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Water Resources of the Mahoning River Basin, Ohio

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Water Resources of the Mahoning River Basin, Ohio GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 177 WATER RESOURCES OF THE MAHONING RIVER BASIN, OHIO WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE YOUNGSTOWN AREA .By W. P. Cross, M. E. Schroeder, a~d S. E. Norris UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 177 WATER RESOURCES OF THE MAHONING RIVER BASIN, OHIO WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE YOUNGSTOWN AREA By W. P. Cross, M. E. Schroeder, and S. E. Norris BASED ON DATA COLLECTED IN COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF WATER, OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND PITTSBURGH DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY Washington, D. C., 1952 Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. ::: Plate 1, -View of industrial development along the Mahoning River at Youngstown (Courtesy of Youngstown Vindicator, Youngstown, Ohio). CONTENTS . Page Page Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • . • . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Quantity and quality ·Of water available -Cont. Purpose.................................................. 1 Ground water-Continued Acknowledgments...................................... 1 General principals of occurrence.............. 40 Description of area . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Water-table and artesian conditions .......... 40 Climate................................................... 3 Water-level fluctuations .......................... 41 Population . 3 Yield of wells .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 Industrial development............................... 6 Chemica~ quality . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 Water development .. ... .. .. .. 7 Temperature . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Quantity and quality of water available . 8 Present water use .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Surface water . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Public supplies. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Discharge............................................. 8 Private industrial supplies.......................... 49 Droughts............................................... 15 Water require:qlents ... ~ .................................. 51 Floods................................................. 18 Possibilities of expanding water supply............ 53 Chemical quality.................................... 21 Surface-water supply................................. 53 Temperature......................................... 32 Ground-water supply . .. .. .. .. 54 Pollution............................................... 35 Water laws . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. 55 Ground water............................................ 36 Summary .................................................... 55 Sources of ground water.......................... 36 Selected bibliography ..... , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. 56 Glacial d~osits ...... ~........... ................ 36 Bedrocks............................... .. .. .. .. 36 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1. View of industrial development along the Mahoning River at Youngstown (Courtesy of Youngstown Vindicator, Youngstown, Ohio) .... : .................................................................................... ii Figure 1. Map of Mahonil)g River basin showing principal cities, reservoirs, and gaging stations............... .. 2 2. Air temperatures at Warren, 19 21-45 .................................................................................. 4 3. Monthly precipitation at Warren, 1921-45 ............................................................................. 5 4. flow-duration curves, Eagle Creek at Phalanx Station and West Branch Mahoning River near Newton Falls ..............•.........•••.•....•....•..................· .......... , ............................................. 10 5. Flow-duration curves, Mahoning River near Deerfield and Deer Creek at Limaville ................... .. 11 6. Flow-duration curves, Mahoning.River near Berlin Center ...................................................... 12 7. Unit-storage graphs, Deer Creek at Limaville and Eagle Creek at Phalanx Station ...................... 13 B. Unit-storage graphs, Mahoning River near Berlin Center and West Branch Mahoning River near Newton Falls .................................................................................................................. 14 9. Drought-frequency graphs for Eagle Creek at Phalanx Station and Deer Creek at Limaville ......... .. 16 10. Drought-frequency graphs for Mahoning River near Berlin Center and West Branch Mahoning River near Newton Falls ................................................................................................ .. 17 11. Flood frequencies for annual floods on selected streams in the Mahoning River basin ................. .. 19 12. Flood frequencies for all floods on selected streams in the Mahoning River basin ...................... .. 20 13. Map of Mahoning River basin showing points at which surface-water samples were collected for chemical analysis ...•••...•....••••..•..•.......•..••••.....•...•.••....•.••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••.•••..••..••••••••.•• 22 14. Composition of selected surface waters in the Mahoning River basin ......................................... 26 15. Relation ot total hardness, dissolved solids, and specific conductance to streamflow,. Mahoning River at Warren, Ohio, water year Oct. 1946 to ·Sept. 1947 ................................................... 30 16. Water temperatures, air temperatures, and flow of Mahoning River for year ending September 30, 1950 ..... ..................•.....................................•...................•..•............•..•..• 33 17. Temperature-discharge relations, M'-honing River at Youngstown ............................. , .............. .. 35 lB. Map of Mahoning River basJ.n showing the distribution and water-bearing characteristics or the glacial deposits (Geology by G. W. White) ......................................................................... .. 37 19. Map of Mahoning River basin showing the distribution and water-bearing characteristics of the consolidated rocks .................•.....•••.•.....................•..•..........•••.•......•.•.......•...•.....•.••......... 39 20. Graphs showing fluctuations in water levels in wells at Canfield and Youngstown ........................ .. 42 21. Graphs showing fluctuations in water levels in wells at .Warren and Windham .............................. 43 22. Composition of selected ground waters in the Mahon~ng River basin .......................................... 45 23. Municipal use of surface water in the Mahoning River basin, 1930:-50 ...................................... .. 49 24. Map of Mahoning River basin showing areas of p'rincipa.l ground-water pumpage ......................... 50 III TABLES Page Table l. Population of Youngstown. area (Bureau of Census data)............................................................ 6 2. Capacity and production of steel industry in the Youngstown area, 1948 ...................................... 6 3. Summary of streamflow data for streams in the Mahoning River basin........................................ 9 4. Minimum daily flows, Mahoning River at Youngstown.............................................................. 15 5. Flood stages and discharges, Mahoning River at Youngstown .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .... 18 6. Mineral constituents and related physical measurements for surface waters in the Mahoning River basin ................................................................................................................... 23 7. Mineral constituents and related physical measurements for daily sampling station on Mahoning River at Warren, Ohio, during July: 1946 to September 1948 .................................................. 27 8. Range in concentration of chemical constituents and in related physical measurements of surface water in the Mahoning River basin ..................................................................................... 31 9. Maximum daily and mean monthly temperature of Mahoning River water of the No. 5 power house intake of the Campbell Plant of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co ......................................... .. 34 10. Water-bearing properties of the principal bedrock formations in the Mahoning River basin ......... 38 11. Range in concentration of chemical constituents and in related physical measurements of fresh ground waters _in the Mahoning River Basin (based on 14 analyses) ......................................... 46 12. Average use of surface water in the Mahoning River basin for public supplies (1930-50) ............... 47 13. Use of water in the Mahoning River basin from public supplies having surface sources, 1950 ....... .. 48 14. Industrial use of water in the Mahoning River basin from public supplies using surface sources, 1950 ............................................................................................................................. 48 15. Use of ground water for public supplies in the Mahoning River basin ........................................ .. 49 16. Industrial use of ground water in the Mahoning River basin, about 1946 .................................... .. 49 17. Industrial use of raw river water in the Mahoning River basin (from Mahoning Valley Industrial Council, 1951)· .................•............................................ ; ..•.................•..................•.....•... 51 WATER RESOURCES OF THE MAHONING RIVER BASIN OHIO ' . WITH
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