor­ noted that Hopewell artifacts were the dered by the two railroad right of ways, 2 Upper Mercer Hopewell points most plentiful objects at the site. several barns and a farm house, a 8 cores, (two are beautiful green/red depression filled with organic materials, Our April 2002 finds included; Flint Ridge) and an adjoining farm. 33 Flint ridge bladelets, up to 3 3 Flint Ridge flat base knives inches long Much of the rolling terrain in the imme­ 32 Flint Ridge bladelets diate vicinity of the Twin Tracks site has 8 Flint Ridge cores 2 Upper Mercer side notch points, been extensively field hunted by intruders 3 pieces of cordmarked pottery (bases only) from as far away as Illinois over the years. 5 Flint Ridge Hopewell points 19 flake knives Out of respect for the property owner's pri­ 1 small base point made of translu­ vacy, his name will remain confidential. He In addition to the items noted, a sand­ cent purple flint stone muller was found. This smoothing or is a lifelong resident at the location span­ 4 Flint Ridge flat base blades grinding tool is roughly triangular in shape ning almost 80 years. 16 whole and broken flat base knives with rounded corners. Muller specimens In early 2002 the farm owner mentioned 10 broken points were found at the New Castle (Indiana) to my wife, Barbara, that a small plot on State Home Hopewell site by B. K. Also recovered were three bucket loads his property formerly occupied by a small Swartz. A McGraw cordmarked potsherd barn, smoke house and pig lot, had been of chipped debitage consisting of broken was also recovered. A similar example is cleared and plowed. He could not recall blades, flake knife parts and other worked called Zone Stamped Utility Ware by ground ever being broken at this location flakes. Two anomalous St. Albans bifur­ Swartz in his New Castle site report. A during his almost 80 years on the farm. cates, both made of Upper Mercer flint, brief analysis of our June finds confirmed This provided us with a potentially unique were found in the Hopewell debris zone. All the earlier Hopewell occupation which opportunity to research a relatively of the artifacts recovered during our April likely overlays an earlier Archaic campsite. unspoiled archaeological area which field work were partially to completely It is not possible from only surface col­ adjoined farmland that in the past had exposed by recent plowing. lecting to determine the length or extent of produced a considerable quantity of cul­ We surmised our surface collection was either occupation. tural material. derived from a brief Archaic visitation at Summary The prior history of our research on the the location, followed later by a seasonal farm had consisted of two or three spring Hopewell hunting camp. No Hopewell The following inferences can be made or fall field hunting trips of several hours "high art form" ceremonial or ritualistic concerning of the surface found materials each for a number of years. Our visits had artifacts were recovered indicating that at the Twin Tracks site. They are based also included many hours of delightful subsistence was the overriding motive of on the placement of these materials small talk about archaeology and current the occupation. This is substantiated by found during our collecting trips and the topics with the farm owner and his wife in similar Hopewell utilitarian debris concen­ environmental influences observed at the their family living room. trations at other locations on the farm. Our location. earlier investigation of the nearby Strait The site lies at the highest point of a Barbara and I recovered a number of Site (see Ohio Archaeologist Volume 35 # moderate elevation which would have pro­ items during our exercise driven field 3, 1985) produced a similar array of vided the Twin Tracks residents with rea­ walk-throughs during these years. They Hopewell materials. sonable protection from predatory attacks mostly consisted of a variety of archaic and periodic flooding especially from the flint artifacts, an expected result based On June 7, 2002, we returned to the adjacent swampy area. on our prior collecting experiences at Twin Tracks site. Our visit was instigated other area sites. Typical finds were utility by several days of continuous hard rain, The location near the heavily exploited tools such as blade parts, flake knives, (as much as 8 inches during the previous Flint Ridge quarries and proximity to a scrapers, a variety of diminutive corner week), in central Ohio. It was quickly evi­ swamp and a steadily flowing creek 300 notch points and oval chipped blades. dent the surface artifact assemblage had yards to the north, would have provided Predominant raw materials represented in been severely eroded, so much in fact that abundant food resources for a seasonal our finds were Flint Ridge and Upper perhaps several inches of topsoil had occupation. Mercer flints, not surprising in light of the been washed down the west and north The heavy accumulation of flint deb­ site's proximity to the well known Flint sides of the elevated plateau. This action itage, especially the colorful jewel Flint Ridge quarries approximately 8 miles had also exposed a new mix of occupa­ Ridge artifacts found within a restricted north of the farm. tional debris. The surface still contained area (site is 40' by 50'), suggests a resident indications of a Hopewell workshop but

34 activity zone, probably a tool preparation transitional period between the end of Appendix; and/or food processing site. Adena and fully developed Hopewell in Two 2003 visits to the Twin Tracks site The early/middle Archaic period assem­ the Ohio heartland. During this interlude produced additional cultural materials. blage and more substantial Middle Wood­ the former long slender Adena blades Finds on April 11 included several spent land period occupation are confirmed by assumed a more squat appearance with cores, 12 Flint Ridge bladelets, a Hopewell the recovered artifacts. The Archaic mate­ minimal rounding at the base. Also during utility point, 4 broken points, 2 crude rials were primarily the dovetails, the St. this time the former right angle configura­ blades and numerous flake knives. April 23 Albans bifurcates, square and flake knives. tion at the blade/stem junction was finds were 10 Flint Ridge bladelets (the The later Hopewell encampment is con­ replaced by distinct barbs. Both of these largest 37."), a beautiful red, yellow and firmed by the variety of diagnostic mate­ modifications were the result of either green Flint Ridge core, a triangular Upper rials including flat base triangular blades, Hopewell influence or assimilation with Mercer knife, broken points, pre-form cores, bladelets, Hopewell points and the neighboring Hopewell population. knives and a sandstone hammerstone. McGraw cordmarked grit-tempered utili­ Since very few of the Twin Tracks speci­ Most of the inventoried pieces support the tarian pottery. mens show the adopted Hopewell styl- Hopewell presence at the Twin tracks site. ization, it is likely that the Hopewell The time period represented by the Notable finds by other field hunters at intrusions at the Twin Tracks site Hopewell artifact inventory, absent the Twin Tracks site since the 2002 field occurred later during the middle or later exposing soil features, is purely a matter season have included a large (2" wide) stages of the Middle Woodland period. of conjecture. Despite this, several clues Hopewell point with a barbed tail and an The Hopewell utility points discussed in are indicated by the artifact types. Don Archaic Bevel both of Upper Mercer flint. this report tend to be found at sites which Dragoo in his treatise, Mounds For The Pictured are some of our finds from the Dead published in 1960, references a are associated with the latter part of the Middle Woodland period. Twin tracks site.

Figure 1 (Gehibach) Vi

35 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Two views of wide base dovetail, Nethers flint.

Figure 3, Assortment of knives, bifurcate, 3'A" translucent purple point, flat base blades, cores.

Figure 4, fantail base points, flat base blades, dovetail, bifurcate Figure 5, McGraw cord-marked potsherd, classic Hopewell point.

36 Figure 6, Sandstone muller, knife, center section of a granite adze.

Figures 7a & 7b, bladelets.

Figure 9, Knives and scrapers.

37 CATALOGS AS REFERENCE HISTORIES OF ARTIFACTS by Bob Haag 165 MerlotCt Doylestown, Ohio 44230

catalog. Some­ In fact most of these catalogs (pre-1990s) times it is from the cost a minimal amount or were free to sub­ knowledge of the scribers, and that "little value" in addition owner based on a to small numbers of black and white pic­ verbal history that tures led to the catalogs and preceding travels with the flyers being discarded. artifact, but often it I remember sitting at Jack Hook's can be as simple kitchen table about 1973, and listening to as the ink on the Jack talk about collecting. This is what piece. Jack said (paraphrasing of course): As an example I "You are coming into collecting at a own a fine Mocha good time. The old timers are gone and pot. I bought the their large collections are being broken up piece from an and sold. Never again will so many large antique dealer who private collections exist. Most of the major bought it at a New artifacts will be bought up by increasing York City auction. numbers of collectors, and never leave The dealer told me their collections again in your lifetime." that the pot came As you can tell I took Jack's words to from the late Vin­ heart. I couldn't afford to buy pieces at cent Price's (movie that time, but I did collect all the auction actor) collection. pamphlets and catalogs. My collecting I've been searching was in part because I'm a natural collector for the auction cat­ of information, and in part because of alogs picturing my Jack's word, "... and never leave their piece for almost collections again in your lifetime." If I ten years to no couldn't have the pieces, I wanted to have avail. It is not that I the pictures. doubt that Vincent I now own hundreds of auction catalogs. Price owned the I've bought them as lots in auctions, indi­ pot; it's jus an ugly vidually in antique stores, and in accumula­ fact that with the tions from collectors. I have them addition of the sale cataloged by auction service and year, and catalog, picturing review them whenever I consider a large WEDNESDA the pot, it would be purchase. I've found over a dozen pieces worth substantially in my own collection amongst the catalogs more. of old time collectors, thus adding to the AUGUST 2?, 28, 29, 1888, Bob Converse's artifact's history and value. book on the So it goes, unless the artifact is pictured As the country's population grows, so Meuser Collection, Bryan Knoblock's Ban­ in a volume of Who's Who, an article in a too has the number of individuals inter­ nerstone book, and Earl Townsend's Bird- publication, or an auction catalog the arti­ ested and willing to become caretakers of stone book are significant contributions to fact has no sure history. These three prehistoric artifacts. With more people the knowledge of artifacts and their prove­ sources of authenticity are not 100% accu­ interested in prehistoric artifacts than ever nience. But collectors buy these works in rate on determining an artifact's true begin­ before, and less artifacts to choose from large part because of the number of nings, but they are more accurate than two things occur. First there is an authentic artifacts pictured within. guessing in a marketplace where artifacts increasing price for individual artifacts, and A source that is even less available is the equate to dollars. The increasing value of next there are an increasing number of actual auction catalogs (pre 1990) of past artifacts is in large part the reason for the fakes being added to an already significant collections. There are a very few auction increasing value and scarcity of publica­ number of fakes on the market. The catalogs are in publication in book form tions showing many "good" pieces within research of an artifact's history is today. Notable among these publications their covers. becoming increasingly important for the are the Vietzen Collection sales and the For me there is also the added benefit of authentication and valuation of artifacts. less known David Warner Collection sales. looking at the collections of old friends Did you ever wonder how an artifact got The Warner Collection book though was now gone. Whether it is Bob Champion, labeled as "once owned" by or an ex- limited to only 93 copies. Jack Hooks, or Ernie Good, or any one of Hooks, ex-Copeland, ex-Shipley, or ex- Generally speaking most of the early dozens more, a part of them is captured Keifer piece? Sometimes it is because the auction catalogs (pre-1990s) were pro­ for all time in the catalogs. My catalogs owner has a Who's Who volume that pic­ duced by the Ohio auction services of confirm for me who owned a piece, and tures the artifact, or a publication with a Painter Creek, Garth's Old Barn, and even help my aging mind remember a picture of the piece, or maybe an auction others were produced in limited quantities. story told by a friend.

38 HISTORIC ERA INDIAN EFFIGY PIPES by James Ritchie 9870 Ford Rd. Perrysburg, Ohio

Shown are effigy pipes of the historic of effigy pipes and depicted many animals are created from such stone as steatite, era. Historic Indians created a wide variety and humans. Nearly all pipes from this era catlinite, chlorite and pottery.

Figure 1 (Ritchie) Seated human effigy with hands on knees.

Figure 2 (Ritchie) Two pipes depicting either bears or dogs.

Figure 3 (Ritchie) Human kneeling figure. Mason County, West Va.

Figure 4 (Ritchie) Human figure of catlinite.

Figure 5 (Ritchie) Pipe with encircling human effigies.

39 ARTIFACTS FROM A MARITIME ARCHAIC (RED PAINT) SITE IN MAINE by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

During the Middle and Late Archaic, 1989). Numerous burials, numbering more illustrates the convex side of the tool. It is prehistoric people living along the New than 100, have been preserved at Port au composed of a finely textured, crystalline England coast from Maine and New Choix, due in part because the dead, as rock and has red iron oxide on the surface Hampshire northward through Nova well as associated grave goods were and tiny patches of red ochre. The lower Scotia, Labrador, and Newfoundland interred in alkaline sand which prevented gouge (Figure 1) is a good example of a developed a specialized lifestyle and tech­ dissolution of the bones and other objects. partial-channel gouge which has an excel­ nology for both fishing and hunting sea Jennings reports an amazing variety of lent, highly polished, sharp, well formed mammals (seals and walrus), as well as tools and other artifacts (as follows) which bit. It appears to be made from basalt (or normal land animals. Archaeologists refer give a good account of the lifestyle of possibly a hard dark slate) and the to this culture as belonging to the Maritime these prehistoric seafaring people. Long indented channel is wide and extends Archaic Tradition and according to Jen­ knives or lance points ground from slate, about 2 inches back from the bit edge. nings (1989), the L'Anse Amour site near as well as knives and lance points of bone, The poll end of this gouge has been the Labrador-Quebec border, dated at whalebone, and antler harpoon heads broken off and the mid-section is semi- about 7500-7250 years BP (before occur. Other bone tools found at Port au rough and stained with red iron oxide. present) marks the beginning of the Mar­ Choix include scrapers, beamers, needles, Hothem (1989) illustrates two Archaic par­ itime Archaic focus. Artifacts from this and carved animal effigy combs. Ground tial-channel gouges from Maine which are burial site include quartzite knives, a stone tools include adzes, gouges, chisels quite similar to those figured here. One of walrus tusk, a walrus ivory harpoon line and axes which suggest extensive wood­ these is also missing the poll and Hothem holder, caribou bone projectile points, and working activity and skills. Numerous per­ states damage to the poll end is often sonal ornaments and probable ritual use other bone tools and items. In addition, noted on gouges, probably broken during red ochre (powdered red iron oxide or red artifacts were also present including prehistoric use. hematite) had been smeared on several of carved bone and antler combs, hairpins, the artifacts. whistles, rattles, bone tubes and beads, Another useful woodworking tool is the shell beads and pendants. In addition, the adze (Figure 2) which measures 6 inches During the late 1800's and early 1900's, carved stone effigy of a killer whale plus in length and VA inches in width at the bit. excavations along the coast of Maine had numerous animal remains such as the Its shape is convex on one side and nearly turned up groups of stone tools including teeth, jaws, claws, and beaks of seals, flat on the other. It is made from basalt, adzes, gouges, and plummets, as well as caribou, deer, wolf, marten, sea otter, gull, shows extensive peck marks on most of knives and spear points of both chipped and great auk give a good indication of its surface, and has a smooth, polished stone and ground slate, which were com­ both the food resources hunted by these bit. Traces of red ochre also occur on its monly covered or buried with powdered people, as well as important ritual-related surface. Adzes and gouges were obvi­ red ochre. According to Brian Robinson animals (Jennings, 1989). Finally, and very ously important woodworking tools of (University of Maine), detailed excavations importantly, red ochre was smeared on these coastal marine people and may in Maine by Charles Willougby for the grave walls, human remains, and associ­ have been used in the construction of Peabody Museum of Harvard University in ated artifacts at Port au Choix. dugout or other types of canoes, structural 1892 and later by Warren K. Moorehead supports, and any number of wooden from about 1912-1920 generated consid­ The artifacts illustrated and described in implements, such as paddles, oars, rud­ erable information about and attention to this paper are recorded as having come ders, and lance and harpoon shafts. this prehistoric coastal culture which had from a Red Paint (Maritime Archaic) site Robinson mentions that the Red Paint become known as the "Red Paint People." along the Passadumkeag River in Maine. people were a skilled seafaring hunting This name obviously originated from the They are part of a collection donated to and fishing culture and regularly hunted presence of large amounts of red ochre the Clark County Historical Society by Mr. swordfish in the Gulf of Maine. Obviously, that was found in the excavated sites, A. C. Harraman of Springfield, Ohio in seaworthy canoes of some type were especially coating and/or staining the arti­ January 1934. These artifacts represent needed to maintain this lifestyle and the facts. Many of these Red Paint sites were some of the typical tools found in Maritime ongoing procurement of food resources. considered to be graves or burial sites; Archaic tool assemblages, such as partial- however, bones and human remains were Two additional artifacts illustrated in this channel gouges, adzes, plummets, and assemblage are a plummet (Figure 1 - commonly missing probably due to the spear points. Gouges are nearly flat on the acidic soils which over time had dissolved lower right) and a large stemmed spear channeled (grooved) side and are convex point (Figure 2). The plummet is a well them away. Jennings (1989) and others on the reverse side. The largest and most now consider the Red Paint culture of the formed, bulbous variety with a distinct complete gouge (Figure 1 - middle) meas­ groove at the tapered end. It is 3 inches in Maine coast to be closely affiliated to the ures 83A inches in length with a maximum Maritime Archaic tradition based on simi­ length, 17> inches in maximum width, and width of VA inches. It is composed of a has red ochre coating portions of its sur­ larity of tools and tool assemblages, burial weathered, greenish grey, fine textured, patterns, and information provided by face. Some interpret plummets to have metamorphosed porphyry and has a been used as fishing weights; however, excavations at the Port au Choix site in smoothly polished surface. Red iron oxide Newfoundland. they may have had other different uses, as (red ochre) coats much of the bit region well. The stemmed spear point measures 5 and midsection of this gouge. The upper Port au Choix, located on the coast of inches in length and is coarsely chipped gouge (Figure 1) is incomplete, lacking western Newfoundland, is an extremely from a finely crystalline rock, perhaps rhyo- most of the channeled bit region which important cemetery site which has been lite or felsite. This point could have func­ appears to have been abraded away, and dated from 4300 to 3200 BP (Jennings, tioned as a spear or been used as a hafted

40 knife. Patches of red ochre also occur on plummets) occur in Ohio and the Midwest; References its surface. Superficially, this point looks however, distinctive gouges such as these Hothem, Lar much like an Adena stemmed point from are quite rare in our region. 1989 Indian Axes and Related Stone Ohio; however, it differs in being much Artifacts, Collector Books, Paducah, thicker and more coarsely chipped than Kentucky Acknowledgements the typical thinner, more finely flaked Jennings, Jesse D. Adena points. The artifacts figured and described in 1989 Prehistory of North America, 3rd Edi­ this paper are catalogued in the collections tion, Mayfield Publishing Company, In summary, this small assemblage of of the Clark County Historical Society, Mountain view, California stone tools are quite distinctive and typical Springfield, Ohio. The author thanks Vir­ Robinson, Brian of some of the tool varieties used by the ginia L. Weygandt, Senior Curator, and n.d. The Red Paint People, http://www. Red Paint culture (Maritime Archaic tradi­ seacoastnh.com/history/prehistoric/red Kasey Eichensehr, Archivist at the Clark tion) during the late Archaic. Some of these paint.htrffl County Historical Society for permission to artifact types (adzes, stemmed points, and study and photograph these artifacts.

Figure 1 (Morris) Three gouges and a plummet from an Archaic Red Paint site in Figure 2 (Morris) Stemmed spear point and an adze from a Red Paint Maine. Top - Abraded gouge; Middle - complete partial-channel gouge, 8A inch­ site in Maine. The spear point is 5 inches in length; the adze is made es in length; Bottom left - broken partial-channel gouge. Bottom right - plummet. from basalt and is 6 inches in length.

41 A MORROW COUNTY BIRDSTONE by Jeff Zemrock 903 Twp. Rd. 2850 Perrysville, Ohio

The bar type birdstone shown here was field with only the beak showing. slate it measures 478" long, 17s" high and 3 found by Johnny Appleseed Chapter Although it has numerous implement A" wide. The artifact won Dwayne the Best member Dwayne Wilson near the Whet­ scratches, the birdstone is complete, Slate Type award at our 2002 J.A.C. stone River in Morrow County, Ohio, on including drillings. Made of green banded awards meeting. April 20, 2002. He discovered it in a corn-

Figure 1 (Zemrock) Birdstone found in Morrow County.

CHAPTER REPORT FINAL NOTICE

If your Chapter report has not been in the ASO Magazine. If you have already Respectfully yours, sent in, your Chapter is considered a non- sent in your Chapter report please disre­ John M. Mocic active Chapter therefore it will not appear gard this notice. Vice President, ASO

ASO SUMMER SHOWS NOTICE

It is time to pick a date if your Chapter Dates available: June - October (Based Please call: 740-676-1077 after 5:00 is going to host a summer show. All dates on first come first serve for summer P.M. must go through the vice president for scheduling). scheduling to prevent conflict of shows. DATE: Please contact me with the following TIME: information by April 24, 2004. DIRECTIONS:

42 COUPLE SHARES TWO QUALITY STONE TOOL FINDS: ROLLER PESTLE FROM SUMMIT COUNTY, ADENA CELT FROM PORTAGE COUNTY by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

Arthur and Carolyn Dumke, pic­ the piece drew his attention to it. He tured in figure 1, are both ASO mem­ notes that he found the artifact within bers and charter members of the the city limits of Akron in Summit Cuyahoga Valley Chapter. The County, Ohio. couple enjoys field hunting together In the book Ohio Stone Tools, and frequently shares their field finds Robert Converse places roller pes­ at local chapter meetings. tles in the Archaic period of around The fine roller pestle pictured in fig­ 2,500 BO He also states that "Even ures 2 and 3 were found by Arthur though the roller pestle has been well Dumke in 1987. The sizable piece defined for these early cultures, it still measures 77s inches long and 274 is not a common artifact in Ohio and, inches wide. The pestle is mostly in fact, is scarce here." symmetrical, circular in cross section, Figure 3 pictures a fine granite celt and tapers smaller on both ends. found by Carolyn Dumke on a farm When turned, the pestle appears in Portage County, Ohio. The celt slightly loaf shaped from some measures 47? inches in length and 2 angles. One end of the pestle is "dim­ inches wide. The bit is in excellent pled" or pitted much in the same way condition and the piece has a as the grinding surfaces of bell pes­ smooth, highly polished texture. tles. The opposite end also has a Converse's Ohio Stone Tools identi­ short groove-like indentation. The fies celts of this shape as an "Adena material is difficult to identify, having a Celt," dating to the Woodland period, grainy sandstone appearance, but about 1000 BC to 600 AD. the piece is quite heavy. Much thanks to the Dumkes for Mr. Dumke, also a member of the sharing these fine artifacts. Lapidary Club of Akron, said that he Figure 1 (Rusnak) Carolyn and Arthur Dumke of the Cuyahoga is drawn to unusual rocks, and that Valley Chapter. only the top portion was visible out of the ground. The unusual color of

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Side and end view of Summit County roller pestle.

Figure 3 (Rusnak) Portage County celt.

43 PALAEO MINIATURE PROJECTILE POINTS FROM KNOX COUNTY by Michael A. Fath 16113 Rapids Rd. Burton, Ohio 44021

Palaeo projectile point types and styles Deller and Ellis (1992, 2003) report the Palaeo occupation of this site. have long been a popular subject in recovery of similar miniature points at the numerous books, journals and news arti­ early Palaeo Parkhill Ontario site desig­ References Sited cles. Typically, these references emphasize nated a National Historic Significance site Converse, Robert N. the functionality, beauty and artistry of in Canada. They hypothesize that these 1994 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological fluted point varieties and/or the large lance­ points, made on channel flakes, might Society of Ohio, Columbus, OH Deller, D. Brian and Ellis, C.J. olate points from the later Palaeo period. have been used in ritual activities. 1990 The Early Paleo-lndian Parkhill Phase in Lost in most of these references, how­ Two Coshocton black flint miniature Southerwestern Ontario, Man in the ever, is any mention of the generally unat­ Palaeo points (figures 1 and 2) have been Northeast 44:15-54 tractive miniature projectile points, which recovered from Knox County, Ohio site 2003 Parkhill Site: could be considered to be "Palaeo ugly 33KN40 (Fath 1980, 1986, 2003). The www.ssc.uwo.ca/anthropology/cje/Parkhill.htm ducklings". These approximately 2-3 cm. location of this flint type in Coshocton Fath, Michael A. long artifacts are often made on channel County is only approximately 25 miles 1980 Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 1, pg. 43. flakes and are thought to be too small to from the Knox County site, thereby indi­ 1986 Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 36, No. 2, pg. 8. be useful as true spear points or utility cating a local raw material source for 2003 Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 53, No. 1, pg. 36. Gramly, Richard M. tools. Instead, it has been suggested that these Palaeo people. 1990 Guide To The Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of they might have been used on children's Figure 3 (Gramly 1990) shows excellent North America, Presimmon Press, Buf­ toy spears (Storck 1988). illustrations of three similar points taken falo, NY Although they are somewhat from several different non-Ohio Palaeo site Storck, RL uncommon, Gramly (1990) reports that locations, and these are offered for com­ 1988 The early Palaeo-lndian occupation of miniature Palaeo points are: parison to the Knox County artifacts. Ontario: Colonization or diffusion? Pp. "Well represented in early Palaeo- Although no fluted points, per se, have 243-50 in Richard S. Laub, Norton G. Indian assemblages (Clovis, Folsom been found at this Knox County site, one Miller and David W. Steadman (eds.) Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoe- and Eastern equivalents). Possibly fluted square knife, one unfluted-fluted cology and Archaeology of the Eastern part of the Plainview Complex, but point, and several other fluted tools have Great Lakes Region. Bulletin of the Buf­ generally rare in late Palaeo-lndian been recovered. Presence of the miniature falo Society of Natural Sciences 33. Buf­ Phases." points seems to further document the early falo, NY.

Figure 1 (Fath) Knox County Palaeo-lndian miniature projectile points Figure 2 (Fath) Knox County Palaeo-lndian miniature projectile points (obverse). Actual size. (reverse). Actual size.

Figure 3 (Fath) Illustrations of three Palaeo-lndian by Gramly miniature projectile points (obverse and reverse). Actual size.

44 COPPER IN OHIO by Tm Marckel Ottawa Lake Michigan

On May 24, 2003, I was visiting my parents' home in Defiance County, Ohio. I had a day to myself and decided to hunt a field that my parents had taken me and my brother to when we were children. The 80 acre field, about 20 miles south of Defiance in Paulding County, was planted in beans which were planted in wide rows and about two inches high. It had rained and stones showed up nicely. I first found a white quartz endscraper, then a small bifurcated point. About 50 yards from the Auglaize River, which bor­ ders the field, I saw an odd shaped green metal object. It was about 3 inches long and was conical in shape. I had heard of copper artifacts being found but not in Ohio. I thought it might have been part of a broken farm implement.

I put the piece in my pocket and found several more points including an orange Figure 1 (Marckel) Side view of conical copper spearpoint and wooden shaft. triangular point. Later that day I cleaned the copper piece with a toothbrush and water and was surprised to see what appeared to be wood in the cavity formed by the cone. Sometime later I showed it to Bob Denyes and Ron Headlee, both knowledgeable collectors, and both identified it as a conical copper spearpoint. Later, when I showed it to Steve Worden, I gently tapped it and the 272 inch wood shaft fell out. It had been preserved by the oxidized copper.

The point and shaft was displayed at the November, 2003, ASO meeting and it won first place in the miscellaneous cate­ gory. After 35 years of hunting, this is the most unique and unexpected artifact I have ever found. Copper was obtained by the Indians from the Keweenaw Peninsula area of Michigan where it was mined but is also found occasionally as small lumps in the glacial drift.

Figure 2 (Marckel) End view of copper point showing the cavity from which held the wooden shaft.

45 KOKOSING CHAPTER ANNUAL FIELD FIND CONTEST WINNERS

Brian Christian (Left), Tom Debolt (Center) and Terry Randall (Right) were the category winners of the annual "Field Finds" contest for 2003 sponsored by the Kokosing Chapter of the ASO in Knox County, Ohio. Monthly contests were held by the Chapter from January through November with the monthly winners competing for the annual prize for each category.

The banded slate Effigy was found in May, 2003 in Morgan Township, Knox County, Ohio by Tom Debolt. It measures 2% inches long, VA inches wide in the center and % of an inch thick.

The granite Chisel was found in May, 2003 by Terry Randall in Wayne Township (near Fredericktown), Knox County, Ohio. It measures 3% inches long, 1VK inches wide with a 7» inch wide bit sharpened equally on both sides.

The Coshocton Archaic Bevel was found in May, 2003 by Brian Christian in the Mohican area in northern Knox County, Ohio. It meas­ ures 3 inches long, 2 inches wide and % of an inch thick.

ASO MEETING DATE REVISED 1 -30-04 Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006 11 January 22 January 23 January 14 March 19 March 20 March 23 May 21 May 22 May 21 November 19 November 20 November

46 NEW VHS TAPE AVAILABLE

My name is Bill Tippins and I am a The purpose of the video is to introduce benefit Allegheny Chapter No. 1 of the member of the ASO. I am also President people to the joys of amateur archaeology Society of Pennsylvania Archaeology, a of the Allegheny Chapter of the Society and the proper way to participate in this non-profit organization. Thank you for con­ for Pennsylvania Archaeology. In addition field. Although the video is oriented toward sidering this request. to being an enthusiastic amateur archae­ Pennsylvania archaeology, the principles of William H. Tippins ologist, I am also into amateur videog- ethical amateur archaeology are the same 1090 Freeport Road raphy. Last year, I decided to combine my in Ohio. I thought ASO members might Pittsburgh, PA 15238 two hobbies and produced (at my own also enjoy the video. Phone:412-784-9918 expense) a 36 minute long video, entitled The VHS tape is available for $10.00, e-mail: [email protected] Adventures in Amateur Archaeology. A plus $3.85 for priority mail shipping. Please complimentary copy is included for your note that 100% of the proceeds go to enjoyment.

JANUARY MEETING DONORS FOR SILENT AUCTION

Dr. Robert Curry - 3 items Bill Likens Shannon White Rick Simpson Mr. Smith Walt Sperry Jim Bartlett

MERCER COUNTY 130 East Market • P.O. Box 512 Joyce L. Alig, Director Celina. Ohio 45822 • (419) 586-6065 H ISTOR1CAL Email: [email protected] ™™^» SOCIETY, INC. June 27, 2004 25th Annual Prehistoric Artifacts Exhibit - Museum lawn Sunday, 1:00-4:00 Paul Leasor, Chairperson & Mercer County Indian Artifact Collectors Bring your arrow heads, axes, celts, pendants, etc. & ask the experts.

Back Cover: Two Glacial Kame Gorgets By Shawn Place 09696 Place Road Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895 Two Glacial Kame gorgets from Ohio. The ovate gorget on the left is 4A inches long and was found in Logan County, Ohio. The spine- back gorget on the right was found before 1914 in Darke County, Ohio, Harlan Snyder. Both gorgets are made of banded slate and are classic Glacial Kame types.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.