Selecting

Plants

for

Pollinators

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the

Cascade Mixed Forest Coniferous Forest Alpine Meadow Province

Including the states of:

Oregon and and Washington NAPPC Table of CONTENTS

Why Support Pollinators? 4

Getting Started 5

Cascade Mixed Forest 6

Meet the Pollinators 8

Plant Traits 10

Developing Plantings 12

Farms 13

Public Lands 14

Home Landscapes 15

Bloom Periods 16

Plants That Attract Pollinators 18

Habitat Hints 20

This is one of several guides for Checklist 22 different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future Resources and Feedback 23 guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected]

Cover bee photo by Diane Petit

 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

A Regional Guide for

Farmers, Land Managers,

and Gardeners

In the

Ecological Region of the

Cascade Mixed Forest

Coniferous Forest

Alpine Meadow Province

Including the states of:

Oregon

and

Washington

a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication

This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org).

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province  Why support pollinators?

In their 1996 book, The Forgotten Pollinators, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us “ depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems the world, and that helps sustain our quality of life.

Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set we must remember and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. that pollinators Alfalfa, cucumbers, raspberries, apples, and strawberries are some of the crops raised in the Cascade Mixed Forest that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately are a critical $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year.

Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, link in our food disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused systems. by disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices. ” Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry -- Paul Growald, provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. Co-Founder, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. Pollinator partnership

It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world.

Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.

Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership

 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started

This regional guide is just one and is used to predict responses the lowest elevations of the Cascade in a series of plant selection tools to land management practices Province, vegetation is incredibly designed to provide information throughout large areas. This guide dense, and the conifer forests are on how individuals can influence addresses pollinator-friendly land comprised of Douglas fir, western pollinator populations through management practices in what redcedar, western hemlock, grand choices they make when they farm is known as the Cascade Mixed fir, Sitka spruce, and Alaska cedar. a plot of ground, manage large Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine In he humid forests of southwestern tracts of public land, or plant a Meadow Province. Oregon, silver fir and redwood are garden. Each of us can have a Portions of Oregon and dominant. positive impact by providing the Washington make up the 53,400 Long before there were homes essential habitat requirements for square miles of this province with and farms in this area, the original, pollinators including food, water, elevations ranging from sea level to natural vegetation provided shelter, and enough space to allow over 14,000 feet. The topography continuous cover and adjacent pollinators to raise their young. is primarily mountainous. The feeding opportunities for wildlife, Pollinators travel through the Cascade Province includes steep including pollinators. In choosing landscape without regard to mountains bordered by a narrow plants, aim to create habitat for property ownership or state coastal plain, and the interior pollinators that allow adequate food boundaries. We’ve chosen to use Cascade Range features mountains shelter, and water sources. Most R.G. Bailey’s classification system of 8,000 to 9,000 feet, punctuated pollinators have very small home to identify the geographic focus every 5-85 miles by a much ranges. You can make a difference of this guide and to underscore higher volcano. Average annual by understanding the vegetation the connections between climate temperatures are mild, ranging from patterns of the farm, forest, or and vegetation types that affect 35° to 50°F. neighbor’s yard adjacent to you the diversity of pollinators in the This wet, green province is and by making planting choices environment. characterized by heavy rains in that support the pollinators’ need Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United winter, with summer fog, especially for food and shelter as they move States, developed by the United in the southern region. Up to 65 through the landscape. States Forest Service, is a system feet of snow may accumulate on the created as a management tool high mountains of this province. At

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province  Understanding the Cascade Mixed Forest Province

n This region is designated number M242 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html

n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.

n 53,400 square miles within Oregon and Washington.

n Primarily mountainous with some volcanoes.

n Elevations ranging from sea level to over 14,000 feet.

n Average annual temperature range from 35° to 50°F.

n Average year-round precipitation between 30-150 inches.

n USDA Hardiness Zones 8b-5a (1990 version).

Characteristics

n Dominated by Douglas fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, grand fir, Sitka spruce, and Alaska cedar at lowest elevations.

n Dominated by silver fir and redwood in humid forests of southwest Oregon.

n Ponderosa pine forests on dry eastern slopes of the Cascades.

n All but the highest peaks covered in vegetation.

 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Cascade Mixed Forest, “Adding native plantings in riparian areas Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province to improve pollinator habitat makes includes: sense in advancing our family farm’s

Oregon conservation and economic objectives, Washington enhancing beneficial wildlife and

improving pollination in our orchard and garden.”

--Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province  Meet the Pollinators Who are the Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood; pollinators? digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; Bees leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Bees are well documented which prefer dead trees or branches pollinators in the natural and for their nest sites; and mason bees agricultural systems of the Cascade (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities Mixed Forest. A wide range of that they find in stems and dead crops including apples, broccoli and wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.) cranberries are just a few plants that are also solitary ground nesters. benefit from bee pollinators. Most of us are familiar with the Butterflies colonies of honey bees that have Gardeners have been attracting been the workhorses of agricultural butterflies to their gardens for pollination for years in the United some time. These insects tend to States. They were imported from be eye-catching, as are the flowers Europe almost 400 years ago. that attract them. Position flowering There are nearly 4000 of plants where they have full sun and native ground and twig nesting bees are protected from the wind. Also, in the U.S. Some form colonies you will need to provide open areas while others live and work a solitary (e.g. bare earth, large stones) where Flower flies, also known as hoverflies, life. Native bees currently pollinate butterflies may bask, and moist soil mimic the appearance of bees or wasps many crops and can be encouraged from which they may get needed and feed on nectar and pollen like bees, to do more to support agricultural minerals. By providing a safe place but are classified as flies. endeavors if their needs for nesting to eat and nest, gardeners can also habitat are met and if suitable support the pollination role that sources of nectar, pollen, and water butterflies play in the landscape. It are provided. Bees have tongues of might mean accepting slight damage varying lengths that help determine to the plants, known as host plants, Western Tiger Swallowtail feeding on which flowers they can obtain nectar that provide food for the larval stage nectar in Olympia, Washington. and pollen from. of the butterfly. The bumble bee (Bombus spp.) forms A diverse group of butterflies small colonies, usually underground. are present in garden areas and They are generalists, feeding on a woodland edges that provide bright wide range of plant material from flowers, water sources, and specific February to November and are host plants. Numerous trees, shrubs, important pollinators of tomatoes. and herbaceous plants support The sweat bee (family Halictidae) butterfly populations. nests underground. Various species Butterflies are in the Order are solitary while others form loose Lepidoptera. Some of the species colonies. in the Cascade Mixed Forest are

 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Brush-footed, Gossamer-winged, as butterfly or bird watching. Yet members of the carrot family like Swallowtail, Parnassian, Skipper, beetles do play a role in pollination. Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota). White, Sulphur and Milkweed Some have a bad reputation butterflies. They usually look for because they can leave a mess flowers that provide a good landing behind, damaging plant parts that Birds platform. they eat. Beetles are not as efficient Hummingbirds are the primary as some pollinators. They wander birds which play a role in Wet mud areas provide butterflies between different species, often pollination in North America. Their with both the moisture and dropping pollen as they go. long beaks and tongues draw nectar minerals they need to stay healthy. from tubular flowers. Pollen is Butterflies eat rotten fruit and even Beetle pollinated plants tend to be carried on both the beaks and dung, so don’t clean up all the large, strong scented flowers with feathers of different hummingbirds. messes in your garden! their sexual organs exposed. They The regions closer to the tropics, are known to pollinate Magnolia, with warmer climates, boast the sweetshrub (Calycanthus), paw largest number of hummingbird Moths paws, and yellow pond lilies. species and the greatest number of Moths are most easily distinguished native plants to support the bird’s from butterflies by their antennae. need for food. White-winged doves Butterfly antennae are simple with a Flies (Zenaida asiatica) are also pollinators swelling at the end. Moth antennae It may be hard to imagine why one of the saguaro cactus (Carnegeia differ from simple to featherlike, would want to attract flies to the gigantea) in the south central United but never have a swelling at the garden. However, like beetles, the States. tip. In addition, butterflies typically number of fly species and the fact are active during the day; moths at that flies are generalist pollinators Bright colored tubular flowers night. Butterfly bodies are not very (visit many species of plants), attract hummingbirds to gardens hairy, while moth bodies are quite should encourage us all to leave throughout the United States. hairy and more stout. those flies alone and let them do Hummingbirds can see the color their job as pollinators. red; bees cannot. Many tropical Moths, generally less colorful flowers, grown as annuals in the than butterflies, also play a role Recent research indicates that flies Cascade Mixed Forest, along with in pollination. They are attracted primarily pollinate small flowers native woodland edge plants, attract to flowers that are strongly sweet that bloom under shade and in hummingbirds. smelling, open in late afternoon or seasonally moist habitats. The night, and are typically white or National Research Council’s Status pale colored. of Pollinators in North America study Bats states that flies are economically Though bats in the Cascade Mixed important as pollinators for a range Forest are not pollinators, bats play Beetles of annual and bulbous ornamental an important role in pollination Over 30,000 species of beetles are flowers. in the southwest where they feed found in the United States and Plants pollinated by the fly on agave and cactus. The long- many of them can be found on include the American pawpaw nosed bats’ head shape and long flower heads. Gardeners have yet (Asimina triloba), dead horse arum tongue allows it to delve into flower to intentionally draw beetles to their (Helicodiceros muscivorus), skunk blossoms and extract both pollen gardens, possibly because beetle cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), and nectar. watching isn’t as inspiring goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province  Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Plant Which Flowers Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterflies Flies Moths Wind Do the Trait Pollinators prefer? Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red Not all pollinators are found Color or purple green red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent in each North American province, blue, or UV or white and some are more important patches or reduced in different parts of the United States. Use this page as a resource to understand the plants and Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent pollinators where you live. guides Plants can be grouped together based on the similar characteristics Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; None Faint but fresh Putrid None of their flowers. These floral Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night characteristics can be useful to predict the type of pollination method or animal that is most Abundant; Sometimes effective for that group of plants. Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None This association between floral Nectar hidden hidden hidden characteristics and pollination hidden not hidden method is called a pollination syndrome. Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited The interactions of animal Pollen smooth, and not sticky pollinators and plants have and scented influenced the evolution of both groups of organisms. A mutualistic relationship between the pollinator Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with and the plant species helps the Flower Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and pollinator find necessary pollen and shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted nectar sources and helps the plant Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad reproduce by ensuring that pollen is carried from one flower to another.

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

10 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Plant Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterflies Flies Moths Wind

Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red Color or purple green red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white patches or reduced

Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent guides

Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; None Faint but fresh Putrid None Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night

Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None Nectar hidden hidden hidden hidden not hidden

Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited Pollen smooth, and not sticky and scented

Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 11 Developing landscape plantings that provide pollinator habitat

Whether you are a farmer not native, are very good for by butterflies during their larval of many acres, land manager of a pollinators. Mint, oregano, garlic, development. large tract of land, or a gardener chives, parsley and lavender are with a small lot, you can increase just a few herbs that can be planted. Water: the number of pollinators in your Old fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and A clean, reliable source of water is area by making conscious choices to single sunflowers support bees and essential to pollinators. include plants that provide essential butterflies. • Natural and human-made water habitat for bees, butterflies, moths, • Recognize weeds that might be a features such as running water, beetles, hummingbirds and other good source of food. For example, pools, ponds, and small containers pollinators. dandelions provide nectar in the of water provide drinking and early spring before other flowers bathing opportunities for pollinators. Food: open. Plantain is alternate host for • Ensure the water sources have the Baltimore Checkerspot. Flowers provide nectar (high in a shallow or sloping side so the • Learn and utilize Integrated Pest sugar and necessary amino acids) pollinators can easily approach the Management (IPM) practices to and pollen (high in protein) to water without drowning. address pest concerns. Minimize or pollinators. eliminate the use of pesticides. Fermenting fallen fruits also provide Your current landscape probably food for bees, beetles and butterflies. includes many of these elements. Specific plants, known as host Observe wildlife activity in your farm plants, are eaten by the larvae of Shelter: fields, woodlands, and gardens to pollinators such as butterflies. Pollinators need protection from determine what actions you can take • Plant in groups to increase severe weather and from predators to encourage other pollinators to feed pollination efficiency. If a pollinator as well as sites for nesting and and nest. Evaluate the placement of can visit the same type of flower roosting. individual plants and water sources over and over, it doesn’t have to • Incorporate different canopy and use your knowledge of specific relearn how to enter the flower layers in the landscape by planting pollinator needs to guide your choice and can transfer pollen to the same trees, shrubs, and different-sized and placement of additional plants species, instead of squandering the perennial plants. and other habitat elements. Minor pollen on unreceptive flowers. • Leave dead snags for nesting sites changes by many individuals can • Plant with bloom season in mind, of bees, and other dead plants and positively impact the pollinator providing food from early spring to leaf litter for shelter. populations in your area. Watch late fall. (see Bloom Periods pp.16-17) • Build bee boxes to encourage for - and enjoy - the changes in your • Plant a diversity of plants to solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest landscape! support a variety of pollinators. on your property. Flowers of different color, • Leave some areas of soil uncovered • CAUTION: Remember that fragrance, and season of bloom to provide ground nesting insects pesticides are largely toxic to on plants of different heights will easy access to underground tunnels. pollinators. Extreme caution is attract different pollinator species • Group plantings so that pollinators warranted if you choose to use and provide pollen and nectar can move safely through the any pesticide. Strategically apply throughout the seasons. landscape protected from predators. pesticides only for problematic • Many herbs and annuals, although • Include plants that are needed target species.

12 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Farms

Raspberries, alfalfa, cucumbers, herbicides. Perhaps the targeted apples and strawberries are a few weeds can provide needed food for “food supplies for of the food crops in the Cascade pollinators. Mixed Forest Province that will • Minimize tillage to protect ground benefit from strong native bee nesting pollinators. populations that boost pollination • Ensure water sources are scattered bees are critical efficiency. Incorporate different throughout the landscape. plants throughout the farm that • Choose a variety of native plants to provide food for native populations act as windbreaks, riparian buffers, to maintaining when targeted crops are not in and field borders throughout the flower. farm. • Plant unused areas of the farm strong hives Farmers have many opportunities with temporary cover crops that to incorporate pollinator-friendly can provide food or with a variety land management practices on their of trees, shrubs, and flowers that land which will benefit the farmer provide both food and shelter for for almond in achieving his or her production pollinators. goals: • Check with your local Natural • Manage the use of pesticides Resources Conservation Service pollination to reduce the impact on native (NRCS) office to see what technical pollinators. Spray when bees aren’t and financial support might be active (just after dawn) and choose available to assist you in your effort to the following targeted ingredients. provide nectar, pollen, and larval food • Carefully consider the use of sources for pollinators on your farm. winter.” -- Dan Cummings, Chico, California almond grower. Illustrations by Carolyn Vibbert Carolyn by Illustrations

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 13 Public Lands

“From

hummingbirds

to beetles, to

butterflies,

nature’s

pollinators help

keep Midewin’s

Tallgrass prairie Public lands are maintained for In an effort to increase populations restorations specific reasons ranging from high of pollinators the land manager can: impact recreation to conservation. • Inventory and become full of diverse In the Cascade Mixed Forest, knowledgeable of local pollinators. forests have been cut to allow • Provide connectivity between for roads, buildings, open lawn vegetation areas by creating flowering areas, boat ramps, and vistas. Less corridors of perennials, shrubs, and disturbed natural areas can be trees that provide pollinators shelter plants. Insect augmented with plantings of native and food as they move through the plant species. Existing plantings landscape. monitoring around buildings and parking areas • Maintain a minimum of lawn areas should be evaluated to determine that support recreational needs. provides a key if pollinator-friendly plants can • Restrict the use of pesticides and be substituted or added to attract herbicides. and support pollinators. Public • Provide water sources in large measure of our land managers have a unique open areas. opportunity to use their plantings • Maintain natural meadows and success.” as an education tool to help others openings that provide habitats for understand the importance of sun-loving wildflowers and grasses. -- Logan Lee pollinators in the environment • Remove invasive species and Prairie Supervisor, Midewin through signs, brochures, and public encroaching shrubs and trees. National Tallgrass Prairie programs.

14 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Home Landscapes

Gardeners have a wide array of The scale of your plantings will vary “A garden is plants to use in their gardens. but it is important to remember Native plants, plants introduced that you are trying to provide only as rich and from years of plant exploration connectivity to the landscape from around the world, and plants adjacent to your property. Don’t beautiful as the developed by professional and just look within your property amateur breeders can be found in boundaries. If your neighbor’s integral health garden centers, in catalogs, and property provides an essential on web-sites. Use your knowledge element, such as water, which can of pollinator needs to guide your be utilized by pollinators visiting of the system; choices. your land, you may be able to • Choose a variety of plants that devote more space to habitat pollinators will provide nectar and pollen elements that are missing nearby. throughout the growing season. It is best to use native plants which are essential to • Resist the urge to have a totally have evolved to support the needs manicured lawn and garden. Leave of specific native pollinators. Some the system - make bare ground for ground nesting pollinators, however, are generalists bees. Leave areas of dead wood and and visit many different plants, both your home their leaf litter for other insects. native and non-native. Be sure that • Strive to eliminate the use of all any non-native plants you choose home. pesticides. to use are not invasive. Remember ” • Find local resources to help you that specialized cultivars sometimes -- Derry MacBride in your efforts. Contact your local aren’t used by pollinators. Flowers National Affairs and county extension agent or native that have been drastically altered, legislation Chairwoman, plant society. Visit your regional such as those that are double or botanic gardens and arboreta. a completely different color than garden club of America the wild species, often prevent pollinators from finding and feeding on the flowers. In addition, some altered plants don’t contain the same nectar and pollen resources that attract pollinators to the wild types.

• CAUTION: Take time to evaluate the source of your plant material. You want to ensure you get plants that are healthy and correctly identified. Your local native plant society can help you make informed decisions when searching for plants.

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 15 BLOOM PERIODS FOR THE Cascade Mixed Forest PROVINCE The following chart lists plants and the time they are in bloom throughout the growing seasons. Choose a variety of flower colors and make sure something is blooming at all times! Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same is useful, the genus name is followed by “spp.” Botanical Name Common Name Habitat Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple Forest red red red red greenish greenish greenish greenish Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple Forest white white white white Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry Forest white white white white Arbutus menziesii madrone Forest white white Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnikinnick Forest white white white Berberis aquifolium tall Oregon grape Forest yellow yellow yellow Berberis nervosa dwarf Oregon grape Forest yellow yellow yellow yellow cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing Merten’s mountain subalpine/ Cassiope mertensiana heather alpine meadow white white Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood Forest white white white white to white to white to Gaultheria shallon salal Forest pink pink pink Holodiscus discolor ocean-spray Forest white white white subalpine/ Luetkea pectinata Luetkea alpine meadow white white white subalpine/ pinkish- pinkish- pinkish- Phyllodoce empertriformis pink mountain heather alpine meadow rose rose rose cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Pinus lambertiana sugar pine Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing Rhododendron macrophyllum rhododendron Forest pink pink pink Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose Forest pink pink Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry Forest white white white Rubus spectabilis salmonberry Forest deep pink deep pink deep pink deep pink subalpine/ Saxifraga tolmiei Tolmie’s saxifrage alpine meadow white white Symporicarpos alba snowberry Forest pink pink cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Thuja plicata western red cedar Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing cone cone cone cone cone cone cone cone Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock Forest bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing subalpine/ Vaccinium deliciosum blue huckleberry alpine meadow pink pink yellowish yellowish yellowish Vaccinium membranaceum big huckleberry Forest pink pink pink Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry Forest pink pink pink pink pink

Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry Forest pale pink pale pink pale pink Perennial Flowers Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf Forest white white white white white to white to white to white to white to Anemone occidentalis mountain pasque flower subalpine/ purple purple purple purple purple alpine meadow tinged tinged tinged tinged tinged Aquilegia formosa Cascade columbine Forest red red red red Arnica latifolia broadleaf arnica Forest yellow yellow

16 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Botanical Name Common Name Habitat Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Perennial Flowers continued reddish reddish reddish Asarum caudatum wild ginger Forest green green green mountain indian subalpine/ rose to rose to rose to Castilleja parviflora paintbrush alpine meadow crimson crimson crimson Clintonia uniflora queencup beadlily Forest white white Cornus canadensis bunchberry dogwood Forest white white white Dicentra formosa Pacific bleeding heart Forest pink pink pink pink pink greenish greenish greenish greenish hookeri hooker fairybells Forest white white white white greenish greenish greenish greenish Disporum smithii Smith fairybells Forest white white white white subalpine/ rose to rose to rose to rose to Epilobium angustifolium fireweed alpine meadow purple purple purple purple subalpine/ white to white to Erigeron peregrinus subalpine fleabane alpine meadow rose purple rose purple white/yellow white/yellow white/yellow Erythronium oregonum giant fawnlily Forest base base base Iris tenax Oregon iris Forest purple purple purple yellow yellow Lilium columbianum Columbia lily Forest orange to orange to red orange red orange white to white to Lilium washingtonianum Washington lily Forest pale pink pale pink Linnaea borealis twinflower Forest pink pink pink pink blue to blue to blue to Lupinus latifolia broadleaf lupine Forest purple purple purple Lysichitum americanum skunk cabbage Forest yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow Maianthemum dilatatum false lily of the valley Forest white white subalpine/ Mimulus lewisii monkey flower alpine meadow pink-purple pink-purple pink-purple subalpine/ violet to violet to Oreostemma alpigenus tundra aster alpine meadow lavender lavender white to white to white to white to white to white to Oxalis oregana Oregon oxalis Forest pink pink pink pink pink pink subalpine/ Pedicularis groenlandica elephant’s head alpine meadow pink-purple pink-purple pink-purple subalpine/ white to white to white to white to Polygonum bistortoides bistort alpine meadow pinkish pinkish pinkish pinkish subalpine/ Potentilla flabellifolia high mountain cinquefoil alpine meadow yellow yellow yellow white to white to Satureja douglasii yerba buena Forest pink pink Smilacina racemosa false solomonplume Forest white white white white amplexifolius twisted-stalk Forest white white white white to white to white to white to Trillium albidum trillium Forest purple purple purple purple white to white to white to white to Trillium ovatum trillium Forest purple purple purple purple white to white to white to Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian Forest pink pink pink Vancouveria hexandra inside-out-flower Forest white white yellow- yellow- yellow- yellow- Veratrum viride false hellebore subalpine/ green to green to green to green to alpine meadow green green green green Viola sempervirens redwoods violet Forest yellow yellow yellow yellow Xerophyllum tenax beargrass Forest white white white white Vines pink, pink, pink, Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle Forest yellowish yellowish yellowish pink pink pink Rubus ursinus trailing blackberry Forest white white white white white Whipplea modesta whipple vine Forest white white white

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 17 Plants that attract pollinators in THE cascade Mixed Forest PROVINCE The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators. It is not exhaustive, but provides guidance on where to start. Annuals, herbs, weeds, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too.

Common Height Flower Visitation by Also Botanical Name Color Sun Soil a host Name (m) Season Pollinator plant Trees & Shrubs sun to greenish white March– moist, well Acer maple < 30 partial bees X to red June drained shade sun to moist to Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry white 1 - 5 April–July partial bees, flies X dry shade sun to April– Arbutus menziesii madrone white 6 - 30 partial dry bees May shade sun to dry, well Arctostaphylos kinnikinnick white 0.1 - 4 April–July partial hummingbirds drained shade March– sun to dry to Berberis Oregon grape yellow 0.1 - 1 bees June shade moist Pacific April– moist, well bees, beetles, Cornus nuttallii white 1 - 30 shade dogwood June drained flies, butterflies Rhododendron moist, well rhododendron pink 1 - 5 May–July shade bees macrophyllum drained moist to currants/ greeenish white, March– sun to Ribes 1 - 3 dry, well hummingbirds gooseberrys white, pink, red June shade drained sun to moist to Sambucus elderberry white to creamy 1 - 6 May–July partial dry, well bees shade drained sun to moist, well Symporicarpos snowberry pink 0.5 -2 May–Aug bees X shade drained sun to moist to April– Vaccinium huckleberry pink 0.1 - 3 partial dry, well bees Aug shade drained Perennial Flowers sun to Achillea millefolium yarrow white 0.2 - 1 April–Oct partial dry bees X shade partial Cascade hummingbirds, Aquilegia formosa red 0.1 - 1 May–Aug shade to moist columbine bees shade sun to blue, purple, pink moist to Aster daisy 0.1 - 1 July–Sept partial bees to white dry shade sun to Delphinium larkspur white to blue 0.1 - 0.5 April–July partial dry bees shade

18 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Common Height Flower Visitation by Also Botanical Name Color Sun Soil a host Name (m) Season Pollinator plant Perennial Flowers continued sun to bees, blue, purple, pink June– moist to Erigeron fleabane 0.1 - 0.7 partial butterflies, to white Aug dry shade moths dry, well Eriogonum buckwheat white to yellow 0.1 - 0.5 May–Aug sun bees drained white, pink, March– sun to Erythronium fawnlily 0.1 - 0.3 bees yellow Aug shade Eschscholzia California May– dry, well yellow to orange 0.1 - 0.5 sun bees californica poppy Sept drained white, blue, sun to Hydrophyllum waterleaf 0.2 - 0.8 April–July moist bees purple shade sun to white, yellow to Iris iris 0.1 - 0.4 April–July partial bees purple shade sun to white to pinkish, Lilium lily 0.2 - 1 June–July partial moist hummingbirds orange shade sun to April– dry to Lupinus lupine blue to purple 0.1 - 1 partial bees X Aug moist shade sun to white to pink or Mentha mint 0.2 - 0.8 July–Sept partial moist bees purpleq shade sun to white to purple dry, well Penstemon penstemon 0.1 - 0.6 May–Aug partial bees X or red drained shade dry, well Phacelia scorpion weed white 0.2 - 1 May–Aug sun bees drained white, pink, dry, well Sedum stonecrop 0.1 - 0.3 May–Aug sun bees X yellow drained sun to bees, Solidago goldenrod yellow 0.3 - 2 July–Oct partial moist butterflies, X shade beetles, wasps partial March– beetles, flies, Trillium trillium white to purple 0.1 - 0.3 shade to June bees shade Vines partial hairy pink, yellowish June dry to Lonicera hispidula < 6 shade to hummingbirds honeysuckle pink - Aug moist shade

References: Franklin, J. F. and Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW 8. USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR, 417p. • Hitchcock, C. L. and Cronquist, A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 730p. •North American Pollinator Protection Campaign and the Coevolution Institute. 2007. Hummers. http://www. pollinator.org/Resources/Hummers.pdf • Peck, M. 1961. A Manual of higher plants of Oregon. Binfords & Mort Publishers, Portland, OR, 936 p. • Rose, R.; Chachulski, C. E. C.; Haase, D. L. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest native plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR, 246p. • USDA Natural Resouces Conservation Service. 2007. Plants database. http://plants.usda.gov/index.html Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2007. Butterfly gardening. http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/Xerces_butterfly_gardening_fact_sheet.pdf Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2007. Plants for bees in the Pacific Northwest. http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/Xerces_PNW_plants_fact_sheet.pdf

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 19 Habitat Hints FOR THE cascade Mixed Forest PROVINCE

HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR BEE-POLLINATED GARDEN FLOWERS AND CROPS Lg Sm Squash/ Yellow- Bumble Digger Leafcutter Mason Sweat Plasterer Andrenid Carpenter Carpenter Gourd faced F lowers Catalpa x Catnip x x x Clover x x Columbine x Cow parsley x Goldenrod x x x x Impatiens x Irises x x Lavender x x x x Milkwort x Morning glory x Penstemon x x x Passion flowers x Phacelia x x x x x x x x Potentilla x Rose x x x x x Salvia x x x x x Saxifrages x x Sorrel x Sunflowers x x x x x x x x Violet x x Wild Mustard x x Willow catkins x x C rops Almond x x x Apple x Blueberry x x x Cherry x x Eggplant x x x Gooseberry x x Legumes x x x x Water melon x x Squash/ Pumpkins/ x x Gourds Tomatoes x x x x Thyme x x x x x

20 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Habitat and Nesting requirements:

Bumble Bees: Abandoned mouse nests, other rodent burrows, upside down flower pots, under boards, and other human-made cavities. Colonies are founded by a queen in the spring and don’t die out in the fall. New queens mate then and overwinter in a sort of hibernation. Bumble bees are usually active during the morning hours and forage at colder temperatures than honey bees, even flying in light rain.

Large carpenter bees: Soft dead wood, poplar, cottonwood or willow trunks and limbs, structural timbers including redwood. Depending on the species, there may be one or two brood cycles per year. These bees can be active all day even in the hottest weather.

Digger bees: Sandy soil, compacted soils, bank sides. Anthophorid bees (now in the Apidae) are usually active in the morning hours, but can be seen at other times.

Small carpenter bees: Pithy stems including roses and blackberry canes. These bees are more active in the morning but can be found at other times. “MONARCH Squash and Gourd bees: Sandy soil, may nest in gardens (where pumpkins, squash and gourds are grown) or BUTTERFLIES pathways. These bees are early risers and can be found in pumpkin patches before dawn. Males often sleep in the wilted flowers. NEVER FAIL TO Leafcutter bees: Pre-existing circular tunnels of various diameters in dead but sound wood created by emerging beetles, some nest in the ground. Leave dead limbs and trees to support not CATCH THE just pollinators but other wildlife. Leafcutter bees can be seen foraging throughout the day even in hot weather. VISITOR’S EYE Mason bees: Pre-existing tunnels, various diameters in dead wood made by emerging beetles, or AND ALWAYS human-made nesting substrates, drilled wood boards, paper soda straws inserted into cans attached to buildings. Mason bees are generally more active in the morning hours. LEAD TO Sweat bees: Bare ground, compacted soil, sunny areas not covered by vegetation. Like most bees, sweat bees forage for pollen earlier in the morning and then for nectar later. A TEACHABLE

Plasterer or cellophane bees: Bare ground, banks or cliffs. Colletid bees can be active in the morning or later in the day. MOMENT.” Yellow-faced bees: -- LOGAN LEE, In dead stems. These bees are more active during morning hours. PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR Andrenid bees: Sunny, bare ground, sand soil, under leaf litter or in soil in banksides and cliffs. These MIDEWIN NATIONAL generally spring-active bees are most commonly seen on flowers during the morning when pollen and nectar resources are abundant. TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 21 A Basic Checklist

Become familiar with pollinators in your landscape.

n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons. n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden. NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you first get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow flower that blooms in the fall. n Consult a local field guide or web site when you are ready to learn more details.

Add native plants to attract more native pollinators.

n List the plants you currently have in your landscape. n Determine when you need additional flowers to provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want. n Don’t forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for larval development. n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for more help.

Use pollinator friendly landscape practices to support the pollinators you attract.

n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns. n Tolerate a little mess – leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare for ground nesting insects, and leave some weeds that provide food for pollinators. n Provide safe access to clean water.

Notice the changes that you have helped to create!

22 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Resources

Many books, websites, and people Native Plants Butterflies and Moths were consulted to gather information for this guide. Use this list as a Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Plant Conservation Alliance starting point to learn more about Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, www.nps.gov/plants pollinators and plants in your area. coordinators. 2006. Butterflies and Seeds of Success Moths of North America. Bozeman, Bailey’s Ecoregion Maps www.nps.gov/plants/sos MT: NBII Mountain Prairie Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Information Node. USDA Forest Service Center www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ www.wildflower.org/plants/ (Version 07192007) ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html USDA Hardiness Zone Map Pyle, Robert Michael. 1981. National www.usna.usda/Hardzone/ Audubon Society Field Guide to Butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf: New Pollination/Pollinators U.S. National Arboretum www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ York, NY. Pollinator Partnership ushzmap.html North American Buterfly www.pollinator.org Association USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS www.naba.org Coevolution Institute Database www.coevolution.org www.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007 Natural Resources National Plant Data Center, Feedback Conservation Service Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA www.nrcs.usda.gov We need your help to create better North American Pollinator guides for other parts of North Protection Campaign Native Bees America. Please e-mail your input www.nappc.org to [email protected] USDA Forest Service National Sustainable Information or fax to 415-362-3070. www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/ Service n Wild Farm Alliance “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees” How will you use this guide? www.wildfarmalliance.org by Lane Greer, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Published 1999, ATTRA n Do you find the directions The Xerces Society Publication #IP126 clear? If not, please tell us www.xerces.org www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ what is unclear. Illinois Natural History Survey nativebee.html www.inhs.uiuc.edu n Is there any information you Agriculture Research Service feel is missing from the guide? Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan. Plants Attractive to Native Bees table 1997. The Forgotten Pollinators www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs. n Island Press: Washington, DC. htm?docid=12052 Any other comments?

Committee on the Status of Thank you Pollinators in North America. 2007. Status of Pollinators in North America for taking The National Academies Press: the time to help! Washington, DC.

Cascade Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province 23 Research and Writing: Elizabeth L. Ley Stephen Buchmann, Ph.D. NAPPC Russell Holmes Katherine McGuire

Editorial: Laurie Davies Adams and Larry Stritch, Ph.D.

Production Supervision: Katherine McGuire

Design: Marguerite Meyer

Concept review: Plant Conservation Alliance American Farm Bureau Federation, Ron Gaskell Bureau of Land Management, Peggy Olwell, Carol Spurrier, Mary Byrne, Mary Tisdale, Elizabeth Wooster National Garden Association, Susanne DeJohn Plant Conservation Alliance – Edward Fletcher, Jean Giblette, Mary Ann Lawler, Ron Smith Smithsonian Institute, Department of Botany, Gary Krupnick, Ph.D. USDA - CSREES, Greg Crosby, Ph.D., Leslie Gilbert, Ph.D. USDA - Forest Service, David Pivorunas, Larry Stritch, Ph.D. USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service, Doug Holy, Hilda Diaz-Soltero USDOI - US Fish and Wildlife Service, Karen Anderson, Don MacLean, Patricia DeAngelis, Ph.D. USGS - Steve Hilburger, Elizabeth Sellers

Photo Contributors: Diane Petit

Illustrations: Carolyn Vibbert

For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org The Pollinator Partnership™/North American Pollinator Protection Campaign 423 Washington St., 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 – 415-362-1137 24 www.pollinator.org d www.nappc.org Selecting Plants for Pollinators