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Farm Structure and Farm Characteristics Links to Non-Commodity Outputs and Externalities

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Farm Structure and Farm Characteristics Links to Non-Commodity Outputs and Externalities Farm structure and farm characteristics links to non-commodity outputs and externalities. An annotated bibliography of the French academic literature S. Arnaud, Pierre Dupraz To cite this version: S. Arnaud, Pierre Dupraz. Farm structure and farm characteristics links to non-commodity outputs and externalities. An annotated bibliography of the French academic literature. [Research Report] Inconnu. 2005, 26 p. hal-01931549 HAL Id: hal-01931549 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01931549 Submitted on 22 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License INRA -Agr Centre de D ocaznpus 4 Allée Ad i°cuxnentation o Phe Bobierr Jso11I(p_S61103 e NNEscEDEx FARM STRUCTURE AND FARM CHARACTERISTICS­ LINKS TO NON-COMMODITY OUTPUTS AND EXTERNALITIES. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FRENCH ACADEMIC LITERATURE. REPORT TO THE OECD Arnaud S., Dupraz P. 1 N R A E s R INRA Rennes 4, allée Adolphe Bobierre R 35 011 RENNES Cedex. E FRANCE. N p Rennes, February 2005. D u DOCUMENTATION ÉCONOMIE RURALE RENNES 3 1111111 11111 111111111111111 IIIII IIII IIII 6 •00921 1* TABLE OF CONTENTS FARM STRUCTURE AND FARM CHARACTERISTICS- LINKS TO NON-COMMODITY OUTPUTS AND EXTERNALITIES. ..................................................................................................................................... 0 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM .................................................................................................... 3 1.1 TYPE OF FARMING ................................................................................................................................. 3 1. 1. 1 Type offarming and impacts on water quality .. .............................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Type offarming and supply ofbiodiversity and landscape .................................................... ......... 7 1. I. 3 Type offarming and participation in Agro-Environmental Schemes .. ............................................ 7 1.2 FARM SIZE AND FARM LEGALSTATUTES ............................................................................................... 8 1.2. I Farm economic size and impacts on water quality ......................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Economie viability and management ofnatural resources .. .. ........ .. ........................... .................... 9 1.2.3 Farm size and multifunctionnality .......... .................................... ................................................... I 0 1.2.4 Farmsizeandlandscape ......... .............................................................................. ................ ........ 12 1.2.5 Farm size and participation in Agro-Environmental Schemes (AESs) .......................................... 12 1.3 CONVENTION AL FARMING VERSUS ORGANIC FARMING ....................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Comparison oforganic and conventional farming in Basse-Normandie ...................................... 13 1.3.2 Comparison oforganic and conventionalfarming in Aquitaine ... ........................... ... .................. 14 1.3. 3 Comparison oforganic and conventional farming in Switzerland ................................................ 15 1. 3.4 Comparison oforganic and conventional farmingfor pig production in Brittany ....................... 16 1.4 INTENSIVE VERSUS EXTENSIVE FARMTNG ............................................................................................ 17 1.4. / Farming intensity and impacts on water quality ........................................... ...... .......................... 17 l. 4. 2 Farming intensity and lands cape ............ .................. .................................................................... 19 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARMER........................ .................................................................... 21 2.1 EDUCATION AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE FARMER............................................................. ..................... 21 2.2 AGE OF THE FARMER ........................................................................................................................... 21 2. 2.1 Relationship between age ofthe /armer and environment. .... ....................................................... 21 2.2.2 Participation in AESs . ............................................................................................. ...................... 22 1 INTRODUCTION. This report summarises the French academic literature on the tapie of farm structure and farm characteristics and their impacts on the production of non-commodity outputs and extemalities. Different search techniques was used to identify relevant and accurate publications. The database of the Centre of Agricultural Economies at the National Institute of Agronomie Research (INRA) was firstly explored using key words such as agriculture (agriculture), externalities (externalités), environment ( environnement), multifunctionnality (multifonctionnalite), rural development (développement rural), pollution (pollution), and farm structure (structure des exploitations agricoles). This research was then extended to the database of the INRA Department of economics. This search was supplemented by a Google search of Internet using the same key words and phrases. When relevant publications were obtained, while their references were consulted for additional materials. Twenty relevant publications were found, addressing the report issues. Although the authors tried to be as exhaustive as possible, other publications dealing with the purposes might have been forgotten. Most of the selected papers characterise the relationship between agriculture and environment in order either to evaluate consequences of public policies, or to make propositions for implementing environmental policies. Many of the consulted publications deal with pollution issues. Indeed, nitrogen and pesticide pollution is the main concem of environmental policies affecting agriculture in France. Only few publications tackle the relationship between farm characteristics and the provision of multifunctional benefits. Indeed, most of the papers on multifunctional agriculture are at a rather conceptual level and are written in a policy oriented way. The present paper follows the guidelines set out by the OECD (2004) and takes also into consideration the structure of a similar study carried out by Latacz-Lohmann, Breustedt, and Weertz (2004). However, a specific section has been added in the beginning of the report, tackling the relationship between the type of farming and the impact on production of non­ commodity outputs and extemalities. Indeed, numerous French studies compare environmental impacts of different types of farming and it sounds relevant to expose their findings. 2 1 Characteristics of the farm 1.1 Type of farming First, the relationship between farm characteristics and non---commodity outputs and externalities depends on the type of farming and the relative weight of various commodity productions. To compare the environmental impacts of various types of farming, we can firstly use different studies aiming at analysing the relationship between agriculture and environment in various types of farming: Field crops (Meynard, Dupraz, and Dron, 2002); Fruit arboriculture (Codron, Robert, Jacquet, and Sauphanor, 2002); Cattle livestock production (Chatellier and Vérité, 2003); Pig production (Piot-Lepetit, Le Moing and Ulvé, 2003). Second, some studies aim at comparing various types of farming at the regional level: Mollard and al. (2000) compare the environmental effectiveness of cereal farms, dairy farms and mixed cropping and livestock farms on the plain of "Bièvre", in South-eastern France. Piot-Lepetit (1998) compares technical and environmental effectiveness of dairy farms to beef cattle farms and dual-purpose cattle farms in Brittany and Pays de Loire, in North­ western France. The APEX Scientific Group (1995) compares nitrogen balance of dairy farms to nitrogen balance of beef cattle or dual-purpose cattle farrns in Basse-Normandie, in North-western France. Le Goffe, Piot-Lepetit, and Rainelli (1996) compare nitrogen emissions of various pig farming systems on the coast of "Rade de Brest", in Brittany. Third, the evaluation of agro-environmental policies in France characterises, in indirect way, the types of farming that contribute to the provision of environmental outputs. (Berthelot , Chatellier and Colson, 1999; MAAP AR, 2003). 1.1.1 Type of farming and impacts on water quality The most important environmental stake for agriculture in France is water quality and notably pollution by pesticides and nitrogen. Hence, most references deal with organic nitrogen use and nitrate leaching. ❖ Relative impacts of cereal farms, dairy farms and mixed cropping and livestock farms on water guality Meynard and al. (2002) notice that cereal farms present the most important
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