Martian Gullies: a Comprehensive Review of Observations, Mechanisms and Insights from Earth Analogues Susan Conway, Tjalling De Haas, Tanya Harrison
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MARS an Overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera Science
MARS MARS INFORMATICS The International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration Open Access Journals Science An overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation Michael C. Malin1, Kenneth S. Edgett1, Bruce A. Cantor1, Michael A. Caplinger1, G. Edward Danielson2, Elsa H. Jensen1, Michael A. Ravine1, Jennifer L. Sandoval1, and Kimberley D. Supulver1 1Malin Space Science Systems, P.O. Box 910148, San Diego, CA, 92191-0148, USA; 2Deceased, 10 December 2005 Citation: Mars 5, 1-60, 2010; doi:10.1555/mars.2010.0001 History: Submitted: August 5, 2009; Reviewed: October 18, 2009; Accepted: November 15, 2009; Published: January 6, 2010 Editor: Jeffrey B. Plescia, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Reviewers: Jeffrey B. Plescia, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University; R. Aileen Yingst, University of Wisconsin Green Bay Open Access: Copyright 2010 Malin Space Science Systems. This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: NASA selected the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) investigation in 1986 for the Mars Observer mission. The MOC consisted of three elements which shared a common package: a narrow angle camera designed to obtain images with a spatial resolution as high as 1.4 m per pixel from orbit, and two wide angle cameras (one with a red filter, the other blue) for daily global imaging to observe meteorological events, geodesy, and provide context for the narrow angle images. Following the loss of Mars Observer in August 1993, a second MOC was built from flight spare hardware and launched aboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) in November 1996. -
Formation of Gullies on Mars: Link to Recent Climate History and Insolation Microenvironments Implicate Surface Water Flow Origin
Formation of gullies on Mars: Link to recent climate history and insolation microenvironments implicate surface water flow origin James W. Head*†, David R. Marchant‡, and Mikhail A. Kreslavsky*§ *Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; ‡Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215; and §Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Edited by John Imbrie, Brown University, Providence, RI, and approved July 18, 2008 (received for review April 17, 2008) Features seen in portions of a typical midlatitude Martian impact provide a context and framework of information in which their crater show that gully formation follows a geologically recent origin might be better understood. Assessment of the stratigraphic period of midlatitude glaciation. Geological evidence indicates relationships in a crater interior typical of many gully occurrences that, in the relatively recent past, sufficient snow and ice accumu- provides evidence that gully formation is linked to glaciation and to lated on the pole-facing crater wall to cause glacial flow and filling geologically recent climate change that provided conditions for of the crater floor with debris-covered glaciers. As glaciation snow/ice accumulation and top-down melting. waned, debris-covered glaciers ceased flowing, accumulation The distribution of gullies shows a latitudinal dependence on zones lost ice, and newly exposed wall alcoves continued as the Mars, exclusively poleward of 30° in each hemisphere (2, 14) with location for limited snow/frost deposition, entrapment, and pres- a distinct concentration in the 30–50° latitude bands (e.g., 2, 7, ervation. Analysis of the insolation geometry of this pole-facing 8, 14, 18). -
Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/21816 SHARE Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions DETAILS 80 pages | 8.5 x 11 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-37904-5 | DOI 10.17226/21816 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee to Review the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions; Space Studies Board; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; European Space Sciences Committee; FIND RELATED TITLES European Science Foundation Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions Committee to Review the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences European Space Sciences Committee European Science Foundation Strasbourg, France Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This study is based on work supported by the Contract NNH11CD57B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and work supported by the Contract RFP/IPL-PTM/PA/fg/306.2014 between the European Science Foundation and the European Space Agency. -
Watershed Modeling in the Tyrrhena Terra Region of Mars Scott C
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115, E09001, doi:10.1029/2009JE003429, 2010 Watershed modeling in the Tyrrhena Terra region of Mars Scott C. Mest,1,2 David A. Crown,1 and William Harbert3 Received 9 May 2009; revised 13 December 2009; accepted 29 January 2010; published 1 September 2010. [1] Watershed analyses from high‐resolution image (Viking, Mars Orbiter Camera, and Thermal Emission Imaging System) and topographic (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter [MOLA]) data are used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize highland fluvial systems and analyze the role of water in the evolution of Tyrrhena Terra (13°S–30°S, 265°W–280°W), Mars. In this study, Geographical Information System software is used in conjunction with MOLA Digital Elevation Models to delineate drainage basin divides, extract valley networks, and derive basin and network morphometric parameters (e.g., drainage density, stream order, bifurcation ratio, and relief morphometry) useful in characterizing the geologic and climatic conditions of watershed formation, as well as for evaluating basin “maturity” and processes of watershed development. Model‐predicted valley networks and watershed boundaries, which are dependent on the degree to which pixel sinks are filled in the topographic data set and a channelization threshold, are evaluated against image and topographic data, slope maps, and detailed maps of valley segments from photogeologic analyses. Valley morphologies, crater/valley relationships, and impact crater distributions show that valleys in Tyrrhena Terra are ancient. Based on geologic properties of the incised materials, valley and network morphologies, morphometric parameters, and the presence of many gullies heading at or near‐crater rim crests, surface runoff, derived from rainfall or snowmelt, was the dominant erosional process; sapping may have only played a secondary role in valley formation in Tyrrhena Terra. -
Lexiconordica
LexicoNordica Forfatter: Hannu Tommola og Arto Mustajoki [Den förnyade rysk-finska storordboken] Anmeldt værk: Martti Kuusinen, Vera Ollikainen og Julia Syrjäläinen. 1997. Venäjä- suomi-suursanakirja (Bol ´šoj russko-finskij slovar´) yli 90.000 hakusanaa ja sanontaa. Porvoo/Helsinki/Juva: WSOY og Moskva: Russkij jazyk, 1997. Kilde: LexicoNordica 5, 1998, s. 239-260 URL: http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/lexn/issue/archive © LexicoNordica og forfatterne Betingelser for brug af denne artikel Denne artikel er omfattet af ophavsretsloven, og der må citeres fra den. Følgende betingelser skal dog være opfyldt: Citatet skal være i overensstemmelse med „god skik“ Der må kun citeres „i det omfang, som betinges af formålet“ Ophavsmanden til teksten skal krediteres, og kilden skal angives, jf. ovenstående bibliografiske oplysninger. Søgbarhed Artiklerne i de ældre LexicoNordica (1-16) er skannet og OCR-behandlet. OCR står for ’optical character recognition’ og kan ved tegngenkendelse konvertere et billede til tekst. Dermed kan man søge i teksten. Imidlertid kan der opstå fejl i tegngenkendelsen, og når man søger på fx navne, skal man være forberedt på at søgningen ikke er 100 % pålidelig. 239 Hannu Tommola & Arto Mustajoki Den förnyade rysk-finska storordboken Martti Kuusinen, Vera Ollikainen, Julia Syrjäläinen: Venäjä-suomi- suursanakirja (Bol´soj russko-finskij slovar´) yli 90.000 hakusanaa ja sanontaa. Toim. M. Kuusinen. Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva: WSOY & Moskva: Russkij jazyk, 1997, XXXI + 1575 s. Pris: FIM 554. The dictionary reviewed in this article is a revised edition of a Russian-Finnish dictionary compiled by scholars in the former Soviet Karelia. The dictionary was first published in 1963 in Moscow, then reprinted twice by the Finnish publishing house WSOY. -
Martian Crater Morphology
ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter. -
NASA Mars Exploration Strategy: “Follow the Water”
Gullies on Mars -- Water or Not? Allan H. Treiman NASA Mars Exploration Strategy: “Follow the Water” Life W Climate A T Geology E Resources R Evidence of Water on Mars Distant Past Crater Degradation and Valley Networks ‘River’ Channels Flat Northern Lowlands Meteorites Carbonate in ALH84001 Clay in nakhlites MER Rover Sites Discoveries Hydrous minerals: jarosite! Fe2O3 from water (blueberries etc.) Silica & sulfate & phosphate deposits Recent Past (Any liquid?) Clouds & Polar Ice Ground Ice Valley Networks and Degraded Craters 1250 km River Channels - Giant Floods! 225 km 10 km craters River Channels - ‘Normal’ Flows 14 km 1 km River Channels from Rain? 700 km Science, July 2, 2004 19 km Ancient Martian Meteorite ALH84001 MER Opportunity - Heatshield and parachute. Jarosite - A Water-bearing Mineral Formed in Groundwater 3+ KFe3 (SO4)2(OH)6 2 Jarosite = K2SO4 + 3 Fe2O3 + 3 H2SO4 Hematite is in “Blueberries,” which still suggest water. Stone Mountain MER Spirit: Columbia Hills H2O Now: Clouds & Polar Caps Ground Ice – Mars Orbiter GRS Water abundances within a few meters depth of the Martian surface. Wm. Feldman. AAAS talk & Los Alamos Nat’l. Lab. Press Release, 15 Feb. 2003. (SPACE.com report, 16 Feb. 2003) So, Water on Mars !! So? Apparently, Mars has/had lots of water. Lots of evidence for ancient liquid water (> ~2 billion years ago), both surface and underground. Martian Gullies - Liquid Water or Not? Material flows down steep slopes, most commonly interpreted as water-bearing debris flows [Malin and Edgett (2000) Science 288, 2330]. Liquid water is difficult to produce and maintain near Mars’ surface, now. -
NITROGEN on MARS: INSIGHTS from CURIOSITY. J. C. Stern1 , B. Sutter2, W. A. Jackson3, Rafael Na- Varro-González4, Christopher P
Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 2726.pdf 1 2 3 NITROGEN ON MARS: INSIGHTS FROM CURIOSITY. J. C. Stern , B. Sutter , W. A. Jackson , Rafael Na- varro-González4, Christopher P. McKay5, Douglas W. Ming6, P. Douglas Archer2, D. P. Glavin1, A. G. Fairen7,8 and Paul R. Mahaffy1. 1NASA GSFC, Code 699, Greenbelt, MD 20771, [email protected], 2Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico, 5NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, 6NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston TX 77058, 7Centro de Astrobiologia, Madrid, Spain, 8Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Introduction: Recent detection of nitrate on Mars [1] indicates that nitrogen fixation processes occurred in early martian history. Data collected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity Rover can be integrated with Mars analog work in order to better understand the fixation and mobility of nitrogen on Mars, and thus its availability to putative biology. In particular, the relationship between nitrate and other soluble salts may help reveal the timing of nitrogen fixation and post-depositional behavior of nitrate on Mars. In addition, in situ measurements of nitrogen abundance and isotopic composition may be used to model atmospheric conditions on early Mars. Methods: The data presented are from analyses of solid Martian drilled and scooped samples by the Sam- ple Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover. SAM performs evolved gas analysis (EGA), in which a 3 Figure 1. -
The Leadership Issue
SUMMER 2017 NON PROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE PAID ROLAND PARK COUNTRY SCHOOL connections BALTIMORE, MD 5204 Roland Avenue THE MAGAZINE OF ROLAND PARK COUNTRY SCHOOL Baltimore, MD 21210 PERMIT NO. 3621 connections THE ROLAND PARK COUNTRY SCHOOL COUNTRY PARK ROLAND SUMMER 2017 LEADERSHIP ISSUE connections ROLAND AVE. TO WALL ST. PAGE 6 INNOVATION MASTER PAGE 12 WE ARE THE ROSES PAGE 16 ADENA TESTA FRIEDMAN, 1987 FROM THE HEAD OF SCHOOL Dear Roland Park Country School Community, Leadership. A cornerstone of our programming here at Roland Park Country School. Since we feel so passionately about this topic we thought it was fitting to commence our first themed issue of Connections around this important facet of our connections teaching and learning environment. In all divisions and across all ages here at Roland Park Country School — and life beyond From Roland Avenue to Wall Street graduation — leadership is one of the connecting, lasting 06 President and CEO of Nasdaq, Adena Testa Friedman, 1987 themes that spans the past, present, and future lives of our (cover) reflects on her time at RPCS community members. Joe LePain, Innovation Master The range of leadership experiences reflected in this issue of Get to know our new Director of Information and Innovation Connections indicates a key understanding we have about the 12 education we provide at RPCS: we are intentional about how we create leadership opportunities for our students of today — and We Are The Roses for the ever-changing world of tomorrow. We want our students 16 20 years. 163 Roses. One Dance. to have the skills they need to be successful in the future. -
Newsletter February Issue
Monthly Digital Newsletter VOL. 1 • ISSUE 1 • FEB 2021 From the News Mars Rover Mission 2020: Things you This issue: need to know BY PRIYANKA KASTURIA From the news 2:31 a.m. Feb 19, 2021, a tweet by NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover, Mars Rover Mission 2020: “Hello, world. My first look at my forever home.” NASA and the Things you need to know world celebrated the success of the landing of Mars Rover PAGE 01 “Perseverance” on the Mars’ landing site called Jezero Crater, one of the eight potential locations to explore Martian life. Blog of the Month One of the missions is to “search for ancient life by collecting Space Robotics: Leading rock samples and sending them back to the Earth.” The rover is the way to the cosmos itself a mini-scientific laboratory on Mars to collect thirty-eight rock samples, and testing experiments for various purposes. PAGE 02 The News Bulletin PAGE 07 SSERD Celebrates National Science Day PAGE 08 Internship and Projects Image Credits: NASA Division (IPD) - Batch 8 READ MORE AT: Mars Rover Mission 2020: Things you need to know PAGE 10 EDGE OF SPACE © 2021 All Rights Reserved, EdgeofSpace.in, Part of SSERD PAGE 01 Blog of the Month Space Robotics: Leading the way to the "The future, despite Cosmos being seemingly BY K SHREYAS SUVARNA ‘unpredictable’, is The space tech industry has been largely dependent on definitely ‘exciting’ automation right from the very beginning and now with advanced technological know-how, this dependence is bound to increase and most possibly, exponentially, and it’s robotics that steps in to assist humans in realize the dream of exploring the unknown. -
Widespread Crater-Related Pitted Materials on Mars: Further Evidence for the Role of Target Volatiles During the Impact Process ⇑ Livio L
Icarus 220 (2012) 348–368 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars: Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process ⇑ Livio L. Tornabene a, , Gordon R. Osinski a, Alfred S. McEwen b, Joseph M. Boyce c, Veronica J. Bray b, Christy M. Caudill b, John A. Grant d, Christopher W. Hamilton e, Sarah Mattson b, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark c a University of Western Ontario, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, Earth Sciences, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7 b University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA c University of Hawai’i, Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Ma¯noa, HI 96822, USA d Smithsonian Institution, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA e NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA article info abstract Article history: Recently acquired high-resolution images of martian impact craters provide further evidence for the Received 28 August 2011 interaction between subsurface volatiles and the impact cratering process. A densely pitted crater-related Revised 29 April 2012 unit has been identified in images of 204 craters from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. This sample of Accepted 9 May 2012 craters are nearly equally distributed between the two hemispheres, spanning from 53°Sto62°N latitude. Available online 24 May 2012 They range in diameter from 1 to 150 km, and are found at elevations between À5.5 to +5.2 km relative to the martian datum. The pits are polygonal to quasi-circular depressions that often occur in dense clus- Keywords: ters and range in size from 10 m to as large as 3 km. -
The State of Anthro–Earth
The Rosette Gazette Volume 22,, IssueIssue 7 Newsletter of the Rose City Astronomers July, 2010 RCA JULY 19 GENERAL MEETING The State Of Anthro–Earth THE STATE OF ANTHRO-EARTH: A Visitor From Far, Far Away Reviews the Status of Our Planet In This Issue: A Talk (in Earth-English) By Richard Brenne 1….General Meeting Enrico Fermi famously wondered why we hadn't heard from any other planetary 2….Club Officers civilizations, and Richard Brenne, who we'd always suspected was probably from another planet, thinks he might know the answer. Carl Sagan thought it was likely …...Magazines because those on other planets blew themselves up with nuclear weapons, but Richard …...RCA Library thinks its more likely that burning fossil fuels changed the climates and collapsed the 3….Local Happenings civilizations of those we might otherwise have heard from. Only someone from another planet could discuss this most serious topic with Richard's trademark humor 4…. Telescope (in a previous life he was an award-winning screenwriter - on which planet we're not Transformation sure) and bemused detachment. 5….Special Interest Groups Richard Brenne teaches a NASA-sponsored Global Climate Change class, serves on 6….Star Party Scene the American Meteorological Society's Committee to Communicate Climate Change, has written and produced documentaries about climate change since 1992, and has 7.…Observers Corner produced and moderated 50 hours of panel discussions about climate change with 18...RCA Board Minutes many of the world's top climate change scientists. Richard writes for the blog "Climate Progress" and his forthcoming book is titled "Anthro-Earth", his new name 20...Calendars for his adopted planet.