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Syn-Eruptive, Soft-Sediment Deformation of Deposits

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Syn-Eruptive, Soft-Sediment Deformation of Deposits Solid Earth, 6, 553–572, 2015 www.solid-earth.net/6/553/2015/ doi:10.5194/se-6-553-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of deposits from dilute pyroclastic density current: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves G. A. Douillet1, B. Taisne2, È. Tsang-Hin-Sun3, S. K. Müller4, U. Kueppers1, and D. B. Dingwell1 1Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany 2Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 3Université of Brest and CNRS, Laboratoire Domaines Océaniques, Plouzaré, France 4Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany Correspondence to: G. A. Douillet ([email protected]) Received: 17 November 2014 – Published in Solid Earth Discuss.: 16 December 2014 Revised: 16 April 2015 – Accepted: 20 April 2015 – Published: 21 May 2015 Abstract. Soft-sediment deformation structures can provide to be the signature of shear instabilities occurring at the valuable information about the conditions of parent flows, boundary of two granular media. They may represent the sediment state and the surrounding environment. Here, the frozen record of granular, pseudo Kelvin–Helmholtz examples of soft-sediment deformation in deposits of dilute instabilities. Their recognition can be a diagnostic for pyroclastic density currents are documented and possible flows with a granular basal boundary layer. Vertical syn-eruptive triggers suggested. Outcrops from six different inter-penetration and those folds-and-faults features related volcanoes have been compiled in order to provide a to slumps are driven by their excess weight and occur | downloaded: 11.10.2021 broad perspective on the variety of structures: Soufrière after deposition but penecontemporaneous to the eruption. Hills (Montserrat), Tungurahua (Ecuador), Ubehebe craters The passage of shock waves emanating from the vent may (USA), Laacher See (Germany), and Tower Hill and also produce trains of isolated, fine-grained overturned beds Purrumbete lakes (both Australia). that disturb the surface bedding without occurrence of a The variety of features can be classified in four groups: sedimentation phase in the vicinity of explosion centers. (1) tubular features such as pipes; (2) isolated, laterally Finally, ballistic impacts can trigger unconventional sags oriented deformation such as overturned or oversteepened producing local displacement or liquefaction. Based on the laminations and vortex-shaped laminae; (3) folds-and-faults deformation depth, these can yield precise insights into structures involving thick ( > 30 cm) units; (4) dominantly depositional unit boundaries. Such impact structures may vertical inter-penetration of two layers such as potatoids, also be at the origin of some of the steep truncation dishes, or diapiric flame-like structures. planes visible at the base of the so-called “chute and pool” The occurrence of degassing pipes together with basal structures. intrusions suggest fluidization during flow stages, and Dilute pyroclastic density currents occur contempora- can facilitate the development of other soft-sediment neously with seismogenic volcanic explosions. They can deformation structures. Variations from injection dikes to experience extremely high sedimentation rates and may flow suction-driven, local uplifts at the base of outcrops indicate at the border between traction, granular and fluid-escape https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.107057 the role of dynamic pore pressure. Isolated, centimeter-scale, boundary zones. They are often deposited on steep slopes overturned beds with vortex forms have been interpreted and can incorporate large amounts of water and gas in the source: Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 554 Douillet et al.: Soft-sediment deformation of pyroclastic-density-current deposits sediment. These are just some of the many possible triggers 2012), storms (Chen and Lee, 2013) or volcanic base surges acting in a single environment, and they reveal the potential (Crowe and Fisher, 1973). for insights into the eruptive and flow mechanisms of dilute pyroclastic density currents. 1.1.1 Nomenclature There is neither a single classification scheme nor agreement on the nomenclature of SSD patterns (e.g., Lowe, 1975; 1 Introduction Owen, 1987; Van Loon, 2009; Owen et al., 2011). The dynamics of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) remain Here, a non-generic nomenclature based on descriptive poorly understood. This is despite the fact that they are one of characteristics is employed. the most efficient transport means on the flanks of volcanoes Pipes: masses of sediments having different characteristics exhibiting explosive eruptions, thereby yielding a major risk compared to the surrounding unit and with a relatively potential for life, environment and infrastructures. Analogue tubular shape. Used here as a generic descriptive umbrella and numerical modeling approaches are well-suited to term for structures such as dikes or pillars (e.g., Mills, 1983; investigate targeted hypothesized processes, but the question Nichols et al., 1994; Owen, 2003; Owen and Moretti, 2008; of which process to model can only be answered through real Douillet et al., 2012). Degassing (or de-watering) structures PDC data. Cross-bedded, dilute PDC deposits can contain or injection dikes are interpretative terms of pipes. intriguing overturned and deformed patterns attributed to Overturned laminae/beds and vortex bedding: a few soft-sediment deformation (SSD). The understanding of laminations or layers that show a coherent recumbent these structures can yield insight into the syn- and post- overturning, generally aligned with the parent flow direction depositional processes surrounding the bed interface: i.e., the given by nearby sedimentary structures. They are laterally basal boundary layer (BBL), the bed state, and conditions confined in otherwise undisturbed bedding. They can occur extant in the emplacement environment. In particular, in sets of downstream repetitive but isolated patterns. They syn-depositional SSD structures provide constraint on the are distinct from overturned stratification, which is an shearing and dynamic pore pressure at the BBL that overturning of a stratal package as a whole (Allen and Banks, controls the sedimentation of PDCs, whereas syn-eruptive 1972; Røe and Hermansen, 2006; Bridge and Demicco, SSD records information on the eruptive dynamics and 2008, p. 357–358). Vortex lamination/bedding is similar as depositional units. PDCs are largely emplaced subaerially overturned laminae/beds, but with a vortex shape (Rowley under metastable deposition state favoring SSD. Thus a et al., 2011). “Vorticity” is preferred to “rotation” here and variety of specific SSD triggers may occur during an eruption throughout since any simple shear deformation includes a and PDC deposits represent excellent targets for studies of rotational component. SSD. Folds-and-faults structures: units involving several beds showing folding as well as discontinuities (microfaults) 1.1 Soft-sediment deformation leading to concatenation (overlap). The general organization tends toward overturning with a coherent orientation (e.g., Occasionally, stratified sediments exhibit anomalous patterns Odonne et al., 2011; Alsop and Marco, 2011). The term that cannot be explained by simple depositional schemes, “slumped beds” is avoided because of its interpretative sense. and are understood as soft-sediment deformation (SSD) Potatoids, dishes and diapiric flame-like structures: result i.e., changes in the initial bed structure. This occurs during from the movement of two layers of significantly different or shortly after deposition and prior to consequent diagenesis characteristics (densities, grain size) that penetrate into each (Van Loon, 2009; Owen et al., 2011). SSD has been others. Potatoids result of dominantly vertical movement documented for subaqueous clastic sediments from the mud forming deformations with irregular rounded shapes. They to coarse sand range (Van Loon, 2009; Owen and Moretti, are generally massive. Attached/detached potatoid is used 2011), including turbidites (Moretti et al., 2001), subglacial to emphasize whether the intrusive body is still connected environments (Ghienne, 2003; Denis et al., 2010; Douillet to the layer it initially belonged to or not (e.g., Owen, et al., 2012; Pisarska-Jamrozy˙ and Weckwerth, 2013), 1996a). Dishes are thin and tabular detached masses. Diapiric carbonates (Ettensohn et al., 2011; Chen and Lee, 2013), and flame-like structures are laterally persistent deformation volcanic ash (Gibert et al., 2011). In subaerial environments, patches destroying the initial bedding. They have no coherent SSD is documented from earthquake-triggered liquefaction recumbence and dominantly vertical patterns (Crowe and and can form sand blows and dykes. Fisher, 1973; Owen, 1996b; Niebling et al., 2010). They are A variety of triggers can be involved (Owen and Moretti, distinguished from convolute/contorted bedding, the latter 2011), generally predominantly related to seismically preserving the original bed set succession (Owen et al., induced liquefaction (Sediment. Geol. 235, Nichols et al., 2011). Terms such as load-casts or pseudo nodules are 1994; Mohindra and Bagati, 1996; Owen, 1996b; Owen and avoided here since they contain an interpretation on their Moretti, 2011), but also to tsunami waves (Alsop and Marco, formation.
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