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Wallace, Iain Ross (2020) Leaving a Mark on History. the Stonemasons’ Marks of Selected Medieval Ecclesiastical and Secular Buildings of Central and Southern Scotland

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Wallace, Iain Ross (2020) Leaving a Mark on History. the Stonemasons’ Marks of Selected Medieval Ecclesiastical and Secular Buildings of Central and Southern Scotland Wallace, Iain Ross (2020) Leaving a mark on history. The stonemasons’ marks of selected medieval ecclesiastical and secular buildings of central and southern Scotland. MRes thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/81713/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Leaving a mark on history The stonemasons’ marks of selected medieval ecclesiastical and secular buildings of central and southern Scotland. Volume 1 Iain Ross Wallace Cert HE, MA Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters (Research) in Archaeology School of Humanities, College of Arts, University of Glasgow. September 2019 © Iain Ross Wallace Leaving a mark on history Abstract Our knowledge and understanding of medieval buildings in Scotland, and indeed elsewhere, is influenced by the historical record, which invariably focuses on those at the upper echelons of society who ordered their construction and then occupied the buildings. This multi-disciplinary research has investigated the stonemasons’ marks found on selected medieval stone buildings in central and southern Scotland which were begun in the 12th and 13th centuries. These marks are the main, if not the only, source of information about the individuals who were directly involved in the construction of many of Scotland’s architectural masterpieces of this period. The stonemasons’ marks identified have been recorded by drawing and photography and a database has been constructed to facilitate the examination of chronological and geographical distribution patterns. This has the potential to identify work patterns of individual masons. The data has also been analysed to identify how many different marks are present and, by interpretation, how many masons worked at the sites surveyed. The potential for familial connections between different marks have been explored. Consideration has been given to the origin of the symbols used as masons’ marks and an investigation undertaken of references to stonemasons in charters and other contemporaneous records to identify, where possible, individual masons by name. It is hoped that this research will expand our understanding of those who undertook the building work by enabling us to identify, at least by symbols, the individuals involved in their construction. It serves to provide a foundation for future investigation across Scotland and has the potential to expand our knowledge and understanding of the social, industrial and architectural influences affecting Scotland during the early second millennium. i Leaving a mark on history Table of Contents Volume 1: Abstract .................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... x Dedication .................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 What is a stonemason’s mark? .................................................................. 1 1.2 Types of marks .......................................................................................... 1 1.3 Marks as a method of payment and quality control .................................. 3 1.4 Stonemasons and freemasons .................................................................... 4 1.5 The origins of masons’ marks ................................................................... 5 1.6 The early records ....................................................................................... 6 1.7 The dating of stonemasons’ marks ............................................................ 7 1.8 Previous research ....................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Research methodology ........................................................................... 17 2.1 Research questions .................................................................................. 17 2.2 Research process ..................................................................................... 17 2.3 Site selection ............................................................................................ 19 2.4 The survey recording process .................................................................. 20 Chapter 3 Site Gazetteer.......................................................................................... 29 3.1 Bothwell Castle ....................................................................................... 30 3.2 Caerlaverock Castle ................................................................................. 34 3.3 Crossraguel Abbey .................................................................................. 37 3.4 Dirleton Castle ......................................................................................... 42 3.5 Dryburgh Abbey ...................................................................................... 44 3.6 Glasgow Cathedral .................................................................................. 49 3.7 Glenluce Abbey ....................................................................................... 59 3.8 Jedburgh Abbey ....................................................................................... 63 3.9 Kelso Abbey ............................................................................................ 67 ii Leaving a mark on history 3.10 Melrose Abbey ........................................................................................ 69 3.11 Paisley Abbey .......................................................................................... 73 Chapter 4 Results: What do the marks tell us? ....................................................... 79 4.1 Key data: an incomplete set ..................................................................... 79 4.2 Addressing the research questions........................................................... 79 Chapter 5: Discussion: Looking behind and beyond the marks ................................ 92 5.1 The origins of the symbols used as masons’ marks ................................ 92 5.2 Allocation, acquisition and modification of masons’ marks ................... 97 5.3 The shape and form of masons’ marks .................................................. 102 5.4 The physical size of masons’ marks ...................................................... 105 5.5 Similarities and differences ................................................................... 109 5.6 The number of lines in a masons’ mark ................................................ 112 5.7 Most common mark at each site ............................................................ 116 5.8 Number of marks appearing only once ................................................. 118 5.9 Two marks, one stone ............................................................................ 119 5.10 Stones without marks ............................................................................ 120 5.11 Dating of masons’ marks ....................................................................... 121 5.12 Reuse of stone in later building/rebuilding ........................................... 125 5.13 Graffiti ................................................................................................... 126 5.14 Current practices in stonemasonry in Scotland ..................................... 129 Chapter 6 Summary, recommendations and conclusion ....................................... 130 6.1 Summary................................................................................................ 130 6.2 Potential future research ........................................................................ 130 6.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 132 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 133 Primary sources ...................................................................................................... 133 Secondary sources .................................................................................................. 133 Website sources ..................................................................................................... 136 Index ............................................................................................................... 138 iii Leaving a mark on history Volume 2: Appendices Appendix 1 Numerical index
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