T)eath ^Valley NATIONAL MONUMENT

CALIFORNIA NEVADA UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • Conrad L. Wirth, Director

Contents DEATH VALLEY CLOUD FLAMES (Photo by FLOYD B. EVANS, A.P.S.A.) Cover

BEFORE THE WHITE MAN CAME 3 NATIONAL MONUMENT

THE HISTORICAL DRAMA 4

TALES WRITTEN IN ROCK AND LANDSCAPE 5 Open all year • Regular season, October 15 to May 15 DESERT WILDLIFE 10

DESERT PLANT LIFE 11

INTERPRETIVE SERVICES 12 WHAT TO SEE AND DO WHILE IN THE MONUMENT 12 DEATH VALLEY National Monument, The maximum air temperature of 134° F. embracing nearly 2 million acres of primi­ HOW TO REACH DEATH VALLEY 13 in the shade recorded in Death Valley was tive unspoiled desert country, was estab­ a world record until 1922 when 136.4° F. MONUMENT SEASON 14 lished by Presidential proclamation on was reported from Azizia, Tripoli. Tempera­ WHAT TO WEAR 14 February 11, 1933. Famed as a scene of tures near Badwater have probably been suffering in the gold-rush drama of 1849, even hotter. These extreme temperatures ACCOMMODATIONS 14 Death Valley has long been known to are known only during the summer ADMINISTRATION 15 scientist and layman alike as a region rich months. PLEASE HELP PROTECT THIS MONUMENT 15 in scientific and human interest. Its dis­ Through the winter season, from late tinctive types of scenery, its geological October until May, the climate is usually phenomena, flora, fauna, and climate are ideal. The days are generally warm and Historic Events unique. sunny and nights are cool and invigorating. The monument is situated in the rugged 1844 Fremont party, following old Spanish 1871 Further explorations for Government by The valley is famous for its consistently Trail, camped within sight of south end of Wheeler and Lyle. desert region lying east of the Sierra Nevada fair weather, minimum rainfall, and ex­ Death Valley. 1872 Panamint mines discovered. Panamint in eastern California and southwestern tremely low relative humidity. The average 1849 Jayhawkers, Georgians, Bennett-Arcane booms in 1874. Nevada. The valley itself is about 140 number of clear days in a calendar year is party, and others entered the valley through 1873 First borax discovered in Death Valley. Furnace Creek on Christmas Day. miles long, with the forbidding Panamint 283, although in 1 year 351 clear days were 1875 Further exploration by Lt. Rogers Birnie. Range forming the western wall and the 1856 First General Land Office survey of Death recorded. The average annual precipitation Valley. 1880 Aaron Winters sold borax claims for precipitous slopes of the Amargosa Range at headquarters during the past 15 years is $20,000. Borax industry in Death Valley bounding it on the east. Running in a gen­ 1860 Darwin French and S. G. George prospect­ started. 2.03 inches. ing parties explored Panamints and parts eral northwesterly direction, the valley is 1891 Biological expedition by Merriam, Palmer, of the valley, giving many place names still narrow in comparison to its length, ranging in use. Coville, and others. Before the White Man Came 1904 Goldfield mining boom, resulting in mining in width from 4 to 16 miles. Nearly 550 1861 Lieutenant Ives explored region for Cali­ to camps such as Rhyolite, Skidoo, and Green- fornia Boundary Commission, using camels square miles of the valley floor are below For centuries, the Death Valley region has 1908 water. as pack animals. Prospecting parties sea level. The area in the vicinity of been inhabired by the Panamint Indians, a active. 1926 Stove Pipe Wells Hotel and Furnace Creek Badwater is 282 feet below sea level—the to Inn established. Eichbaum toll road small offshoot of the Shoshone Nation. 1864 Jacob Breyfogle lost the famed Breyfogle 1927 built from Darwin. Beginning of tourist lowest land in the Western Hemisphere. Driven from their homes in the North mine. traffic to the valley. Telescope Peak towers 11,331 feet above the many generations ago, these Indians mi­ 1870 Bellerin Tex Bennett started Furnace Creek 1933 Death Valley National Monument estab­ lowest point. Ranch. lished. grated to Death Valley where they were

2 3 least subject to molestation by their more starved. William Lewis Manly and John water Railroad was built to the edge of the portion of its exhibits cataloged. Although warlike brothers. Capable of great endur­ Rogers were sent ahead in a desperate valley to carry out colemanite borate, but studies have been made, it will probably be ance, ingenious in the utilization of every attempt to find a way to civilization and to was abandoned when a richer deposit of many years before more than a superficial edible or otherwise useful plant, eating any bring aid if possible. After a trip of terrific borax (kernite) was discovered on the understanding of its complex geology can animal they could catch, following the hardship, they finally returned and led their Mojave Desert. Death Valley was also be obtained. Enough is known, however, seasons in incessant migration from valley group to safety. Pausing on the crest of the brought to the attention of the public to show that a remarkable story of its floor to mountain crest, they managed to Panamint Range, the weary emigrants through the exploits of Walter Scott, ex- origin can eventually be told. persist. They called Death Valley "Tome- looked back across the valley—the tre­ cowboy of Buffalo Bill fame, who became A tremendous span of geological time is sha," which means "ground afire." Since mendous barrier that had caused so much known as Death Valley Scotty. In time, indicated in the exposed rocks in the the coming of the white man, their num­ privation and suffering—and cried, "Good- adventurous visitors drove their cars into monument. All of the great divisions of bers have greatly diminished and their old by, Death Valley." While many lives were the valley, cursed its then abominable geological time, called eras, and nearly all customs and arts have been largely lost. A lost along the trail, a "Captain" Culverwell roads, but came again. With better roads, of their subdivisions, or periods, are rep­ few of these Indians still live in a small was the only emigrant of 1849 to die within and all America on wheels, it was inevita­ resented. If the layers of rocks were pieced village on a reservation in the Furnace Death Valley. ble that Death Valley would come into its together and restored to their proper Creek neighborhood. Their baskets are sold In the next few years some of the "Forty- own as a national playground. sequence, their total thickness would at Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch. niners," undaunted, returned as guides or probably exceed 12 miles. However, the on their own to prospect and search for the Tales Written in Rock and strata have been so greatly distorted, broken, and jumbled that the story is far The Historical Drama Lost Gunsight silver lode. Gradually the Landscape country became better known. Panamint from.being complete and is difficult to There is no record that the early Spaniards, City and later Skidoo, Greenwater, Rhyo- Death Valley has often been described as a read. Much of the mixed record has been or John Charles Fremont, who probably lite, and Chloride City lived their short vast geological museum, with only a small buried beneath lava flows and under rain- saw the southern end of Death Valley in lives and died, leaving only tumbled shacks, 1844, entered and explored the region. The weathered timbers, and broken bottles to first scene in the recorded drama of the mark their sites. valley was written in 1849. Occasionally, the prospectors struck it 20-Mule Team. Frasher's Photos, Pomona, Calif. It remained for a band of half-starved rich in the rugged peaks and barren canyons emigrants, pushing westward on a sup­ which isolated the valley from the sur­ posed shortcut to the newly discovered rounding, less-forbidding desert. Itinerant gold fields, actually to enter Death Valley prospectors prodded their burros from one in the winter of that year. They were lost waterhole to the next, following Indian in the wilderness, hungry and tired, and trails or beating out new tracks, and crossed the wide salt floor of the valley, with the and recrossed the ranges from one end of towering Panamints beyond, was the last the valley to the other. Some of them were blow to their morale. Losing all semblance careless or unacquainted with the country— of order, the train separated into seven they missed springs, lost their burros, or groups, each seeking its own escape. One lingered too long on the floor of the valley group, known as the Jayhawker party, in summer. Their remains, dried and picked abandoned almost all of its equipment, clean by kit fox and raven, were eventually made its exit through a canyon later named found and buried beside the trail. Jayhawker Canyon, and crossed Panamint Borax was finally responsible for the Valley and the Mojave Desert. After suffer­ partial taming of the valley. In the 1880's, ing tremendous hardships, they finally "cottonball" borax (ulexite) was refined at reached Sutter's Fort. the Harmony Borax Works and freighted Another group, the Bennett-Arcane over agonizing miles of desert in huge party, crossed the salt flats. They camped high-wheeled wagons drawn by 20-mule for 26 days at Tule Spring and nearly teams. In 1907, the Tonopah and Tide­

4 washed mud, sand, and gravel, called sedi­ to visitors until they can be given proper The climate of the world during the Ice force of recrystallizing salt; wind-driven ments. Much of the story told concerns protection. Federal laws provide heavy Age was cool and moist, and prevailing rains eroded them into sharp ridges, peaks, this sedimentary mask that veils many of penalties for the disturbance of such westerly winds carried moisture into this and pinnacles. Although these irregular­ Death Valley's secrets. A glimpse into the exhibits. region over the crest of the Sierra Nevada, ities are only a few feet high, the roughness remote past will facilitate an understand­ Late in the Tertiary Period, Death Valley then only about 7,000 feet in elevation. is so harsh as to present an almost im­ ing of how Death Valley was formed. and its adjacent mountains were formed. Three rivers flowed into the undrained pregnable barrier to man or beast. Over a period of time nearly as old as Its geological history is complicated, and fault basin and filled it with water, creating The short but violent thundershowers the earth itself, rocks have been deposited studies already made disclose a series of a lake 100 miles long and 600 feet deep. which occur during the summer months by wind, water, and volcanoes, or by events nowhere duplicated on earth. Fold­ The shorelines of ancient Lake Manly can are largely responsible for the sedimentary masses of molten magma forced upward ing, or bending, faulting, or breaking, and be seen at various places, particularly south cover that has greatly modified the appear­ into older rock. Rocks of the oldest geo­ slipping of the earth's crust are primarily of Badwater, and on the north slopes of the ance of the original fault basin. Moisture logical era (Archeozoic) have been so responsible for the origin of the valley. It Avawatz Mountains, south of Ashford Mill. brought in by winds is borne upward by greatly changed by heat, pressure, and appears that a tremendous block of rock As the Ice Age drew to a close, the hot air currents, where it cools, condenses, deformation that little can be learned about sank, leaving an elongated fault basin climate of the world gradually became and then falls rapidly. It should also be ex­ their original form. The somber-colored rather than a valley such as is formed by drier and warmer. The Sierra Nevada had plained that the rainfall is much greater in rocks of this era are exposed in the Black erosion. Sinking of this basin continued to been thrust upward to near its present ele­ the mountains than in the valley. Sand, Mountains east of Badwater where they are deepen Death Valley, even in recent years. vation, forming a barrier to wind-carried gravel, and boulders, washed from slopes in contact with the more highly colored A fault scarp (cliff) that can be seen on the moisture. As the lake water slowly evapo­ at the wide upper ends of canyons, are rocks of the second era (Proterozoic). gravel slopes below Hanaupah Canyon is rated, its salts became more concentrated. funneled through deep constricted gorges The alternating layers of light and dark the result of faulting which has taken place Salt, more than 1,200 feet deep on the in raging torrents. As the water breaks out rock, exposed particularly well in the during the last century. Devils Golf Course, probably cracked into of the confines of these "hourglass" can­ Funeral and Grapevine Mountains, belong Molten volcanic materials often force irregular blocks during the drying process. yons, it spreads out, loses speed and vol­ to the third geological era (Paleozoic). their way upward through deep fractures The blocks were tilted and raised by the ume, and deposits the rock debris (allu- During this era, seas intermittently covered in the earth's crust. The appearance of the land and deposited great thicknesses of recent lavas in several places, apparently limestone and other water-laid sediments. near the lines of fracture, adds favorable Granites, thought to have been formed evidence to the theory that the Death The Devils Golf Course. Ansel Adams Photo. during the next era (Mesozoic), are im­ Valley depression is due to the sinking of portant as a source of the quattz grains a block of rock. Lava is most plentiful in which form the sand dunes. the southern part of the monument and is Movements of the earth's crust during also present, in the form of two dark ridges, the first period (Tertiary) of the present era west of Furnace Creek Ranch and in the (Cenozoic) formed undrained basins that vicinity of Mushroom Rock. Ubehebe were filled intermittently with water, indi­ Crater, on the western fault, is the result cating a more humid climate. Animals, of a series of explosive eruptions which many species of which are now extinct in made a crater one-half mile wide and 800 North America, came to these lakes to feed feet deep. The eruptions, believed to have and drink. The tracks of.mastodons, camels, occurred from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago, llamas, horses, cats, peccaries, and birds scattered volcanic ash for a radius of 3 were made in the lake mud possibly as miles from the crater. The smaller craters long ago as 10 million years. The tracks, just south of Ubehebe are younger—per­ covered with mud and other sediments haps 200 or 300 years old. since transformed into stone, are now The Ice Age (Pleistocene) is represented being exposed again as erosion strips away at high elevations and latitudes by glacia- their cover. Located in an area difficult to tion. However, no glaciers existed, as far as reach, the tracks will remain inaccessible known, on the mountains of Death Valley.

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SO vium) it is carrying into Death Valley in Desert Wildlife the shape of a fan. In this manner the large, gently sloping alluvial fans that flank Animal life is common in the monument, the valley's sides have been formed. despite the popular belief that little lives The striking badland topography at or grows in Death Valley. A variety of Zabriskie Point and in Golden Canyon was habitats exist between Badwater and Tele­ caused by cloudbursts on Tertiary lake scope Peak, a vertical distance of more than beds. The surface of these deposits, once 2 miles. True, few animals are seen by the soft, has become claylike again by weather­ casual visitor because almost all of them ing. Clay, being nearly impervious to are shy and come into the open only after water, allows much of the rainfall to run dark. Many are so adapted to desert condi­ off immediately, eroding small rivulets tions that they obtain from their food all which have finally grown into deep gullies. the moisture they need; consequently, only The more resistant layers of gravel and the central salt flats, without vegetation, lava have not eroded as rapidly and stand are barren of life. out prominently as ridges and layers of Twenty-six species of mammals have contrasting color. been recorded on the valley floor and Wind, as well as water, has been active others live at higher elevations. The most in producing some of Death Valley's scenic commonly seen rodent is the antelope features. The quartz, which forms the sand ground squirrel, but kangaroo rats, Thomas in the dunes, originated in granite now wood rats, and rabbits inhabit the mesquite exposed in various places throughout the thickets and even the scantily vegetated monument. Flowing water has carried the alluvial fans. The desert kit fox, desert weathered granite particles from the moun­ coyote, and Bailey bobcat are occasionally tains and spread them out on alluvial fans. seen along the roads in the evening. In­ Charcoal Kilns in Wildrose Canyon. Frasher's Photos, Pomona, Calif. As the softer material eroded away, the re­ habiting the rocky slopes and gorges are sistant quartz, left exposed to the wind, about 300 Nelson bighorn. Their number was reduced to sand particles and then seems to be gradually decreasing because all year in the adjacent mountains. The big plant that is resistant to salts and alkali. blown into piles that eventually became of competition with burros which were black American raven is most frequently This region, with adverse growing condi­ large dunes. With every wind the contour first introduced into this region by pros­ seen. tions, is famous for its number of new and of the sand dunes is changed and the foot­ pectors. The burros have long since gone Insects, though present, almost never rare species of plants. prints of man are erased. Winds deflected wild and have increased in numbers. prove annoying. Even fishes are not left The most common plants in the low by mountain ridges blow the sand in one Lizards of a dozen species are seen often, out of the faunal picture as three species of country are desertholly saltbush and spread­ direction, then another, trapping the dunes except for a short period of hibernation in cyprinodonts, or "desert sardines," exist in ing creosotebush. These drought-resisting in their individual localities. winter. They range in size from the large the waters of the monument. Their an­ shrubs are widely scattered on the gravelly Death Valley, as we know it today, but harmless chuckwalla to the tiny banded cestors lived in Lake Manly during the Ice alluvial fans so that they may conserve the unique and beautiful, represents only one gecko. Snakes are comparatively rare, the Age. small amount of water they receive. The stage in the intricate geological story valley floor being too hot for them during beautiful Death Valley sage, known only whose beginning was in the dim remote the summer. Desert Plant Life in this region, grows in shady, dry canyons. past. The varied geological forces, relentless The checklist of birds contains 232 A dozen species of cacti include the beaver- in their action, but scarcely perceptible in species which have been'recorded in the Within the boundaries of Death Valley tail pricklypear, cottontop echinocactus, the short span of man's lifetime, are still at monument. Many are migrants or winter National Monument, 615 species of plants and holycross cholla. Their flowers add work, writing the present chapter of a visitors and include a number of water have been identified. Only the Devils Golf tones to the symphony of color in the narrative whose end may be as far in the birds. Fourteen species make the valley Course and other salt flats are barren of spring. Among the herbaceous perennials future as its beginning was in the past. floor their permanent home and others live plants. Even there, at the very edge of the are the rare desert bearpoppy, which has salt, is found the light-green pickleweed, a peculiar bluish foliage covered with long

10 11 white hairs, and the wetleaf spiderling, Among the dozens of varieties of annuals Sand Dunes and Mosaic Canyon. — Vi -day High Panamint. — l-dvy trip. Mileage: 17.0, whose leaves are always moist, even in the to be seen are 14 species of astragalus, 16 trip. Sand Dunes are best at sunrise or sun­ junction California 190 and road north burning summer sun. Several species of evening primroses, 17 phacelias, 24 eriogo- set. Mileage: 2.6, Harmony Borax Works (keep left); 34.0, Emigrant Ranger Station; mariposas bloom in the high country, nums, desertgold, and the exquisite desert and Mustard Canyon Road; 4.3, monument 44.3, Skidoo Road; 45.3, Aguerreberry along with mallows, lupines, and daleas, fivespot. headquarters; 19.0, Sand Dunes; 27.0, Point Road; 54.0, Wild Rose Canyon; 61.2. providing a flower show that lasts well Mosaic Canyon. charcoal kilns; 62.5, Mahogany Flat; 7-mile into summer. Interpretive Services trail to Telescope Peak. The most interesting things about Death Rhyolite (Ghost Town), Titus Canyon, Valley plants are the strange provisions by Illustrated talks on the history and natural Ubehebe Crater, and Scotty's Castle.— How To Reach Death Valley which they keep alive in the burning heat phenomena of the monument are given at 1-day trip. Titus Canyon is one-way road and dryness of summer. Evaporation of the hotels and at Texas Spring Campground. from east to west. Inquire about condition By Automobile.—-Irom the south: U. S. 6 moisture from their leaf surfaces is reduced Special programs may be arranged. Inquire at monument headquarters. Mileage: 11.7, or U. S. 395, then northeast to Death Valley by their having no leaves; leaves reduced of a park naturalist or park ranger, or con­ junction road to Beatty (turn right); 34.7, through Trona; or from U. S. 66 at Barstow, to spines, as in cacti; very small leaves; sult Government bulletins at these places junction Titus Canyon Road; 37.0, Rhyo­ northeast to Baker on U. S. 91, north on leaves reduced to scales; leaves that are for schedules. Upon request, organized lite. Return to Titus Canyon Road; 49.7, California 127 to Shoshone and Death varnished; leaves that drop off with the groups are conducted on caravans. Leadfield, ghost town; 52.2, Klare Springs; Valley Junction, then west on California coming of summer; and leaves that have a A small library is maintained in the 60.8, main road (turn right); 80.4, Scotty's 190 to Furnace Creek. Alternate: turn west dense covering of scales as in the desert- workshop at headquarters for the use of Castle-Ubehebe junction. Left, 6 miles to at Shoshone through Jubilee Pass. holly saltbush and Death Valley sage. those pursuing research problems in Death Ubehebe Crater; right,.3 miles to Castle. From the north: via U. S. 395 to Lone Some plants combine two or more of these Valley. Assistance from the naturalist staff Direct route to Scotty's Castle from Furnace Pine and east on California 190 through adaptations, and almost all of them have is also available. Creek, 53 miles. Townes Pass; or from U. S. 95 via Nevada long roots that penetrate deep into the soil in search of life-giving moisture. What To See and Do While in the When winter rains have been sufficient Monument Frasher's Photos, Pomona, Calif. and the temperatures are favorable, the Ubehebe Crater. Death Valley spring flower show is superb. Below are listed a few interesting trips Myriads of desert flowers transform the starting at Furnace Creek, which are ar­ alluvial fans, washes, and canyons from ranged to permit the visitor to see the most dull gray and somber brown into a riot of in a limited amount of time. These trips color. Desert sunflowers rise gracefully may be made in one's own car or by the from burned rocks and turn their golden sightseeing service from the hotels. heads to the sun; white and yellow prim­ roses paint colorful patterns on the browned Dantes View.— '/2-day trip, preferably in surface of the fans spreading lazily from the morning. Mileage: 3.3, Zabriskie Point; mountains to salt beds; splashes of purple 7.3, 20-Mule Team Canyon (oneway); 13.5, enhance the magnificence of the spring pic­ Ryan Road; 24.4, Dantes View. ture. Of breathtaking beauty are the Badwater.— Vi-dzy trip, preferably in the poppy fields shining like minted gold, afternoon. Mileage: 2.0, Golden Canyon; and the brilliantly colored blossoms of the cacti delight the visitor's eye. Sturdy 4.6, Mushroom Rock; 8.5, Artists Drive blossoms stand for days, but some fragile (one way); 11.2, Salt Pools Road; 13.3, plants burst their buds in a blaze of Natural Bridge Road; 16.8, Badwater. splendor and are gone with the setting Eagle Borax Works.— Vi-day trip. Mileage: sun. Scattered seeds lie in the dust-dry soil 6.0, Devils Golf Course Road (turn right); to await the favoring rains of some follow­ 15.5, Tule Spring (Bennett's Long Camp); ing year. 22.3, Eagle Borax Works.

12 72 to Scotty's Castle, or south to Beatty Spring Campground is located in a side and west on Nevada 58 through Daylight canyon and may be reached by surfaced Pass. road one-quarter of a mile south of Furnace From the east: Las Vegas via U. S. 95 to Creek Ranch. Sanitary facilities, running Lathrop Wells, south on Nevada 29 and water, stone tables and benches, campsites California 127 to Death Valley Junction and parking places for trailers provide ac­ and west on California 190. commodations for several hundred people. Visitors should provide firewood before By Airplane.—A good gravel-surfaced air­ entering the monument or, preferably, port with cross runways is maintained at carry gasoline or oil camp stoves. Firewood Furnace Creek. Hangar space, gasoline, and and other supplies may be bought at oil are available. There is also an 1,800-foot, Furnace Creek Ranch. CAA-approved landing strip at Stove Pipe Wells Hotel. Regular limousine service from Las Vegas Hotels and Cottages. —Facilities at Wild is available through connections from Rose Station are operated under franchise Western, United, and Bonanza Air Lines. from the Government. It is a year-round operation and consists of a store, service By Railroad. — A combination rail and station, meals, and cabins. Information as motor tour is available for Union Pacific to rates, etc., may be obtained by writing passengers, leaving the train at Las Vegas, Wild Rose Station, Trona, Calif. All other Nev., and reaching Death Valley by Riddle, hotels are situated on private land, and the Tanner, and Death Valley Tours. National Park Service exercises no control over them. Monument Season Death Valley Hotels, 630 South Shatto Looking northwest from Dantes View. Ansel Adams Photo. Place, Los Angeles 5, Calif., owns Furnace Death Valley National Monument is open Creek Inn, a luxurious hotel, American to travel all year. The regular season is plan, and Furnace Creek Ranch, European from about October 15 to May 15. plan, with cabins, store, service stations, Telephone and telegraph services are to you and future generations. Use it wisely Caution should be exercised in summer grass golf course, and photographic shop. available at Furnace Creek Inn and Furnace and protect it so that everyone may enjoy travel through the monument. Automo­ Horses may be rented nearby. Open Creek Ranch, but not at Scotty's Castle, its beauty as you have. biles should be in good mechanical condi­ October to May. Stove Pipe Wells Hotel, or Wildrose Please do not disturb, destroy, or deface tion, and gasoline, oil and plenty of extra Stove Pipe Wells Hotel, near the famous Station. the ruins, relics, geological formations, water should be obtained before entering sand dunes, is operated on the European buildings, and signs. the valley. National Park Service rangers plan, with comfortable cottages and hotel Administration Picking or injuring plants dettacts from the natural beauty of the monument and is patrol only the main roads in summer. rooms. The service station is open all year Death Valley National Monument is not permitted. Please leave all living things for petroleum products and water. Address: administered by the National Park Service for everyone to enjoy. What To Wear Death Valley, Calif. of the United States Department of the Camp in designated localities. Recepta­ Scotty's Castle has overnight accom­ Interior. A superintendent, whose winter In the winter everyone should bring cloth­ cles are provided for the disposal of refuse; modations, American plan. Open all year. address is Death Valley, Calif, and summer ing warm enough to withstand chilly night please use them. Trees planted in the camp­ Service station. Guide fee charged for tour address, Trona, Calif, is in immediate temperatures. Practical clothes and shoes ground are for shade and are not to be cut of castle. Address: via Goldfield, Nev. charge of the monument. are recommended for campers and hikers. All-year accommodations are also avail­ for campfires. Firewood may be bought at able outside the monument at the Amar- Furnace Creek Ranch. Please Help Protect This Please carry refuse you may have in your Accommodations gosa Hotel in Death Valley Junction, at Monument Panamint Springs, Calif., and at Beatty, car to a disposal can. Help keep the Free Public Campground.—The Texas Nev. Death Valley National Monument belongs roadsides beautiful.

14 15 A park naturalist explains natural phenomena to motorists on conducted caravan.

The area is a sanctuary for wildlife; Drive carefulh Report all accidents to the therefore, carrying firearms, other than nearest rangei station. cased, sealed, or broken down, or otherwise A complete set of rules and regulations packed to prevent their use, is not permitted may be seen at monument headquarters. in the monument, except upon written Penalties are provided for the viola­ permission from the superintendent. tion of any National Park Service regula­ Private notices or advertisements may tion. not be posted or displayed in the monu­ Rangers are stationed at various points ment, unless authorized by the superin­ throughoi \ ie monument for the purpose tendent. of protecting it and giving information. Vehicular and other traffic within Death They patrol the roads, enforce the rules Valley National Monument is governed by and regulations, and render all possible aid the current State of California Vehicle Code. to s isitors.

The National Park System, of which Death Valley National Monument is a unit, is dedicated to the conservation of America's cenic, scientific, and historic heritage for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.

REVISED 1954 S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1954 O-F—306920-