Majnat Kurbanova E La Cecenia: Possibili Percorsi Narrativi

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Majnat Kurbanova E La Cecenia: Possibili Percorsi Narrativi MAJNAT KURBANOVA E LA CECENIA: POSSIBILI PERCORSI NARRATIVI Introduzione!3 Premessa!7 Contesto storico!10 Biografia dell'autrice!17 Capitolo I Il giornalismo negli anni della guerra totale!21 Qui volevamo vivere (Здесь хотели жить)!30 Anni luce dall'immaginabile (За миллноиы лет до нашей веры)!42 Vicolo cieco "B. Gantamirov" (Тупик Гантамирова)!52 Uomini e animali (Люди и звери) e reportage radiofonico!61 Capitolo II I saggi e la scrittura per sé stessi!69 Ricordare per sé stessi (Помнить для себя)!75 Groznyj (Грозный)!95 Storia di una cronaca (История одного репортажа)!118 Capitolo III La Cecenia romanzata: una memoria cruda e magica!147 Perché in paradiso c'è odore di muschio (Потому что в раю пахнет мускусом)!154 Problemi traduttivi!175 Conclusioni!179 Bibliografia!185 1 Appendice I: testi originali!189 Appendice II: abstract!287 Ringraziamenti!289 2 Introduzione 3 4 Il reporter è l'occhio, lo scrittore la mano e un po' di mente, il giornalista l'occhio e un po' di mano, il poeta il cuore, il narratore lo stomaco. Ma è forse giunto il tempo di generare un mostro a più mani e più occhi, un tempo in cui chi scrive possa invadere, coinvolgere, abusare di ogni strumento. Questo è il compito dello scrittore che si occupa della realtà e scrive per mezzo di essa. 1 1 Roberto Saviano in A. Politkovskaja, Cecenia, il disonore russo, Fandango, Roma, 2009, p. 15. 5 6 Premessa Majnat Kurbanova è una scrittrice cecena. È stata testimone delle due guerre cecene (1994-1996 e 1999-2009) e in quegli anni ha lavorato come reporter di guerra a Groznyj. Parallelamente ha da sempre composto saggi e racconti di carattere letterario, alla cui scrittura si dedica principalmente oggigiorno portando avanti anche un'attività di conferenze nei principali paesi europei sul tema della guerra e dell'attualità cecene. La prima volta che incontrai Majnat Kurbanova, mi rimase impressa la sua pronuncia russa chiara e pulita. Era il 2009 e avevo assistito a una sua conferenza sulla seconda guerra cecena: i contenuti, per me allora quasi completamente nuovi, erano stati certo interessanti, ma la cosa che mi aveva colpito di più erano stati proprio il suono della voce e la sua pronuncia grazie alla quale io, che allora studiavo russo da tre anni, ero riuscita a capire quasi tutto quello che diceva. Non avevo pensato subito al fatto che anche lei, un po' come me, aveva imparato il russo come lingua straniera e che quindi il suo modo di parlare era privo di connotati dialettali o accenti particolari. La seconda volta che incontrai Majnat Kurbanova, fui colpita non più tanto dal suono delle sue parole, quanto dalla loro incisività. Sempre durante una sua conferenza, della cui organizzazione mi occupai personalmente nel 2010 e in cui Majnat partecipò insieme al prof. Privitera sul tema del giornalismo in Russia, oltre che per i fatti forti e violenti che raccontava mi commossi per la lucidità con cui, si capiva, aveva vissuto quei fatti e per il modo in cui sceglieva parole capaci di comunicare con impatto, ma senza ridondanza, la forza e la violenza di quello che aveva visto e vissuto. Ebbi modo di conoscere la sua determinazione e professionalità, ma anche la sua onestà e simpatia, stabilendo con lei un rapporto più umano. Il mio terzo e ultimo incontro con Majnat Kurbanova è avvenuto di recente, all'inizio del 2012. Sono stata a trovarla per intervistarla ai fini della tesi. I tempi stretti e i toni di denuncia caratteristici delle conferenze e interviste a cui avevo assistito hanno lasciato spazio alla confidenza e alla calma di un raccontare che ho voluto fosse incentrato non tanto su fatti o nozioni, quanto sull'approfondimento della testimonianza umana che l'autrice porta con sé, 7 partendo dagli spunti che i suoi testi mi hanno offerto: riflessioni sulla scrittura, sulla guerra, sulla storia e sulla memoria. La motivazione principale che mi ha spinto a dedicare la mia tesi alla presentazione del suo lavoro è stata quindi la stima personale nei confronti dell'autrice, che a mio parere merita di essere letta e conosciuta. Ritengo che Majnat Kurbanova sia un personaggio interessante sotto diversi aspetti, i quali ho voluto fossero messi tutti in luce in questo lavoro. Essenzialmente, ho scelto di presentare Majnat Kurbanova in qualità di essere umano, la cui vita personale è stata costellata di avvenimenti di importanza storica e che ha vissuto l'esperienza di due guerre la cui eccezionale crudeltà nel corso dell'ultimo decennio è divenuta di dominio pubblico, grazie a diverse pubblicazioni di carattere divulgativo e al successo ottenuto anche in Italia dalle raccolte di articoli di Anna Politkovskaja. Ho voluto dare, per affetto e interesse personale, un peso particolare alla sua esperienza umana ancor più che alla sua attività di scrittrice e privilegiare un'indagine umana piuttosto che storica, di analisi testuale o delle problematiche traduttive. Attraverso la traduzione di alcuni suoi lavori, Majnat è stata presentata come autrice, che durante il suo percorso professionale ha avuto modo di sperimentare diversi generi di scrittura: l'articolo di giornale, il saggio e il romanzo. Si è scelto di presentarli tutti ai fini di disegnare una panoramica più ampia possibile della sua opera e analizzare come i diversi generi testuali permettano di narrare la Cecenia in modo diverso. Attraverso l'intervista, invece, Majnat è stata messa in luce in qualità di testimone. La vita dell'autrice ha attraversato diverse epoche: l'ultimo ventennio dell'Unione Sovietica, la caduta del regime e gli anni immediatamente successivi, le due guerre e la fase di «normalizzazione» in atto in Cecenia negli ultimi anni. La grande Storia, la Storia universale, si è intimamente intrecciata con la storia individuale di Majnat, influendo profondamente sulle sue scelte e sullo svolgimento della sua vita. Per questo era imprescindibile affrontare il contesto storico in cui l'autrice è vissuta e su cui la sua opera si concentra. Infatti, «cecena che teme geneticamente l'esilio» e «condannata alla guerra» (espressioni da lei stessa usate e che verranno approfondite in seguito), Majnat dedica la sua scrittura al narrare la 8 propria patria, le tradizioni che la caratterizzano e le guerre che l'hanno sconvolta. Il discorso storico e quello letterario verranno sviluppati parallelamente, ma in direzione opposta: procedendo nel percorso letterario dell'autrice, retrocederemo nella storia del suo paese e amplieremo l'inquadratura sulla geografia e sulla cultura cecene. Se con l'articolo di giornale si parlerà essenzialmente delle due guerre cecene e della realtà quotidiana di quel periodo, nei saggi la contemporaneità verrà rielaborata attraverso riflessioni sul passato e sulla ciclicità della Storia, arrivando poi al romanzo che darà spazio agli eventi salienti della storia della Cecenia del Novecento e metterà a fuoco una dimensione più magica e tradizionale del paese; abbandonando l'atmosfera urbana degli scantinati di una Groznyj assediata, attraverso i villaggi depredati, fino agli attraversamenti invalicabili delle montagne caucasiche. 9 Contesto storico Lungi dal voler essere un quadro esaustivo sulla Storia della Cecenia e dei rapporti di questa con la Russia, questo paragrafo intende semplicemente fornire le linee generali necessarie a contestualizzare il lavoro dell'autrice.2 La Cecenia, piccola regione del Caucaso del Nord grande più o meno quanto l'Umbria, è da sempre stata zona irrinunciabile e al tempo stesso spina nel fianco per la Russia. I ceceni, infatti, una popolazione che niente ha in comune con la cultura russa e che basa la sua identità sui concetti di libertà e autonomia, non si sono mai sottomessi facilmente ai tentativi di conquista che si sono periodicamente succeduti da parte della Russia da Ivan il Terribile in poi. La prima grande insurrezione nel Caucaso settentrionale è datata 1785, quando le diverse popolazioni della zona si unirono contro le mire espansionistiche sempre più determinate dell'impero zarista, che uscì clamorosamente sconfitto da questo scontro. Nel 1816 lo zar Alessandro I diede il via a un nuovo tentativo di conquista, inviando sul territorio il generale Ermolov, divenuto celebre per la sua crudeltà (la stessa Majnat lo citerà diverse volte). La resistenza caucasica, coesa da una crescente capacità unificatrice dell"islam, assimilato dalla precedente occupazione ottomana, fu capeggiata dal leader militare, spirituale e politico #amil", ancora evocato dai guerriglieri negli ultimi vent'anni, il quale mirava alla costituzione di una formazione statale moderna e organizzata come una federazione unita nel nome dell"islam.3 Nel 1859 le sorti piegarono a sfavore dell'opposizione caucasica, che in tutti quegli anni aveva condotto una vera e propria guerra contro la Russia: in quell'anno #amil" fu catturato e la Cecenia venne definitivamente annessa 2 I testi a cui ho fatto più riferimento per questa sezione sono stati: Le sfide della diplomazia internazionale di Stefano Cera, Cecenia di Mauro de Bonis e Orietta Moscatelli e i siti di Comitato per la pace nel Caucaso e Peacereporter. 3 Cfr., M. De Bonis - O. Moscatelli, Cecenia, Editori Riuniti, Roma, 2004, pp. 125-129. 10 all'impero zarista.4 Appartengono a questi anni le immagini dei selvaggi territori caucasici e degli orrori della guerra che Pu$kin, Lermontov e Tolstoj, che servirono l'esercito nel Caucaso, dipinsero in alcuni loro romanzi e racconti. La repressione seguita alla sconfitta dei ceceni si convertì in deportazioni, migrazioni forzate e requisizioni di terre, mentre le autorità zariste incoraggiarono
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