Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

BRAZIL

Overall risk level

Extreme Defer non-essential travel

Extremely dangerous and presents unpredic- table security risks

Chaotic; travel impossible Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 192

Upcoming Events

07 September 2021 - 08 September 2021 Moderate risk: Rallies expected on Independence Day on 7 September Local sources indicated that truckers plan on rallying in Brasilia on 7 September in a show of support for President Jair Bolsonaro on Independence Day. Similar rallies and celebrations of the day are expected nationwide.

07 September 2021 - 08 September 2021 Medium risk: Pro- and anti-government rallies planned nationwide on 7 September - Update Supporters of President Jair Bolsonaro called for rallies in Brasília and São Paulo's Avenida Paulista to mark Independence Day on 7 September. Counter- demonstrators will protest in São Paulo's Vale do Anhangabaú from 14:00 local time (17:00 GMT), to demand the resignation of President Bolsonaro over his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Related rallies and celebrations are expected nationwide.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 2 Travel Advisories

Medium risk: Western Amazon region Travellers are advised to exercise caution when travelling to Brazil's western Amazon region on an ongoing basis because of a migrant crisis and transnational criminal activity.

The security situation in Brazil's western Amazon region has deteriorated amid an ongoing economic and political crisis in neighbouring Venezuela. The Venezuelan emigrant population continued to grow during 2019, reaching upwards of 20 percent of the population in Roraima state. Although thousands of Venezuelans have since returned from Brazil to Venezuela due to the COVID-19 outbreak amidst related border closures, around 30,000 others remain in Roraima's capital Boa Vista - many of them on the streets, while unemployment, social unrest, violence and lack of health and education infrastructure are on rise due to the crisis. In 2019, after Venezuelan opposition activists and indigenous leaders planned to send humanitarian aid from Roraima into Venezuela, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro deployed additional security forces on the border in Gran Sabana facing Roraima and ordered a temporary closure of Venezuela's border crossings with Brazil between 21 February and 10 May 2020. At least two people were killed and a dozen others were injured following clashes between protesters and loyalist Venezuelan security forces at the Pacaraima border crossing on 23-24 February. The pre-COVID-19 reopening of the border also eased the availability of electricity and fuel in Pacaraima, whose economy is largely dependent on Venezuelan supply and market.

On 28 December 2018, authorities extended the deployment of additional security forces to Roraima – first implemented in August 2018 by former President Michel Temer, to maintain law and order amid a worsening Venezuelan migrant crisis in the state. In addition to providing increased border security, the 600-person strong military contingent is also tasked to protect migrants from violent attacks perpetrated by local residents angry with the instability created by the influx of migrants escaping worsening economic conditions in their country. Roraima is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil and overall conditions for Brazilians living in the state are generally poor; the increase of immigrants has

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 3 nearly collapsed their already precarious public services and infrastructure, especially healthcare, which is now on the brink of a collapse due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated number of Venezuelans in Brazil reached 265,000 as of January, with some 700 people entering the country daily and the figure likely to increase after Brazil allowed Venezuelans to present any form of ID, even if it has expired, to apply for residence in Brazil in March. In another similar flexibilisation measure, the Brazilian government relaxed restrictions at the Pacaraima border crossing to allow passage for Venezuelans in a state of social vulnerability in June, triggering the arrival of over 4,000 people in 20 days. Most Venezuelans come through the Pacaraima border crossing, while the border city of Pacaraima as well as Roraima's capital Boa Vista and Amazonas and São Paulo states carry a hefty majority of the immigrants.

Another worrying issue in the western Amazon region are the illicit activities taking place in the area. The difficult and impenetrable topography along Brazil's lengthy border in the Amazon and Andean regions creates a challenging situation for Brazilian security forces to patrol the border for drug smuggling, illegal mining and other illicit activities effectively, or to prevent the proliferation of armed groups from other countries. Such cross-border crime and drug trafficking occur along the borders with Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Cocaine seizures have increased particularly on the Bolivian border, with Porto Esperidião and other municipalities across Mato Grosso state being crucial cocaine trafficking routes, and a stronghold of the First Capital Command (Primeiro Comando da Capital - PCC) criminal group. Armed Colombian groups regularly cross the Colombia-Brazil border, and at times engage Brazilian security forces in shootouts; there have been several cases of tourists being kidnapped by Colombian paramilitary groups in recent years. Colombia's National Liberation Army (ELN) and Brazil's Comando Vermelho criminal group have reportedly joined forces to enable the transport of drugs from Colombia to Manaus, Amazonas state, for further transport.

Exercise caution when travelling to Brazil's western Amazon region. Follow all directives issued by local authorities and carry personal, official identification at all times. While foreign nationals are unlikely to be the direct target of any criminal activity or violence associated with it, the risk of incidental or bystander injury is possible. The threat of kidnap, while low, is still apparent. Register travel details with local embassies or consulates and use local reputable guides for travel outside of urban centres.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 4 Medium risk: Tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay Exercise caution for travel to the tri-border area (TBA) of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay until further notice because of transnational criminal activity.

The Triple Frontier, or tri-border region, between Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil’s Paraná state is known as a regional hotspot for transnational and international criminal activity such as black market smuggling of various goods, including marijuana and cigarettes from Paraguay and weapons illegally exported from the United States (US) to be re-assembled and sold in the region. In May 2021, authorities implemented a security operation in Paraná state to tackle trafficking and smuggling from Paraguay. Some six billion US dollars are estimated to be laundered in the area annually by organized crime groups. The area has also been designated by all three governments as a region of international terrorist fundraising, especially the city of Ciudad del Este on the Paraguayan side of the border, connecting with Foz do Iguaçu. For years, the Lebanon-based Shi'a Islamist political party and militant group Hezbollah has used the region - home to a significant Arab community of predominately Lebanese origin - to launder money, and also plan attacks both internationally and within South America. While the group carried out two bomb attacks in Argentina in the 1990s, there is no recent evidence to suggest they are actively targeting Argentina, Brazil or Paraguay for imminent or future attacks. However, explosives were seized at a bus terminal in Encarnación, Paraguay, in November 2020. The group has also been linked with the trade of "black cocaine" – cocaine disguised as charcoal, an ideal cover for drug smuggling and terror finance in a region that is a large exporter of charcoal. Although surveillance of the tri-border area was improved in 2002 by the creation of the '3 + 1' Group on Tri-border Area Security, comprised of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and the US, corruption and general lawlessness remains rampant in some pockets, with instability in Venezuela and stepped-up money-laundering enforcement in Panama and the Caribbean increasing the attractiveness of the region as an alternative for transnational criminal organizations looking to launder illicit funds. This has resulted in increased law enforcement pursuits to combat criminal activity as evidenced by a July 2018 operation where USD 10 million were seized by authorities after a money-laundering scheme of a group with reported ties to Hezbollah was detected at a casino in Puerto Iguazú in Argentina. The Brazilian government also extradited on 17 July 2020 Assad Ahmad Barakat, a

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 5 Hezbollah treasurer, to Paraguay, after arresting him in Foz do Iguaçu in September 2018. In August 2021, Paraguayan authorities arrested Kassem Mohamad Hijazi, a Brazilian national of Lebanese origin, accused of money laundering in Ciudad del Este in a joint operation with the United States, where he will be extradited. Despite the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, criminal organisations, including the First Capital Command (PCC), continue to cross the Paraná and Iguazú rivers with small boats or use drones or remote- controlled speedboats to move contraband while also organising multiple prison escapes in the border region and preying on people desperate due to the economic crisis triggered by the pandemic.

Exercise caution when travelling to the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. While foreign nationals are unlikely to be the direct target of any criminal activity or violence associated with it, the risk of incidental or by-stander injury is possible. Register travel details with local embassies or consulates and consider utilising local reputable guides for travel outside of urban centres.

Moderate risk: Seasonal influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Seasonal influenza occurs in the Southern Hemisphere from May through October, peaking around August. Unvaccinated elderly adults, young children and people with chronic health conditions are at greatest risk. Travellers should ensure they have an up-to-date flu vaccine before departure.

Seasonal influenza is an infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms caused by several different influenza viruses, with types A and B causing seasonal epidemics. It is easily transmitted, predominantly via droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Infectious aerosols may also play a role in influenza transmission. The incubation period ranges from one to four days, usually being around two days. The symptoms include a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe feeling of unwell-being, sore throat and a runny nose. Children may also present symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea. While most people suffer mild illness and recover from fever and other symptoms within a few days to a week or two without requiring medical attention, people of high-risk groups, including pregnant women, children under five years, individuals of age 65 years or

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 6 older and individuals with chronic or immunosuppressive medical conditions, may suffer from severe illness or death.

Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to cause from three to five million cases of severe illness globally, and around 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory fatalities. However, up to 75 percent of the infections are estimated to be asymptomatic. In temperate climates, which in the Southern Hemiphere includes Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and other countries, the seasonal flu is most prevalent from May through October. In tropical regions, influenza may occur throughout the year. The influenza activity in the southern hemisphere in 2020 was reported at lower levels than expected for the season, due to social distancing and other measures implemented to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Sporadic influenza detections were reported including in some South American countries including Chile and Paraguay with seasonal influenza B viruses accounting for the majority of infections globally.

The most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza is vaccination. Health authorities recommend a yearly vaccine, particularly to high-risk groups and healthcare workers, as the immunity from vaccination wanes over time. However, the effectiveness of vaccines against seasonal influenza varies annually based on several factors, including how well the inoculation is matched with the most prevalent strain of the virus in circulation. For instance, current vaccines tend to work better against influenza B and influenza A(H1N1) than against influenza A(H3N2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) and national health authorities monitor influenza activity in order to implement timely prevention and control strategies, including vaccination campaigns, as a means to avoid overcrowding of clinics and hospitals and high levels of worker/school absenteeism and productivity losses during peak illness periods. The WHO does not recommend any unique measures for travellers or travel restrictions due to seasonal influenza.

Travellers are advised to ensure they have an up-to-date flu vaccine before departure. Adhere to general hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands, good respiratory hygiene – covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, using tissues and disposing of them correctly, avoiding touching one’s eyes, nose or mouth, avoiding close contact with sick people and early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and having other symptoms of influenza to minimise the risk of infecting others in the community.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 7 Seek symptomatic treatment and additional medical attention if health deteriorates. Those at high-risk for developing severe or complicated illness are advised to seek antiviral treatment in addition to symptomatic treatment.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 8 Summary

Brazil is an Extreme Risk destination: defer non-essential travel. Extreme Risk locations are extremely dangerous and present unpredictable security risks. Travel, if possible, is likely to be chaotic.

Covid-19 Extreme Risk Federal authorities have been wavering to impose any lockdown directives, except quarantine measures for some incoming travellers, border closures and recommending social distancing and staying at home, despite Latin America's highest infection and fatality figures. The number of daily infections has, however, decreased considerably since late June. Limited international flights are available but most land and sea borders remain closed. Healthcare systems in major cities have been at the brink of collapse, while vaccine rollout was initially slow. Restrictions on movement and gatherings are in place in multiple states.

Political Instability Moderate Risk Brazil is a federalist state, vesting considerable power in the hands of governors. A sharp political shift took place in 2018 when far-right President Jair Bolsonaro was elected following leftist rule since 2002. A polarising figure, Bolsonaro will need to unify and bring stability to the country long suffering from political corruption investigations, high levels of crime and widespread protests against austerity measures, which are likely to increase amid his promise to reform Brazil's economy.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 9 Conflict Moderate Risk Brazil is arguably the most influential power in Latin America and faces no credible external threats. However, the country faces challenges in controlling its western borders with Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, with a lack of military patrols the area faces cross-border crime and outside guerrilla attacks. In urban areas, most conflicts are directly linked to organised crime in the drugs and weapons trafficking trade. The military is frequently used to maintain law and order across border regions and also in urban areas.

Terrorism Low Risk There is no significant threat from domestic or international terrorist groups. While international radical religious sympathisers are known to be living in Brazil, it is believed they are only involved in monetary and funding operations and not in planning attacks on Brazilian soil. Domestic terrorism activity, if any, is attributed to local criminal gangs.

Unrest High Risk Deep social cleavages, low trust in government and economic inequality contribute to persistent low-level unrest. Austerity measures and widespread corruption scandals regularly trigger demonstrations and road blockades that easily erupt into violence across the country. Strikes, particularly in the transport sector, are common and can bring cities to a standstill. Violent riots and protests as well as clashes between rival groups or with police can erupt without warning in the country's favelas, with a substantial risk to bystanders.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 10 Crime High Risk Crime rates in Brazil are high and on the rise, particularly in urban centres, outdoor market areas and the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Recife and Salvador, with foreign nationals often being targets due to their perceived wealth. Former and corrupt elements of the historically violent state police force in Rio de Janeiro collude with drug gangs to operate the infamous 'militias' that control vast areas and illegal activities ranging from extortion to murder to unlicensed public transport. Criminal gangs have historically operated with impunity in urban favelas on the outskirts of urban areas.

Natural and Environmental Moderate Risk Disruptive flash floods and potentially fatal landslides may occur in the southern regions of the country, particularly during the rainy season from December to March. Wildfires and related worsened air quality are an increasing occurrence due to illegal slash and burn agricultural activities in the Amazon forest. Although infrequent, the country may also be prone to seismic activity.

Health and Medical Medium Risk Medical care is adequate in major cities but quality varies greatly in rural areas; private facilities are often better staffed and equipped than public ones. Serious conditions outside urban hubs areas may require air-lift evacuation to a nearby city. A number of health risks can affect travellers to Brazil including diseases spread through mosquito and other insect bites, water parasites and foodborne illnesses.

Local Travel Medium Risk Travel conditions vary greatly in Brazil. Air travel between Brazilian cities may be delayed due to limited airport capacity or high demand. Most major roads are generally well-marked and well-maintained; however, poorer conditions exist in rural regions, including in northern states and border areas. Locals have a tendency to drive erratically in cities, leading to frequent traffic accidents including deaths. Public transport is often marred by petty crime and frequent strikes, and maritime accidents have led to loss of life in recent years. Taxis and private tourist company buses are the recommended modes of transport in Brazil.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 11 Political Overview : Moderate Risk

Brazil endured military rule from 1964 to 1985, when the country returned to democracy. Since then, the country has developed into a relatively modern democratic state, with firmly entrenched and stable democratic processes. However, the system is often rocked by political corruption scandals, economic difficulties and social polarisation. Brazil is a federalist state, vesting considerable power in the hands of governors. Far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro was elected president following a second-round vote on 28 October 2018, signifying a sharp political shift in the country, which had been governed by leftist presidencies since 2002. A polarising figure - criticised and praised for his populist comments – Bolsonaro won 55.13 percent of the vote, 10.26 percentage points higher than rival Fernando Haddad of the left-wing Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT). Bolsonaro will need to unify and bring stability to the country long suffering from political corruption investigations, high levels of crime and widespread protests against austerity measures, which are likely to increase amid his promise to reform Brazil's economy. On 27 April 2020, the Supreme Court ordered a probe into Bolsonaro amid accusations that he tried to interfere with police investigations into his sons. Earlier, Bolsonaro fired the head of Federal Police which led to his Minister of Justice resigning. The incident plunges Brazil into a new political crisis and possible impeachment trial for Bolsonaro. Bolsonaro's approval rates have also plummeted over his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading him to replace six cabinet ministers in March. The ongoing political crisis deepened with the annulment of the corruption convictions against former President Lula da Silva in March which opened the door for Lula to run in the 2022 presidential election.

The rise of Bolsonaro came amid a slow downfall of the PT party. The rule of the PT under former union leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002-2010) and his hand-picked successor Dilma Rousseff (2010-2016) were characterised by the expansion of social welfare, increased public spending and strong economic growth based on booming commodity prices and growing trade with China - lifting 20 million people out of poverty and expanding the middle class by 29 million. Rousseff’s re-election was followed by a severe economic crisis, a massive corruption scandal, a loss of political support and a drop in approval ratings to the single digit mark, which ultimately led to her impeachment on 31 August 2016 over the use of public bank funds to hide budget deficits in 2014. The government of President Michel Temer, former vice president

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 12 under Rousseff and once leader of the country’s largest party within the ruling coalition – the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, PMDB) – secured wide political support in Congress by awarding ministerial positions to a total of 10 parties, including the main opposition Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, PSDB). Temer, however, faced similarly low public disapproval ratings as Rousseff, and was cited several times in the massive corruption investigation Lava Jato; however, unlike his predecessor Temer managed to escape at least one impeachment attempt in mid- 2017 despite multiple corruption charges.

Following years of economic expansion, falling Chinese demand and commodity prices drop resulted in inflation, rising unemployment, growing household indebtedness and a severe crisis. Yet, after experiencing a 3.8 and 3.6 percent downturn in 2015 and 2016, respectively, the economy recovered and grew by 1.1 percent in 2017 and 2018. The IMF expected the growth to continue in 2020, until COVID-19 pandemic lowered the expectations. Inflation was also brought under control as the 4.4 percent annual increase in prices in April 2017 marked the first time the Central Bank target was met since 2010; inflation has since followed along the target line. However, the recovery comes at the price of austerity that triggered mass protests following the approval of a 20-year freeze on public spending. The looming threat of a corruption scandal, austerity measures, constantly rising unemployment – expected to stand at 14.6 percent in 2021 – and the growth of anti-establishment sentiment will remain major threats to the political and social stability in the country for the long-term.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 13 Conflict : Moderate Risk

Border Conflicts: Although Brazil does not have any problems with the definition of its borders with its neighbours, one challenge facing Brazil is the effort to control its western borders, as the military cannot easily penetrate the Amazon and Andean regions. There is serious concern over country's ability to patrol the Amazon borders for drug smuggling and other crimes, as well as to enforce the prohibition of guerrilla forces from other countries. There are therefore high levels of cross-border crime and drug trafficking occurring along the borders with Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. Authorities tend to deploy large contingents of security forces, sometimes in coordination with other countries, to the border regions to tackle smuggling and other criminal activities. Additionally, the military has legal powers to serve as a de-facto police force within 150km (93 miles) of Brazil's borders - frequently assuming regular policing duties and fighting criminality or narco-trafficking.

Internal Conflicts: In the urban areas, most conflicts are directly linked to organised crime in the drugs and weapons trafficking trade. The First Command of the Capital (PCC - Primeiro Comando da Capital) is one of the most important criminal organisations that controls drugs distribution and other illegal activities in urban areas, with an estimated 11-30,000-strong membership nationwide. Over 75 percent of all penitentiaries in the state of São Paulo are internally controlled by PCC members. In May 2006, the PPC coordinated simultaneous prison rebellions in São Paulo through the use of mobile phones. Violence spread to the city as police officers were murdered, bank agencies were attacked and buses were set on fire in the biggest display of power by the organisation. In the early 2010s, PPC began to establish drug and arms trafficking operations in neighboring countries, including Bolivia and Paraguay. PCC, along with other criminal organisations, are known to organise riots, prison breaks, bank robberies, hijackings, robberies of luxury homes and apartments, weapons traffic and violent acts, all this with the organisation’s leaders behind bars.

In Rio de Janeiro state, Red Command (Comando Vermelho) is known for its highly organised crime in drugs and weapon trafficking. Considered Brazil’s oldest organised criminal organisation, the Red Command was originally established as a self- protection group for prisoners. During the 1970s the group slowly started to commit petty crimes such as bank robberies and muggings but then decided to move into the Colombian drug trade in the 1980s. In 2005 the criminal organisation was believed to

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 14 have controlled more than 50 percent of Rio de Janeiro’s most violent areas. The group has links to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the PCC and also holds a presence in both Bolivia and Paraguay. However the gang’s influence has been reduced much in part due to the institutionalised pacification program.

Militias: Brazil does not generally face a problem with militias or paramilitary groups, with the only exception being the city of Rio de Janeiro. Although militias in Rio claim their goal is to eliminate drug-trafficking organisations in the favelas (“shanty towns”) many feel they have supplanted drug gangs as new bosses, using similar tactics of violence and illicit activity to retain power. The militias are usually made up of current and former police officers, correctional officers and criminals. Drugs are forbidden to enter the areas where militias operate, and community respect is imposed, but acts deemed as insubordinate to the militia’s ‘code’ are usually punished with violence or death. On 8 June 2008, an undercover crew of local journalists working on a militia story were tortured for almost eight hours by militiamen and military police. There is great concern that these militias, as they gain more power and control more areas, will partner with corrupt police officers and politicians to expand their influence outside the slums and into the city.

Strength of Military Forces: Brazilian Armed Forces are divided in three specific areas: army, navy and air force. Each has its own mission, equipment and internal chain of command, and is answerable to the Ministry of Defence, with the president retaining the role of Chief of Command. Most of the country's military equipment is outdated, with approximately only 1.5 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) being spent on the army. Brazil has around 334,000 active personnel, by far the largest military power in Latin America, with two thirds of that being in the Army, and the rest distributed quite equally between the Navy and Air Force. As for men and women fit for military service (between 16 and 49 years old and who are not otherwise disqualified for health reasons), the number is estimated at 85 million. Amid an ongoing austerity and economic crisis the military is frequently used to maintain law and order across border regions and also in urban areas. In February 2018, President Bolsonaro authorised Armed Forces to intervene directly in public security within Rio de Janeiro state.

International Alliances: Although an economic trade pact, Mercosur has acted as a pacifying force in the region. There is close co-operation with other members of the pact (Venezuela, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, plus associate/interested

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 15 countries Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico). Both Argentina and Brazil have renounced their nuclear aspirations and have reduced the size of their respective militaries. Recent military purchases made by Venezuela have, however, spurred the military establishment in Brazil to argue for an aggressive military modernisation program.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 16 Terrorism

Islamist Terrorism: While international radical religious sympathisers are known to be living in Brazil, it is believed they are only involved in monetary and funding operations and not in planning attacks on Brazilian soil. In May 2018, federal prosecuters charged 11 people with plotting to establish an Islamic State (IS) cell in Brazil and attempting to recruit fighters to send to Syria, marking the second dismantling of such a group in the country in two years; prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics, authorities arrested 10 people suspected of belonging to a group supporting IS. In both cases, the alleged cell members used social media apps for communication and discussed various plots to target high-profile events - including the Summer Olympics and Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. While the plots, described as "amature" by authorities, never left the planning stage, the incidents highlight how international events are attractive targets to terrorist groups and radicalised individuals.

There is suspicion of terrorist activity in the tri-border area (TBA) of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay in Ciudad del Este, linking the Muslim community of the area to al- Qaeda. Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US, intelligence focused on the TBA and evidence emerged that money laundering there was and continues to be used to finance groups such as Egypt’s Gamma el-Islamiyya, al-Qaeda, Hamas and Hezbollah. It is estimated that radical religious groups are sending around USD300 to USD500 million per year back to the Middle East. Although it has been suggested that there could be cells from these groups in the TBA, this theory has been rebuffed by recent analyses and the lack of conclusive evidence. Hamas and Hezbollah are most likely to have sympathisers in the country, especially in the TBA, but there has never been an attack in Brazil linked or sponsored by either one of these organisations.

A more well-founded concern is the potential for radical religious militants to seek refuge in the Lebanese and other immigrant communities in major Brazilian cities and possibly attack the Jewish communities or US/British/Israeli diplomatic targets. The problem manifested in 2003 when media reports stated that Osama bin Laden secretly crossed the Argentine border in 1995 to meet with sympathisers in Iguaçu Falls. The Kuwaiti al-Qaeda militant Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is also believed to have visited Brazil in 1995. The town of Chuí on the border with Uruguay has also seen militant movements, with El Said Hassan Mokhles having resided there. Mokhles, an

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 17 Egyptian, was arrested upon leaving Brazil with a fake Malaysian passport in 1999 and extradited to Egypt in July 2003 on charges relating to the 1997 terrorist attack on tourists in the Egyptian town of Luxor.

The media has reported that a map of the area on the Brazil/Paraguay border was found in an al-Qaeda safe house in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Itaipú hydroelectric plant, shared by both countries, would flood the area if it was breached by a terror attack.

Domestic Terrorism: There is almost no history of domestic terrorist activity in the last two decades after the country’s return to democratic rule. It is fair to say that there are no local political or ideological groups that have resorted to bombing or other violent tactics as a regular modus operandi form of protest. However, several criminal organisations, such as First Command of the Capital (Primeiro Comando da Capital, PCC) and Red Command (Comando Vermelho) use terrorist methods (bombings, hijacks, assassinations) for criminal goals, with no link to political statements or ideology whatsoever.

Response Preparedness: Emergency service in the main urban centres would generally response efficiently in the event of a mass casualty incident. Any critical incident outside of an urban centre cannot be guaranteed to result with an effective response.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 18 Unrest : High Risk

Protests and Demonstrations: The country suffers an array of serious social problems and threats to stability. It is one of Latin America’s most unequal societies, with the richest 10 percent of the population controlling 45 percent of national income. Protests, marches and demonstrations are common in Brazil and are mostly headed by political parties or organisations, labour unions or interest groups. Protests carry the risk of clashes between demonstrators and police as political turmoil, economic crisis and overall anti-establishment sentiment fuels unrest and near-weekly anti-government demonstrations. Further austerity measures, as well as constantly evolving corruption investigations of politicians, are expected to continue to fuel such protests in the medium-term. In order to disperse crowds, police usually use rubber bullets and tear gas. The capital, Brasília, is home of the majority of these demonstrations that usually concentrate in front of Congress and the Supreme Court. Elsewhere, farmers tend to protest by blocking roads and highways with trucks and farming equipment. Roadblocks are also used by the native indigenous populations in the Amazon region. Burning tyres or sit-ins are a common tactic used by disgruntled protesters. Travellers should always avoid demonstrating crowds and marches in the event they erupt into violence; consult local media for planned protests and the intended location of their gathering.

Violent Unrest: Widespread corruption scandals since 2016 have caused an overall deterioration of trust in politics in Brazilian society. Austerity measures by the widely unpopular Temer administration as well as the controversial impeachment of former president Dilma Rousseff, corruption charges of ex-president Lula da Silva and Bolsonaro's education and pension cuts mobilised left-wing activist groups and labour unions. Protests organised by two main opposition groups, the Povo Sem Medo and Brasil Popular, tend to lead to violence. Roadblocks and clashes with security forces typically accompany such actions across urban areas. A prominent source of civil unrest in Brazil continues to stem from the Movimento Sem Terra (“no-land movement”), or MST. The movement objects to the ownership of half of all agricultural land by one percent of the population. It advocates radical land reform and, in response to a perceived unwillingness to reform, it regularly invades and occupies farms it considers unproductive. The MST's perception that reform is moving ahead too slowly led to the ‘Red April’ and ‘Red November’ series of occupations and protests

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 19 in 2004. In February 2005, clashes resulted in the death of approximately 1,200 rural workers and protesters, leading the government to deploy 2,000 troops to the northeastern state of Pará as part of Operation Pacajá. The main areas of MST-related conflict are Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo. Its largest encampment is in the west of São Paulo state at Pontal do Paranapanema.

In addition to MST, another ongoing conflict in the Amazon region has to do with the government’s outlining of indigenous reservations, especially the ones with either good soil for farmers or mineral resources. Considered to be chaotic by some analysts, this outlining of protected areas is a frequent source of violent dispute between the native indigenous and farmers or the indigenous and government forces. An area under dire dispute for the last years, the reserve Raposa/Serra do Sol - adjacent to northern Brazil’s Guyanese border - has prompted military presence for an extended period due to continuous clashes between native indigenous people and local rice farmers. Government repression of illegal loggers and illegal farmers in the Amazon area usually lead to violence as well.

Brazil’s 600 favelas (“shanty towns”) are often home to violent riots and protests. Favelas are usually located on the outskirts of large urban centres and are composed of self-constructed dwellings housing the country's urban poor in severely decrepit conditions. Local gangs, usually involved in the drug trade, control the favelas, where the police rarely make an appearance. However, in November 2010 Brazilian troops drove traffickers out of Rio de Janeiro's Alemao favela as the first step in an ambitious operation to bring the rule of law to its slums. Some 40 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs), a law enforcement and social services program aimed at reclaiming favelas controlled by gangs of drug dealers, were established within Rio de Janeiro. However, since 2012 violence began to increase as the militarised model of the UPPs was exhausted and left underfinanced. Under no circumstances should travellers venturing into a favela, even if with a tour group or local guide.

Strikes: As in most democratic countries, strikes are a legitimate form of protest protected and regulated by local laws. Most strikes in Brazil are held by public servants including teachers, postal workers, police officers, customs officials and federal police. In December 2017-January 2018 a three-week strike by civil and military police in Rio Grande do Norte state sparked an uptick in violent crime, despite the deployment of some 2,800 army reinforcements. Similarly, in April 2014, a two-day-long strike by local police officers in Salvador, capital of Bahia state, ignited a crime spree in which at

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 20 least 39 people were killed, while a strike in the state capital in February 2012 lasted for 12 days and left more than 130 people dead. Ongoing political turmoil and a growing economic crisis led to anti-austerity strikes and anti-government protests deteriorating into violent confrontation with security forces. In June 2019, trade and education unions called for a nationwide general strike over President Bolsonaro's education and pension budget cuts. Earlier, the 28 April 2017 general strike led to the occupation of São Paulo’s Congonhas (CGH/SBSP), Guarulhos (GRU/SBGR) and Rio de Janeiro's Santos Dumont (SDU/SBRJ) airports, disruption of major highways, property damage and clashes with police. On 24 May 2017, a strike in Brasilia was accompanied by a demonstration that saw the Ministry of Agriculture and several other government buildings ransacked and set on fire as opposition to then president Temer escalated.

In the private sector, the most common and problematic strikes are held by bus drivers. Since the public transportation system of most Brazilian cities relies heavily on buses, these strikes usually bring cities to a standstill. Public hospitals are also known to go on strike from time to time, but international travellers with adequate health insurance that covers access to Brazil's private hospitals will be unaffected. If travelling in Brazil consult news sources for up-to-date information on any planned strikes that may affect your travel plans and avoid picketing lines.

Annual Protests: Each year, Labour Day (1 May) and Independence Day (7 September) tend to be accompanied by marches and labour union protests over workers' rights, salaries or public policies, mainly in the capital Brasília and in São Paulo. These protests are generally organised and composed by members of left-wing political parties or workers’ syndicates. Although annual protests do not have a history of turning violent, the possibility cannot be discarded. In 2008, as in other years, there were some small protests for worker’s rights in major urban centres, but the majority remained peaceful. The Praça da Sé and Avenida Paulista in São Paulo, and the vicinity around the Congress known as the Esplanada dos Ministérios in Brasília are the most traditional staging areas for demonstrations. In other cities, protests tend to be minimal or non-existent as most people prefer to enjoy national holidays.

Sports-related Riots: There is considerable violence related to football games in Brazil, where organised football team supporters are known to carry out attacks on rival clubs. Violent outbreaks usually occur outside the stadiums after the games take place. To try to curb the level of violence, alcohol sale and consumption inside

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 21 stadiums was banned in April 2008 by the Brazilian Football Confederation. Football fans tend to form associations (torcidas organizadas) devoted to promoting their club. These associations are legal and not intended to promote violence in theory. However, most of the cases of aggression among fans of different teams involve members of these associations. In February 2017, one football supporter was fatally shot and eight others were injured when a fight broke out between Flamengo and Botafogo supporters prior to a match outside the Nilton Santos (Engenhão) Stadium in Rio de Janeiro's North Zone. On 30 June 2013, a football match ended in a violent and chaotic frenzy after enraged spectators in the remote town of Pio XII, Maranhão state, stormed the pitch and stoned the referee to death, later beheading his body, after he stabbed a player to death over refusing to leave the field.

Avoid becoming a target of sports-related violence by not wearing jerseys of either one of the teams playing. Stay in a ‘neutral area’ in the stadium, preferably close to an exit and away from the torcidas organizadas (ask locals for good seating places when buying tickets). Leave the stadium by taxi or car and avoid taking the bus. Leave valuables such as expensive cameras, jewellery and watches at home. It is wise to ask locals about the history of violent incidents related to the teams playing (and their fans) if you are planning to attend a match.

Extremist Groups: In the states of São Paulo and southern Brazil there are many small but violent gangs whose declared target are homosexuals, immigrants, Jews, blacks, and people from northeastern Brazil (nordestinos). Hate groups, including neo- Nazis, and sympathisers are estimated by some scholars to number around 150,000 people in the country. Their action has mostly to do with disseminating racist views through the internet, and attacks tend to be isolated incidents.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 22 28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Moderate risk: Anti-government rallies planned in São Paulo, nationwide on 28 August Anti-government activists will rally nationwide on 28 August, including at Praça da República in São Paulo from 10:00 local time (13:00 GMT), to demand the resignation of President Jair Bolsonaro over his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as to distribute invitations to nationwide anti-Bolsonaro protests planned on 7 September.

25 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Moderate risk: Indigenous activists march in Brasília amid multi-day protests Local reports indicated that over 6,000 indigenous activists marched from Esplanada dos Ministérios towards the Supreme Court (STF) in Brasília during afternoon hours local time, to protest land demarcation measures. The protesters plan to continue their 'Luta pela Vida' ('Fight for Life') camp on Esplanada dos Ministérios, set up since 22 August until at least 28 August.

18 August 2021 - 19 August 2021 Moderate risk: Strike and protests planned nationwide on 18 August Local sources indicated that civil servants will hold a nationwide strike and protests on 18 August to denounce planned government reforms and demand COVID-19 vaccines, among other issues.

11 August 2021 - 12 August 2021 Moderate risk: Students to protest in São Paulo, nationwide on 11 August The National Union of Students (UNE) and other student organisations called for nationwide protests on 11 August, to mark the National Students' Day and to denounce budget cuts in public education. Participants will rally outside the Municipal Theatre in São Paulo from 16:00 local time (19:00 GMT) as well as in other urban hubs nationwide.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 23 Crime : High Risk

Petty Crime: Petty crime is rampant in Brazil, particularly in large cities and towns. Urban centres, outdoor market areas, and beaches, particularly in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Recife and Salvador have seen an increase in crime rates. Unequal income distribution and growth are strongly associated with high levels of crime, as are the limited number of police officers to act as effective deterrents. Tourists and foreign nationals are often targets for street theft and robbery due to their perceived wealth. Visitors are especially at risk at airports, hotel lobbies, bus stations, and on public transport, as theft of carry-on luggage, briefcases, and particularly laptop computers is common. Street crime against tourists is a problem after dark around hotels, discotheques, bars, and other entertainment venues that cater to foreigners. Visitors are advised to remain aware of their surroundings at all times as petty criminals are quick to mark individuals not paying attention to their surroundings. Foreign visitors should carry only essential amounts of cash and credit cards in a difficult to reach pocket or pouch rather than in a handbag or a backpack, and to store other valuables in a safe rather than leaving them unattended in hotel rooms.

Within Rio de Janeiro, visitors are particularly at risk of robbery in areas adjacent to the main beaches. Walking after dark on the beaches in Copacabana, Botafogo, Flamengo, and Urca is very dangerous. In Rio de Janeiro, motorists can treat stoplights as stop signs between 22:00 and 06:00 in order to guard against armed hold-ups while cars are idling. This sort of crime also occurs frequently in São Paulo, where thieves on motorcycles ("motoboys") have robbed pedestrians and motorists at stoplights. The Praça da Sé area is at risk, and the areas of Rua Augusta and the Estação de Luz are dangerous. Armed robberies are also a frequent occurrence in the neighbourhoods of Jardins, Morumbi, and Santo Amaro.

Violent Crime: Violent crimes, including murder and armed assaults, have become a part of normal everyday life in Brazil. The country has one of the highest rate of homicides by firearms in the world, which is particularly true in large urban centres like Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Fortaleza and Recife as well as in regions where crime was generally once considered low. In 2019, 41,250 homicides were recorded, with a rate of 19.7 per 100,000 inhabitants - down from nearly 64,000 murders in 2017. All states reported decrease in homicides, thanks to social prevention measures, stricter controls at prisons, public security programmes and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 24 operations - as well as economic recovery. However, at least 6,220 citizens were killed during security operations in 2018, a 23 percent increase from year before.

In Rio de Janiero, the country's murder capital with a homicide rate of 39 per 100,000 inhabitants, nearly 7,363 reports of shootings were registered in the metropolitan area in 2019, with 1,517 fatalities resulting from the use of firearms. Despite decreasing homicides which dropped from over 5,300 in 2017 to 3,500 in 2020, the police force requires professional training and needy communities social support to sustain the change. The majority of armed violence was reported in the city itself - Cidade de Deus and Complexo do Alemão areas most affected - as well as São Gonçalo, Niterói and Baixada Fluminense. Criminal groups also frequently target local politicians as more than 20 political officials and candidates for office were assassinated from a year prior to October 2016 across Rio de Janeiro state. Economic decline, warring gangs, including Comando Vermelho, whose position is constantly challenged by Terceiro Comando (Ilha do Governador, Senador Camara and Complexo Mare favelas) and Amigo dos Amigos (Rocinha favela and Zona Sul) as well as militias sometimes run by former police officers with close links to police intelligence and "war on crime" explain part of Rio's homicide figures. Nearly 60 percent of Rio de Janeiro’s territory is reportedly controlled by militias that control entry into neighbourhoods, run extortion and drugs rackets and are increasingly moving into mainstream businesses, such as construction, as of early 2021. São Paulo on the other hand has experienced an almost 90 percent drop in homicides since 2001, with a rate of 9.5 per 100,000 inhabitants reported in 2018. The criminal landscape in the state is mainly dominated by the PCC, but sustained investment in public security also explains part of the drop.

Hotel/House Break-ins and Invasions: Home invasions and hotel room burglaries are a major concern in São Paulo. Home/apartment break-ins are usually well planned and involve the assistance of another person to gain access. This criminal tactic is also used in restaurant invasions in the São Paulo neighbourhoods of Moema, Jardims and Campo Belo. Houses and apartments should be fitted with proper door locks and window grilles. House alarms can also help secure property in Brazil, however, there have been reports of burglars posing as alarm technicians to gain easy access into homes.

Organised Crime and Favelas: Criminal gangs have historically operated with impunity in urban favelas ('shanty towns'), where police feared to tread and the local

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 25 drug trade dominated black market economies. Census data released by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) indicated that in 2010, about six percent of the Brazilian population lived in favelas (slums or shanty towns). These areas are usually the epicentres of criminal activities and located on the outskirts of urban areas, where clashes between rival groups or with police can erupt without warning. In Rio de Janeiro, militarised policed occupied the most troublesome favelas and set up 40 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) to provide a constant police presence and community policing in the areas since 2008. Homicides fell from 39.6 per 100,000 in 2007 to 25.4 in 2015. However, since 2012 violence began to increase as the militarised model of the UPPs was exhausted and left underfinanced. Criminality and drug-trafficking continue to grow in favelas in the absence of public services and measures to improve living conditions for its residents. In May 2016, a total of 7,487 assaults in the city’s favelas were recorded, the highest in 26 years. Clashes between drug-traffickers and police take place on a weekly basis; on 8 February, several drug-traffickers were killed during clashes with police in Santa Teresa favela and in October 2016 in Pavão- Pavãozinho and Cantagalo favelas near popular Ipanema and Copacabana districts. Moreover, fighting between rival drug-trafficking collectives further drive up violence.

In October 2016, a conflict between the country's two largest criminal organisations and former allies Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) and Comando Vermelho (CV) emerged, resulting in an explosion of violence through 2017 - including at penitentiaries in Boa Vista, Roraima state, and Porto Velho, Rondônia state. The conflict was felt across urban areas of northeastern states of Ceará, Acre and Rio Grande do Norte states, as well as to the groups’ home cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Besides drug-trafficking, extortion and truck hijacking are among their other major sources of revenue.

Avoid self-drive through favelas and restrict travel in unfamiliar areas to daylight hours. In the unlikely event of victimisation at a roadblock robbery, promptly comply with demands and avoid sudden gestures. Assailants will be armed and are likely to respond with force to any resistance.

Kidnapping: Kidnapping is far from uncommon in Brazil and is typically economically motivated. The majority of abductions are “express”, with an estimated five to ten such attacks reported daily, and foreign nationals are often targeted due to their perceived wealth. Victims are commonly kidnapped outside banks or automated teller machines (ATMs) and forced to withdraw additional money while in the kidnappers' custody.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 26 They are often released within hours or on the same day after making one or even multiple payments. Express kidnappers have also been known to operate in upscale areas, targeting their victims due to their perceived wealth. Reports of taxi drivers being complicit in express abductions have been made. The cities of Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo are particularly at risk. To mitigate kidnap risk, avoid using curb-side ATMs at night or loitering in the vicinity of banks. Refrain from walking alone after sunset through desolate or unknown neighbourhoods, no matter their perceived economic status. Avoid hailing a taxi off the street; instead, book official taxis through hotels or by phone. In São Paulo there has also been an increase in "virtual kidnapping" - a telephone call is made to an unsuspecting family, claiming that a member of the family has been kidnapped and that a ransom is necessary for release. Visitors should be careful when visiting remote areas of the Amazon. There have been some kidnaps of tourists perpetrated by Colombian groups. It is therefore advisable to hire an outfitter with experience in the area.

Crimes Against Women: Over 66,000 sexual assaults, including rape, were recorded in 2018 - 4.1 percent increase from previous year and highest number in record; the majority of rapes are registered in large urban areas. However, many incidents go unreported. Although such crimes as sexual assault are lower outside of major cities, incidents of rape have been reported in coastal tourist areas. Unaccompanied female travellers should not walk alone or accept rides from strangers. There has been an increasing rate of "date rape" in Brazil, and women should not accept drinks from strangers or new acquaintances or leave their drink out of sight at any time. Reported racial abuse incidents are also increasing, by 20 percent to 7,600, and murders of LGBT people by 10 percent to 109 in 2018.

Car Theft: Incidences of carjackings have become more frequent in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where a number of cars are stolen every day. Foreign travellers opting to rent a vehicle should be careful not to leave the car in a poorly lit area or an area without a parking attendant. Older rental cars, and others known not to have a GPS tracking system installed, are the most likely models to be targeted for theft. Reports of vehicle occupants being forcefully removed from their vehicle by car thieves have occurred in the past. Always drive with car doors locked and windows rolled up. When stopped at a traffic light ensure you leave enough room between yours and the car if the event you need to make a quick exit.

Scams: Around hotels or automated teller machines (ATMs) known to be attached to

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 27 international networks, “Good Samaritan” scams often occur. Would be thieves approach the unsuspecting victim with an offer to help, often leading the target into a crowded area to pickpocket them or down a quiet street to rob them at gunpoint.

Drug-related Crime: There have been reports concerning the use of small amounts of marijuana being planted on tourists by corrupt police officials. The tourist is then accused of dealing drugs, prior to being extorted for money, or a bribe, rather than go to prison. This scam has been reported on a number of occasions in the Copacabana neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. Tourists sitting at tables close the edge of the fenced-in areas on the sidewalk are often those most targeted by the Tourist Police, who most often attempt this scam.

Credit Card Fraud: Credit card fraud is a serious problem. Visitors should check their balances regularly during travel, since card cloning is common. Notify your bank when you intend to travel to Brazil, and keep the receipts of all transactions. Mobile phone SIM card cloning also occurs in the country, so a record of phone calls should be kept.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 28 Law

Overview

The Brazilian legal system is based on civil law. The Federal Constitution is rigid and is the supreme law of the country. The system follows the United States (US) model of three branches of government: the Executive, the Legislative with two chambers in Congress, and the Judiciary comprising Federal Judges, Regional Federal Courts, a Superior Court of Justice, and the Federal Supreme Court. The legal system is based on Roman codes, and has not accepted International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction. Penalties for crime do not include the death penalty.

Drug and Alcohol: You must be 18 years or older to purchase alcohol, including beer, wine and spirits. Not all establishments enforce this law, especially in rural areas; supermarkets and street vendors usually sell alcohol without restrictions. In 2008 a new zero tolerance drink driving law was put in place: 0.2 milligrams of alcohol per millilitre of blood is the new limit, although previously it was 0.6mg/ml. Those caught over this limit can expect license confiscation, a steep fine, and possible prison sentence of six months to three years. Drivers cannot be legally forced to take a breathalyser test, but police will still likely write out a large fine and may take the driver to a local hospital or clinic for an examination. Arrest is likely if this is refused.

About 75 percent of all foreign nationals arrested in Brazil are serving time for drug- related crimes, especially linked to the intent of smuggling drugs in or out of the country. Penalties in Brazil are severe for possession, use, or trafficking of illegal drugs, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Visitors should ensure that they themselves pack all belongings, that their luggage has not been tampered with, and that they do not carry anything for strangers. Marijuana is an illegal drug, and one can be arrested even if found with small amounts for personal use.

Identification: It is a legal requirement to carry identification at all times. However, to avoid losing or getting one's passport stolen, it is recommended to carry only a photocopy of the relevant pages in a passport. Police often request identification, and a photocopy is considered acceptable. For legal proceedings, however, the original passport will be required.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 29 Smoking: There is a nationwide anti-smoking law that bans smoking in some public areas. Violation of the ban results in fines up to BRL1,585 (approximately USD888). There is no national law banning smoking in restaurants or closed common areas, but many cities in Brazil adopted a municipal rule with this purpose, including São Paulo where it is illegal to smoke in bars and restaurants. In this case, smoking sections tend to be outdoors. Travellers should ask waiters or locals about city-specific smoking regulations.

Importing and Exporting Goods: Laws and regulations governing import and export in Brazil are complicated, non-business friendly, and designed to protect Brazilian businesses. In almost every case, international businesses seeking to import and export in Brazil must have a local partner. Foreign travellers entering or exiting the country will be subject to Federal Police scrutiny. Laptops must be registered before entering the country, but this regulation is weakly enforced. When leaving Brazil, any exotic animal, fruit, specimen of flora, or uncooked meat will be closely screened and likely rejected for personal export.

Weapon Possession: Brazil’s 2004 anti-gun legislation placed strong restrictions on the purchase, possession and use of firearms. Anyone carrying a concealed weapon without a license faces a minimum four-year prison sentence. More funds have been placed into a nation-wide background check system, similar to the system used in the US whereby merchants are required by law to run a background check on anyone purchasing a firearm. However, in 2019, President Bolsonaro loosened gun laws by removing the need to prove necessity. It can be anticipated that gun ownership rates will rise in the medium-term.

Single Parents Travelling with Children: A notarised letter giving the single parent or guardian permission to travel with the under aged child must be presented when entering or exiting Brazil. To avoid any problems while in the country, it is recommended to have an official document issued by a Brazilian consulate explaining the situation in Portuguese.

Traffic Infraction and Speeding: Many of Brazil’s major highways are regulated by a series of radars equipped with cameras. Unless otherwise indicated, the usual speed limit on highways is 120kph (74mph) and 60kph (37mph) in urban areas. If found speeding, locals are billed by mail. Fines are steep. Foreign nationals found speeding will have the fine automatically deducted from their credit card by the rental car company. Traffic infractions are otherwise poorly governed. Traffic accidents are the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 30 number one cause of death in Brazil. Foreign travellers are advised to drive defensively. Traffic laws will differ depending on the state; however, most have laws governing the use of seat belts, and there is no right turn at a red stop light.

Freedom of Speech/Expression: The Brazilian Constitution guarantees to all citizens and foreigners the freedoms of speech and expression. Still, it is forbidden to make racist comments (which results in very serious criminal penalties), defend the use of illicit drugs or make false public statements.

Extradition: Brazilian law can extradite a foreign national in its territory after a formal request, usually as a result of an extradition treaty between the two countries or a promise of reciprocity. All cases are examined exclusively by the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court. The foreign national will remain detained during the entire judgment. If denied extradition, the case cannot be appealed. If accepted, the President still has to sanction the decision.

Arrest: Under the Vienna Convention of Consular Relations, Brazilian authorities are obligated to inform the arrest of every foreign citizen in Brazilian territory to the respective consular authorities. If a foreigner is arrested pending criminal investigation, the rule is that he can be held for up to 10 days. If he is indicted, he has the right to an attorney, which will be appointed to him if he cannot afford one. Overall, the same legal rights and guarantees that apply to a Brazilian citizen are valid for a foreign national. Contact with the outside world is limited, usually only through letters. There is virtually no available contact through long-distance phone calls or the internet.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 31 Corruption

Overview

Although the Brazilian Government has implemented legislation to prevent and punish illicit business practices, corruption is still considered to be pervasive in all aspects of Brazilian life, particularly in the political and security spheres. Several current members of the political elite have been implicated in corruption scandals (vote-rigging, diversion of state funds), undermining the credibility of the Brazilian democratic process. Scandals like Lava Jato have shown how pervasive corruption is in Brazil.

Police too often turn to crime to supplement low salaries. In addition to collusion with drug gangs and other criminals, corrupt elements of the historically violent state police force in Rio de Janeiro run the infamous "militias" that control vast areas and illegal activities ranging from extortion to murder to unlicensed public transport. Officials have gone to great lengths to clean up the state as part of a bribery probe dubbed "Operation Purification", aimed at stamping out police corruption ahead of the World Cup in 2014 and Summer Olympics in 2016. On 4 December 2012, investigators in Rio arrested 63 police officers charged with drug trafficking, corruption and kidnapping in areas around Duque de Caxias, one of the crime-ridden northern suburbs that make up the gritty outskirts of the coastal metropolis.

Travellers: Foreign nationals may be confronted by police officers or local officials soliciting bribes, especially in rural areas. Visitors who are asked to pay a bribe should politely decline and report the incident at the nearest police station. Both the soliciting and payment of a bribe is considered a criminal offense according to Brazilian law and perpetrators will be punished accordingly.

Residents: Brazilian citizens claim to encounter corruption on a daily basis. According to recent Latinobarómetro surveys, Brazilian residents view the country’s judicial and policing systems as being particularly corrupt institutions. Individuals report that bribes are commonly paid to corrupt police and/or judicial officials to escape arrest or incarceration. The misappropriation of state funds at the municipal level has also been cited as being a worrisome form of corruption by Brazilian residents.

Business: Corruption is considered to be particularly pervasive in Brazil’s business

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 32 sector. According to a 2008 survey conducted by the Chr. Michelsen Institute, 27 percent of the responding business enterprises reported that a bribe and/or an informal payment was required in their business operations, while a further nine percent of the companies included in the survey admitted to being solicited for a bribe by an agent, consultant or government official. Foreign companies are most likely to be solicited for bribes when interacting with tax officials, who often solicit a bribe or ‘donation’ to reduce tax obligations, to refrain from pursuing acts of tax fraud and to relax company inspections and assessments. Although less frequent, foreign business may be solicited for a bribe or a facilitation payment when dealing with Brazil’s customs administration and/or when tendering for government contracts. Despite these irregularities, the payment or soliciting of a bribe remains a criminal act under Brazilian law and perpetrators will be punished accordingly. When tendering for contracts in a foreign country, businesses should adhere to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) conventions to avoid prosecution by their home country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 33 Security Services

Overview

Brazil’s security forces remain on a mostly military footing due to the lack of reform pushed through since the end of the last military dictatorship (1965-1984). As such, the military police retain a majority of the country’s policing efforts at the state level. Within this structure are a number of specialised units. In Rio de Janeiro, where public security is a major challenge, an elite unit of the Military Police, called the Batallion of Special Operations, is often called upon to invade slums to quell violence or seek high- profile criminals. Other police organisations include the Civil Police which is responsible for criminal investigations on the state level, the Federal Highway Police, the Federal Police, and the Federal Rail Police.

Since the end of the last military dictatorship, Brazilian police forces have been under constant scrutiny. As the Military Police remained formally part of the military, their role was placed under the specific oversight of state governors by the 1988 Constitution. The current structure of the Federal Police was installed in 1964 as an organisation designed to investigate internal threats to Brazilian national security. Since 1984, however, its role has shifted to investigation of national-level crimes pertaining mostly to organised crime and black market activities. The Federal Police also investigate high-level corruption among politicians at the federal and state levels.

Efficiency: The efficiency of the Federal Police is considered above average for the region. Civil Police are limited by resources and are generally understaffed; response times can vary greatly from minutes to hours depending on the location and severity of the crime. The Military Police is hobbled by corruption, making it the least efficient of the country’s police forces.

Professionalism: Federal and Civil Police tend to be the least corrupt, best trained, and thereby most professional, with the exception to the elite units within the Military Police structure. The Military Police organisation, however, is considered a blight on public security in Brazil. Corruption is rampant, and many police officers have been directly linked to criminal business activities, paramilitary involvement, and extrajudicial killings through death squads, especially in Rio de Janeiro.

Areas Active: Military and Civil police are active in most Brazilian cities, while the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 34 Federal Police remain active on a national level, focusing the bulk of its manpower for specific operations rather than geographical locations. The Highway Police tend to concentrate on the highways in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro as well as the border crossings from Bolivia and Paraguay into Brazil.

Abuses/Miscarriages of Justice: Military Police are known to abuse power, extort from criminals and locals, operate clandestine death squads, traffic weapons, and a long list of other minor crimes. A report by the non-governmental organisation Human Rights Watch found that in the seven years from 2003 to 2009, police in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro shot dead more than 11,000 suspects, including "frequent" extrajudicial killings.

Emergency Contact: In Brazil, the main telephone number to contact police is 190. The Federal Highway Patrol can be reached by dialling 191, the Federal Police on number 194, and the Civil Police on number 197. Dialling 112 or 911 from a mobile phone will also redirect to telephone number 190.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 35 Natural Risks : Moderate Risk

Disruptive flash floods and potentially fatal landslides may occur in the southern regions of the country, particularly during the rainy season from December to March. Wildfires and related worsened air quality are an increasing occurrence due to illegal slash and burn agricultural activities in the Amazon forest. Although infrequent, the country may also be prone to seismic activity.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

Flooding occurs frequently in Brazil's southern regions, particularly during the rainy season from December to March. In January 2020, over 44 people were killed and thousands evacuated in Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states due to flooding and landslides. Due to poor drainage and widespread pollution, densely- populated areas of Rio de Janeiro state are often worst affected by localised flooding. There are disaster risk areas in 67 of the state's 92 municipalities, and there are some 36,000 people living in these highly vulnerable areas. Most affected municipalities are in mountainous areas, which makes them susceptible to landslides during heavy rainfall. The government of the city of Rio de Janeiro installed sirens in neighbourhoods located in high-risk areas, including a number of its favelas (shantytowns). The sirens are activated six hours before the expected arrival of heavy rains.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 36 When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Landslides/Mudslides

Sometimes referred to as debris flows, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, landslides/mudslides are a form of mass soil movement that tends to flow in channels in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth and debris, typically following heavy rainfall.

During the rainy season, torrential rains and localised flooding may also increase the possibility of landslides. The risk of landslides is particularly high in favelas, which are characterised by precarious housing built on steep inclines. If you reside on or near a steep cliff, consider evacuation during heavy rainfall.

Follow local news updates in landslide prone areas for warnings about intense storms and rainfall. If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent, quickly move away from the path of the slide. Seek shelter on the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path. If rocks and debris are approaching, run for the nearest shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk, table or other piece of sturdy furniture that can provide you with air space if the building collapses). Anticipate disruptions to overland travel in areas affected by landslides. Confirm the viability of intented overland travel routes before departure and remain alert for landslide warning signs including cracks in the soil or the faint rumbling sound of an approaching landslide or debris flow.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long period. Initial mild shaking may worsen and become extremely violent within a matter of seconds. Additional earthquakes, called aftershocks, may follow the initial earthquake.

Earthquakes are not a major problem in Brazil, but the country occasionally experiences seismic activity. Brazil is not located on the boundary of tectonic plates, where the majority of quakes take place, and the population is therefore

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 37 unaccustomed to safety guidelines regarding periods of intense shaking. Despite the infrequency of tremors, visitors should be familiar with safety measures and plan ahead with adequate supplies such as flashlights, batteries, bottled water and a battery radio.

When shaking begins, drop to the ground and take cover under, and hold on to, a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you're not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Most deaths and injuries in an earthquake are caused by collapsing building materials and heavy falling objects. Stay indoors until the tremors stop and you are sure it is safe to exit. Avoid all areas in the vicinity of outer walls and doorways, as these are most prone to falling debris. In a high-rise building, the electricity may go out and the sprinkler systems may come on. Do not use the elevators. If the lights go out, avoid using candles, matches or lighters during or after the earthquake; if there is a gas leak, an explosion could result. If outdoors, move to an open space away from buildings, electric poles and street lights which are prone to collapse. Do not travel on roads and bridges which may have been damaged by the earthquake. Be prepared for secondary earth movements that follow the initial earthquake; some of these may be large enough to cause additional damage or bring down weakened structures.

Wildfires

A wildfire is a fire that breaks out in an area of combustible vegetation, normally located in the countryside or rural areas.

The prevalence of wildfires in Brazil varies significantly according to topography, local climate, and vegetation type and structure. In recent years, the number of fires has increased due to illegal slash and burn agricultural activities, especially in the Amazon area, including in Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul states. Wildfires tend to cause worsened air quality and prompt states of emergency in affected areas.

In areas under wildfire threat, stay indoors at a relatively safe distance from the blaze and limit your exposure to smoke by closing all windows and doors. The fresh-air intake on air-conditioners should be shut. If your place of residence is threatened,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 38 select a direct route that leads you away from fire hazards, complying with all directives, including evacuation orders, from emergency management officials. Watch for changes in the speed and direction of the fire and wear protective clothing: sturdy shoes, cotton or wool pants, a long-sleeved shirt, gloves and a handkerchief to protect your face.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 39 Health and Medical: Medium Risk

Overview

Medical care is adequate in major cities but quality varies greatly in rural areas; private facilities are often better staffed and equipped than public ones. Serious conditions outside urban hubs areas may require air-lift evacuation to a nearby city. A number of health risks can affect travellers to Brazil including diseases spread through mosquito and other insect bites, water parasites and foodborne illnesses.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 40 Malaria

Areas with Malaria: All areas of the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondonia, and Roraima. Also present in the states of Maranhão, Mato Grosso, and Para, but rare cases in their capital cities. Rare cases in the rural areas of the states of Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Piaui, and Tocantins. Rare cases in the rural forested areas of the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paolo. No malaria in the cities of Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paolo, and none at Iguaçu Falls.

Recommended chemoprophylaxis: States of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondonia, and Roraima. States of Maranhão, Mato Grosso, and Para (but not their capital cities): Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, or tafenoquine. Areas with rare cases: None (practice mosquito avoidance).

Yellow Fever

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 41 There is a risk of Yellow Fever in some areas.

Vaccine requirement: None

Vaccine recommendation: Recommended for all travelers ≥9 months of age going to the following areas: the entire states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Espirito Santo,* Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná,* Rio de Janeiro (including the city of Rio de Janeiro and all coastal islands),* Rio Grande do Sul,* Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina,* São Paulo (including the city of São Paulo and all coastal islands),* and Tocantins and designated areas of the following states: Bahia* and Piauí. Vaccination is also recommended for travelers visiting Iguaçu Falls. Not recommended for travelers whose itineraries are limited to areas not listed above, including the cities of Fortaleza and Recife. *Note: In 2017, CDC expanded YF vaccination recommendations for travelers to Brazil in response to a large YF outbreak in multiple eastern states. The expanded YF vaccination recommendations for these states are provisional.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 42 Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Brazil, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 43 Recommended for some travellers

Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: No

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Emergency Numbers

Medical: 192

Emergency services

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 44 Foreign nationals are entitled to emergency medical treatment in Brazilian public hospitals, however, these facilities are generally overcrowded and understaffed. Emergency ambulance services vary greatly between private and public medical providers. The former are more reliable and response time is adequate. English- speaking dispatchers cannot be guaranteed, with Portuguese usually only spoken.

Evacuation

It is very unlikely medical evacuation outside the country would be required for severe injury or illness. In remote regions emergency medical facilities can be limited; air-lift evacuation to a nearby city will be required. Note some rural hospitals may be unable to treat major medical complications and in such cases, evacuation to hospitals in major urban centres will be required.

Routine care

Medical infrastructure varies greatly between large metropolitan areas and the rural countryside. Similarly, medical care varies greatly depending upon location. High- standard medical facilities are available in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Belem and Curitiba (complicated conditions should be referred to São Paulo). Other large cities in Brazil also have small private hospitals providing reasonable services; however, because well-trained staff and sufficient medical equipment cannot be guaranteed, these hospitals are not recommended. Outside of the major cities, medical care in Brazil can be poor and unreliable, particularly in public hospitals.

Medicine

Access to high-quality prescription medication may be limited, but most widely used over-the-counter drugs are available. While travellers are unlikely to experience any difficulties in entering the country with their own prescription medicine it is advisable that all prescription drugs are kept in their original container noting the patient’s name.

Payment

Payment: Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment for health services, and foreign medical insurance is not always valid.

Ailments

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 45 Chagas Disease

Approximately 25 percent of the population of Latin America is at risk for acquiring chagas disease. Twelve states in Brazil are considered endemic for the disease, and include: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraiba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Sul.

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection transmitted by insects, usually the triatomine bug, and is most prevalent in rural areas. Symptoms include fever and swelling at the site of the insect bite. If left untreated, the disease can cause serious chronic conditions, including damage to the heart and gastrointestinal system. Chagas disease can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral infection, transmitted via mosquito bite. Generally non- fatal, the symptoms of Chikungunya fever include a high fever, joint pain and headaches. In most cases those infected recover after seven to ten days. There are no vaccines or treatments for chikungunya.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and is commonly found in urban areas. Symptoms include a high fever, joint pain and headaches, although severe cases may cause significant falls in blood pressure and/or haemorrhaging, which can be fatal. There are no vaccines or treatments for

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 46 dengue fever.

Filariasis

Focally endemic in northeastern urban coastal areas, including Belem, Maceio and Recife.

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquitos. Most of those infected by lymphatic filariasis are asymptomatic; in some cases lymphedema may develop, which can cause damage to lymph nodes and trigger major swelling in limbs in the long-term. Lymphatic filariasis can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Hantavirus

Most cases of the disease occur in the southern and southeastern states of Brazil, which include: Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Pará, Goiás, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia.

Hantavirus is a viral infection carried by rodents, which can cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in persons exposed to the urine or faeces of infected rodents, usually through the inhalation of droplets of the virus in the air. Early symptoms include fever, muscle aches and fatigue and may include diarrhoea, vomiting and nausea; later symptoms include fluid in the lungs and shortness of breath. HPS has a 38 percent fatality rate, and there is no known treatment beyond supportive hospital care.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 47 Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

There is a moderate to high risk of hepatitis A in Brazil. Hepatitis B is hyperendemic, with the overall carrier rate is between three and eight percent, but may approach 20 percent in some areas of the Amazon Basin. Hepatitis C is endemic with a prevalence of 2.6 percent in the general population.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

HIV/AIDS

Brazil accounts for around 40 percent of people living with HIV in Latin America.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of sand flies, which are most active during early morning and late evening hours. Symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis include swollen glands and sores; symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include fever, swelling of the liver or spleen and weight loss. Leishmaniasis can be treated with a course of Amphotericin B, an antifungal.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 48 Malaria

High risk areas in Brazil include the states of Acre, Rondônia, Amapá, Amazonas, Roraima and Tocantins. Parts of states of Maranhão (western part), Mato Grosso (northern part) and Pará (except Belem City) are infected as well. There is also transmission in urban areas, including large cities such as Porto Velho, Boa Vista, Macapa, Manaus, Santarem and Maraba, where transmission occurs on the periphery of these cities.

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and become life-threatening. While pre-departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Meningococcal Meningitis

Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection, transmitted via the coughing and sneezing of infected persons and is particularly prevalent during the dry season. Symptoms include a high fever, neck stiffness, severe headaches, a rash, nausea and confusion. The onset of symptoms can be rapid, occurring within hours of infection. The disease can be treated with a wide range of antibiotics. Left untreated, meningococcal meningitis has a fatality rate approaching 50 percent; survivors may experience serious complications.

Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 49 The nomadic Yanomami population, living in Brazil and Venezuela, is one of the most severely affected groups because their travel throughout the Amazon rainforest places them at continuous risk for exposure.

Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) is a parasitic infection transmitted by blackflies, which are most prevalent near rivers and streams. Symptoms include inflammation of the skin, bumps under the skin and – if left untreated – damage to the cornea or optical nerve that can result in blindness. Onchocerciasis can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Oropouche Fever

Outbreaks are generally known to occur in Amazonian states, but predominantly in Para state.

Oropouche Fever is a viral infection, transmitted by mosquitos and midges. The disease generally occurs in epidemics; isolated cases are rare. Symptoms include fever, headaches, vomiting, muscle and joint pain and meningitis. There is no treatment for oropouche fever, beyond supportive hospital care.

Rabies

There is a higher risk of rabies in Brazil relative to other South American countries.

Rabies is a serious viral infection, transmitted through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites, scratches or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Travellers who suspect they may have come into contact with a rabies- infected animal should seek immediate emergency attention: post-exposure treatment has a high success rate if administered early. Late-stage rabies (when symptoms begin to occur) is untreatable and fatal.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 50 Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or katayama fever) is a parasitic infection, transmitted through contact with infected water sources, usually freshwater lakes or rivers. Saltwater and chlorinated pools are not affected by schistosomiasis. Symptoms include a rash, fever, muscle pain, abdominal pain and the enlargement of the spleen and/or liver. The disease can be treated via the administration of praziquantel. If left untreated, schistosomiasis can cause serious chronic gastrointestinal or central nervous system diseases.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Yellow Fever

During the 2018-2019 seasonal period, at least 17 deaths and 75 human infections of yellow fever were reported across the country - down from 2017-2018 seasonal period, during which at least 483 deaths and 1,376 human infections were registered. Endemic zones for yellow fever include the states of Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Espirito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 51 Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins, as well as certain areas in the states of Bahia, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and São Paulo.

Yellow fever is a serious viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas. Initial symptoms include a high fever, chills, vomiting nausea and backaches/muscle pain; in some cases those infected may develop potentially fatal complications, including jaundice, severe haemorrhaging and kidney failure. There is no post-infection treatment for yellow fever.

Zika Virus

Zika virus first emerged in the Americas in Brazil around May 2015. By late January 2016, it was estimated that more than one million Brazilians had contracted the mosquito-borne virus.

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus, beyond rehydration and bed rest.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 52 26 August 2021 - 03 September 2021 Medium risk: COVID-19 curfew extended to 2 September in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state - Update Authorities in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state, announced that an eased nightly curfew from 24:00-05:00 local time (04:00-09:00 GMT) was extended until 2 September, due to COVID-19; a dry law begins nightly from 22:00. Most businesses reopened at reduced capacities with events allowed up to 150 people or up to 50 percent capacity of the venue, whichever is lower.

25 August 2021 - 16 September 2021 High risk: COVID-19 lockdown extended to 15 September in Tuiuti, São Paulo - Update Authorities in Tuiuti, São Paulo state, announced on 25 August that a daily lockdown and ban on public consumption of alcohol were extended until 15 September, due to COVID-19. Under the measures, essential businesses and services can operate from 08:00-24:00 local time (11:00-03:00 GMT) at 70 percent capacity, while non-essential activities are allowed during the same time period at 60 percent capacity.

24 August 2021 - 06 September 2021 Medium risk: Eased COVID-19 curfew extended in Ceará state until 5 September - Update Officials in Ceará announced that a COVID-19 curfew was relaxed to run from 01:00-05:00 local time (04:00-08:00 GMT) until at least 5 September; street shops may operate from 09:00-19:00 local time daily, shopping centres from 10:00-22:00 and restaurants from 10:00-00:00, all at 50 percent capacity. Gatherings will be allowed up to 100 people indoors and 200 outdoors, respectively.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 53 23 August 2021 - 24 August 2021 Medium risk: COVID-19 curfew to be lifted in Mato Grosso do Sul, excluding Campo Grande from 23 August - Update Authorities in Mato Grosso do Sul state announced that effective 23 August, a COVID-19 curfew from 21:00-05:00 local time (00:00-08:00 GMT) in high (red) risk zones and a 22:00-05:00 (01:00-08:00 GMT) curfew in orange and yellow zones, will be lifted. Businesses and services may operate at 30-100 percent capacity depending on the municipal risk level. Authorities in the capital Campo Grande maintain a 24:00-05:00 curfew until further notice.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 54 Covid-19: Extreme Risk

Summary

Federal authorities have been wavering to impose any lockdown directives, except quarantine measures for some incoming travellers, border closures and recommending social distancing and staying at home, despite Latin America's highest infection and fatality figures. The number of daily infections has, however, decreased considerably since late June. Limited international flights are available but most land and sea borders remain closed. Healthcare systems in major cities have been at the brink of collapse, while vaccine rollout was initially slow. Restrictions on movement and gatherings are in place in multiple states.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Distancing

Policy starts: 06 April 2020 Policy ends: indef

Policy explanation:

At the federal level, social distancing and limiting outdoor movement is recommended with municipalities and states having issued their own directives, including curfews and lockdowns.

Policy source: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br

Last update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 55 Infection

Infection Extreme Level: Infection 190.64 cases per 100k in the last 14 days rate: As of 22 August 2021 date: Hotspots: Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Paraíba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/americas/brazil- Domestic coronavirus-cases.html; Infection https://especiais.g1.globo.com/bemestar/coronavirus/estados- Map: brasil-mortes-casos-media-movel/

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? Partial Through what date? indef

Flight Ban Explanation:

International flights are operating. LATAM Brasil has resumed a limited number of international flights.

Flights to and from the United Kingdom (UK), South Africa and India are banned.

Several countries, including the UK, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Austria and Peru, have also temporarily banned flights from Brazil due to a new COVID-19 strain

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 56 discovered in the country.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? Partial Through what date? indef

Travellers from where are banned? India, South Africa, United Kingdom

Land border: Closed Maritime border: Closed

Entry Rules Explanation:

Citizens, valid work/residency permit holders, diplomats and transit passengers as well as international travellers are allowed through all airports. Air travellers are no longer required to provide an insurance that covers COVID-19, as of 5 October 2020.

Land and sea borders are closed; entry through land borders is only allowed for Brazilians citizens and residents, their close family members, diplomats, international workers and Paraguayan citizens. Residents in cross-border twin cities are also exempt. Paraguayan and Brazilian officials announced that the Friendship Bridge connecting Ciudad del Este and Foz do Iguaçu will reopen daily starting 15 October 2020 for 15 days to vehicles only, with pedestrian traffic set to resume from 30 October 2020. Entry to Paraguay through the Friendship Bridge is allowed from 05:00-14:00 local time and limited to 24 hours within 30km (18.6 miles) of the border in Paraguay. Pedro Juan Caballero-Ponta Porã border reopened from 09:00-22:00 and Salto de Guiará- Mundo Novo from 06:00-21:00. The border crossings between Corumbá and Ladário in Mato Grosso do Sul state and Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Suárez in Bolivia's Santa Cruz department are open to residents from 09:00-12:00 local

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 57 time daily. Up to 50 travellers are allowed entry from Venezuela every day.

As of 3 November 2020, the government resumed counting the length of stay of foreign visitors; any time spent in Brazil between 16 March to 3 November 2020 will not be included. Contact the Policia Federal if you wish to extend your tourist visa.

Travellers who have transited through the United Kingdom, South Africa or India in the last 14 days are banned from boarding flights to Brazil; Brazilian citizens, resident foreigners, some foreign professionals and their family members are exempted, but must provide a negative COVID-19 test no older than 72 hours and quarantine for 14 days in the city of disembarkation upon arrival. Foreign crew members of airplanes, vessels and oil platforms from the UK, South Africa and India are also barred entry.

Entry https://in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-655-de-23-de-junho-de- Rules: 2021-327674155 Last Update:

Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR Minimum age requirement: 2 Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

All travellers two years and older, including Brazilian nationals and residents, arriving by air must present a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test administered

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 58 before departure and not older than 72 hours in order to enter the country.

Pernambuco state

Authorities in Fernando de Noronha archipelago in Pernambuco state require all inbound travellers to present a negative PCR test no older than 48 hours; those who did not receive results in time must self-quarantine awaiting the result. Travellers staying more than four days must undergo a second test on day five. Travellers are also required to undergo a new PCR test prior to departure.

Testing https://in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-655-de-23-de-junho- Rules: de-2021-327674155 Last 26 August 2021 Update:

Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

All air travellers are required to complete a health declaration form (DSV) within 72 hours of arrival.

Pernambuco state

Authorities in Fernando de Noronha archipelago in Pernambuco state require all inbound travellers to accept sanitary protocols and guidelines at https://en.sounoronhainformacoes.com/ prior to travel.

Health Document: https://formulario.anvisa.gov.br/?lang=en Travel Document: Last Update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 59 Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Recommended

Tracing App Explanation:

"Coronavirus SUS" is a mobile app for contact tracing and the self-assessment of COVID-19 symptoms.

Authorities in Fernando de Noronha archipelago in Pernambuco state require all inbound travellers to download the Dynamic Contact Tracing (Dycovid) application while on the island. The app was available for Android devices at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? id=com.mobile.dycovid&hl=en&gl=US and for iOs devices at https://apps.apple.com/br/app/dycovid/id1512311758, however, as of late August the app was no longer available through the links. Further details are available at: https://dycovid.com.br/.

https://apps.apple.com/fr/app/coronav%C3%ADrus- IOS App: sus/id1408008382 Andriod https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? App: id=br.gov.datasus.guardioes Last 26 August 2021 Update:

Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival Some travellers

Travellers from where need to quarantine? India, South Africa, United Kingdom

How many days is quarantine? 14

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 60 Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Self

Quarantine Explanation:

All eligible travellers who have been to or transited through the United Kingdom, South Africa or India in the last 14 days must remain in quarantine for 14 days.

A 15-day at-home quarantine is recommended for returning travellers. Symptomatic and affected travellers who seek treatment for coughs or fever during their visit will also be isolated.

Authorities in Fernando de Noronha archipelago in Pernambuco state require all inbound travellers who did not receive results of a pre-travel PCR test in time to self-quarantine awaiting the result.

Quarantine https://in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-655-de-23-de-junho- Rules: de-2021-327674155 Last Update: 2021-08-26

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Exit Requirements Explanation:

There are no special requirements to exit the country.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 61 Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 56.393 as of 20 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 27.33 as of 26 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? No Qualified vaccines and timeline: None Specified Certificates accepted: Not Specified

Explanation:

Source: https://br.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ Last Update: 26 August 2021

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

São Paulo

Tuiuti: daily lockdown was in place until 15 September. Essential businesses and services can operate from 08:00-24:00 at 70 percent capacity, while non-

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 62 essential activities are allowed during the same time period at 60 percent capacity.

Last Update: 27 August 2021

Areas under Curfew

Citywide curfew measures have been imposed by governors and mayors nationwide in the abscence of a nationwide lockdown, including in Salvador (Bahía), Fortaleza (Ceará), Curitiba and Maringá (Paraná), João Pessoa (Paraíba), Manaus (Amazonas), Dueré and Porto Nacional (Tocantins), Uberlândia and Viçosa (Minas Gerais) and Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Rio Grande da Serra, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul in the Grande ABC área of Greater São Paulo. Generally, only essential shops and services may remain open in the affected areas during a curfew.

Federal District

Statewide: 01:00-05:00 daily. Bars and restaurants are open until 23:00 and malls until 22:00 while liquor sales and deliveries are allowed up until 24:00 and 01:00, respectively. Gyms, clubs, sports centres, personal care businesses and tour operators are also operating with reduced business hours.

São Paulo

Guapiara: 21:00-05:00 until further notice.

São João da Boa Vista: 23:00-05:00 until further notice; businesses may operate at 40 percent capacity and must close nightly by 22:00. A dry law is in effect after 22:00.

Amapá

Statewide: 01:30-05:00 until 30 August. Shopping centres may open from 10:00-21:00 at 50 percent capacity. Restaurants can operate from 10:00-23:30. Social events are capped at half capacity or up to 200 people, corporate events to 300 people and places of worship to 400 people. Bars reopened from 6

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 63 August, while nightclubs remain closed.

Bahia

Feira de Santana: 00:30-05:00 until 31 August; essential businesses are exempt. Shopping centres may operate from 09:00-22:00 Monday to Saturday and from 14:00-20:00 on Sundays and holidays and hospitality venues from 08:00-18:00 Monday to Friday and from 08:00-13:00 on Saturdays. Events and gatherings of over 100 people remain banned.

Ceará

Statewide: 01:00-05:00 until 5 September. Street shops may operate from 09:00-19:00 local time daily, shopping centres from 10:00-22:00, restaurants from 10:00-00:00 and fitness centres from 06:00-22:00. Most businesses, except entertainment and athletic venues, can operate at 50 percent capacity. Gatherings are allowed up to 100 people indoors and 200 outdoors, respectively.

Espírito Santo

Municipalities are permitted to impose curfews in the worst-affected areas.

Mato Grosso

Statewide: 21:00-05:00 until the ICU occupancy rate drops below 85 percent. Non-essential businesses must close by 20:00 on weekdays and at 12:00 on weekends, delivery services may operate until 23:59. Public transport may operate normally. Events are capped at 30 percent capacity with up to 50 people. Face masks are mandatory in public. Police will enforce the measure.

Cuiabá: 01:00-05:00 until 31 August. Supermarkets may operate from 06:00- 24:00, restaurants from 09:00-24:00 and bakeries and other food supply stores from 06:00-22:00. Public venues such as concert halls and nightclubs remain closed, while collective outdoor activities where allowed.

Mato Grosso do Sul

Dourados: 24:00-05:00 until 2 September; a dry law is begins nightly from 22:00. Most businesses are operating at reduced capacities.

Pará

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 64 Belém metro area - Belém, Ananindeua, Marituba, Benevides and Santa Bárbara do Pará: 22:00-05:00 as of 15 April. Bars, restaurants, street shops and shopping centres may operate daily until 21:00.

Monte Alegre: 01:00-05:00 as of 18 May, despite a transition to 'Yellow' level COVID-19 measures; violators will be fined BRL300 (USD54).

Paraíba

Alagoa Grande: 23:00-05:00 until 31 August. Supermarkets and other food stores may operate Monday to Saturday until 19:00 and to 12:00 on Sundays. Bars and restaurants may operate to 22:00 at half capacity, and to 23:00 via delivery; they are closed on Sundays. Personal care businesses may operate Monday to Saturday until 19:00 and are also closed on Sundays.

Paraná

Statewide: 00:00-05:00 including a ban on public sale and consumption of alcohol until 31 August. Bars and restaurants are allowed to open daily from 10:00-22:00 at 50 percent capacity. From Monday to Saturday, other non- essential businesses may open from 09:00-18:00 and shopping centres can operate from 11:00-20:00. Concert venues, cinemas and theatres remain closed.

Ponta Grossa: 00:00-05:00 until 30 August. A nightly dry law is in effect during curfew hours with businesses like bars, restaurants and supermarkets allowed to operate daily from 06:00-23:00. Entertainment and cultural venues remain closed.

Guarapuava: 22:00-06:00 until the city leaves the “orange” COVID-19 risk level. Public transport, supermarkets and restaurants are allowed to operate at 50 percent capacity. Bars can open at 25 percent capacity while nightclubs, event halls and parties remain suspended. The risk level will be assessed on a weekly basis.

Maringá: 00:00-05:00 until 30 August inclusive. A fine of BRL1,000 (USD201) is imposed for non-compliance. Commercial establishments may operate with until 23:00 daily at 50 percent capacity. Gatherings of over 30 to up to 150 people require a permit.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 65 Pernambuco

Fernando de Noronha: Non-essential activities are banned nightly from 00:00- 05:00 local time until further notice. Bars and restaurants may operate nightly until 00:00.

Piauí

Statewide: 01:00-05:00 local time until 30 August. Most businesses have to close by 17:00. Supermarkets, bars and restaurants may operate until 24:00 and shopping centres until 22:00. Gatherings of over 100 people are banned and cultural events, nightclubs and concert halls closed.

Sergipe

Statewide: 24:00-05:00 on Fridays and Saturdays as of 12 August; those travelling for work, medical emergencies or food deliveries are exempted. Non-essential services and activities are allowed from 07:00-13:00 on weekdays and banned on weekends, while delivery services are allowed and supermarkets and other essential services must close by 23:00 on curfew days. Houses of worship, gyms, salons, bars and restaurants may also operate until 21:00 at 30 percent capacity and will close on weekends. Beaches and parks are closed and events banned.

Tocantins

Gurupi: 02:00-05:00 until 1 September. All gatherings of over eight people remain banned and nightclubs closed. Businesses may operate daily from 05:00-01:00.

Araguaína: 22:30-05:00 until further notice. Non-essential businesses may operate from 06:00-22:00, with delivery service allowed until the start of curfew; all types of gatherings and events are banned.

Porto Nacional: 21:30-05:00 until further notice; those carrying out deliveries and employees bound for work are exempted.

Miracema do Tocantins: 20:00-05:00 until further notice, with public and private gatherings banned as well as the sale of food and alcohol during curfew hours, though delivery is allowed.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 66 Colinas: 22:00-06:00 until further notice.

Last Update: 22 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Domestic flights are operating; LATAM Brasil resumed a limited number of flights from 1 June 2020.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Other Domestic Restrictions

While no nationwide lockdown is in place, states and municipalities have imposed restrictive measures, including the closure of schools and non- essential businesses and social distancing measures.

Acre

The Alto Acre region is at a green COVID-19 risk level and commercial and religious establishments may operate at 80 percent capacity, while the Baixo Acre and Juruá regions remain at the yellow level, with businesses allowed to operate at 50 percent capacity. The sale of alcohol is prohibited after 22:00 and bars and restaurantes must close by 00:00.

Alagoas

Through 2 September, most businesses may operate with full capacity, while cultural, leisure, sports and religious venues operate at up to 50 percent capacity statewide without reduced hours with hospitality establishment only open from 05:00-24:00 daily. Intercity transport may operate at 75 percent

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 67 capacity.

Amazonas

Effective until at least 7 September, proof of COVID-19 vaccination is required for entry to bars which may operate until 03:00 local time with 75 percent capacity and boat bars which may operate until 19:00. Up to 200 people may gather in social events until 03:00 local time. Hotels require a negative PCR or antigen test from patrons.

Bahia

Statewide: Restaurants and bars may operate nightly until 23:00. Public transport is banned nightly from 01:30-05:00; ferries are also banned from 23:00-05:00. Cinemas, theatres and houses of worship may operate at 50 percent capacity so long as social distancing is enforced. Events of up to 300 people at events such as wedding ceremonies in public or private places, exhibition parks, graduation ceremonies and marches are permitted. Night clubs and concerts remain banned.

Espírito Santo

Statewide: All municipalities adhere to a colour-coded risk map for extreme (red), high (orange), yellow (moderate) and low (green) COVID-19 risk zones. Changes to risk levels will be re-evaluated weekly on Fridays, and take effect the following Monday.

No areas classified as extreme, as of 20 August, while some 76 municipalities are rated as low risk and two as moderate risk, including Alto Rio Novo e Rio Bananal, with bars and gyms closed, with eased restrictions on business operations and gatherings in place.

Mato Grosso do Sul

Municipalities are allowed to impose and lift COVID-19 measures.

Minas Gerais

Statewide: All regions of Minas Gerais moved out of the most restrictive "purple" zone restrictions and curfew as of 29 July, allowing non-essential businesses to reopen and public transport to resume at half capacity. Gyms,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 68 clubs and beauty salons are closed, and bars and restaurants are limited to delivery service after 19:00 local time.

Araxá: A curfew was lifted on 31 July. Most commerce may operate daily until 20:00 local time. All events are limited to 30 percent capacity or 200 people, whichever is less. The consumption of alcohol in public spaces remains prohibited.

Uberlândia: A curfew was lifted on 21 August. Public transport will work normally and non-essential businesses may open until 23:00 from Monday to Saturday with reduced hours on Sundays and holidays, as part of a 'yellow' COVID-19 stage until at least 3 September.

Paraíba

Statewide: until 31 August, hospitality establishments allowed to open from 06:00-22:00 local time and shopping centres from 10:00-22:00 daily.

Conceição: until 3 September, non-essential businesses must close from 18:00 local time daily with bars and restaurants allowed to operate until 00:00.

Paraná

Curitiba: A curfew and restrictions to economic activities were lifted on 28 July. Until 1 September, gatherings and events are restricted to up to 300 people. The consumption of alcoholic beverages in public is banned and nightclubs and concert venues remain closed.

Foz do Iguaçu: A curfew was lifted on 31 July. Indoor and outdoors gatherings will be permitted up to 15 and 250 people, respectively.

Cascavel: until further notice, shopping centres may operate until 22:00, restaurants until 23:00 and bars until 01:00, all at 50 percent capacity. Nightclubs must remain closed.

Pernambuco

Statewide: Until further notice, most businesses may operate from 09:00-22:00 on weekdays and until 21:00 on weekends and holidays including in the Greater Recife region. Capacity and operating hour limitations are relaxed in areas of low infection rates.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 69 Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is particularly affected by the outbreak. A statewide quarantine was implemented from 21 March to 5 June 2020. Statewide curfew and closure of beaches were lifted as of 19 April 2021, while concert halls and nightclubs remained closed through 26 April. Bars, restaurants and snack bars can serve only seated customers at 40 percent capacity; shopping malls and gyms also operate at 40 percent capacity. Individual outdoor sports are allowed. A five- level COVID-19 response strategy is in place statewide from very low (green), low (yellow), moderate (orange), high (red) to very high (purple) levels.

Rio de Janeiro: 23:00-05:00 local time curfew lifted on 7 May. Effective until 30 August, the relaxed restrictions also allowed beaches and parks to fully reopen as well as concert venues and most indoor spaces at 40 percent capacity and most outdoor spaces at 60 percent capacity with bars and restaurants operating with unrestricted hours; Nightclubs and dance halls remain closed. A three-level COVID-19 response strategy based on the epidemiological risk in neighbourhoods is in place. MODERATE: Face masks are mandatory, hygiene measures and social distance of two metres (feet) must be followed, and opening hours of businesses are limited. HIGH: Face masks are mandatory, hygiene measures must be followed, audience is limited to half capacity in venues, and opening hours of businesses are limited. VERY HIGH: Face masks are mandatory, hygiene measures must be followed, audience is limited to one third of maximum capacity in venues, opening hours of businesses are limited and the entry of people over 60 years old and/or part of vulnerable groups is banned.

Rio Grande do Norte

Statewide: Effective until 4 August, non-essential socioeconomic activities are allowed from 05:00-00:00, while bars and restaurants must close by 01:00 and are limited to a 50 percent capacity.

Rio Grande do Sul

Statewide: Effective 15 June, essential businesses may operate 24 hours and non-essential businesses until 20:00 daily, and restaurants and bars may open at 25 percent capacity until 22:00 daily. Parks will reopen and public transport operate at 75 percent capacity. Beaches are closed and public gatherings are

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 70 banned.

Roraima

Boa Vista: until further notice, establishments are limited to 50 percent capacity and must close from 01:00-05:00.

São Paulo

All businesses, including shopping malls, stores, bars and restaurants operate normally statewide, including São Paulo and São Caetano do Sul but excluding six cities of ABC Paulista region where they open at 80 percent capacity until 24:00 local time, as of 17 August. Municipal authorities were granted the right to impose or lift measures. Face masks and social distancing are still required in public statewide. Medium to large concerts, sporting events with audience and parties in nightclubs are banned statewide until at least 1 November.

São Paulo's COVID-19 phases: Phase 1 (Red): Maximum Alert - Contamination phase, with only essential services operating; Phase 2 (Orange): Control - Attention phase, with shopping malls, commerce and services operating at 40 percent capacity with shortened hours, until 20:00, while inhouse service at bars remains suspended unless serving food; Phase 3 (Yellow): Flexibility - Controlled phase, with shopping malls, commerce and services operating at 40 percent capacity until 20:00 for bars and 22:00 for all others, while personal care services and dine-in service as well as gyms and parks may resume; Phase 4 (Green): Partial Opening - Declining phase, with shopping malls, commerce and services as well as personal care services and dine-in service as well as gyms and parks operating at 60 percent capacity; and Phase 5 (Blue): Safe Return - Phase of disease control, with all activities allowed with safety and hygiene protocols.

Last Update: 26 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 71 Demonstrations and Unrest

Supporters of President Jair Bolsonaro have rallied in cities nationwide, including São Paulo, Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Goiânia, Joinville, Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Manaus, Salvador, Teresina, João Pessoa, Campo Grande, Recife, Natal, São Luís, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Niterói, Belém, Maceió and Florianópolis, to demand the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions. Rallies over a shortage of protective equipment for medical personnel as well as in support of impeachment of President Jair Bolsonaro over his COVID-19 response, have also been held in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, João Pessoa, Rio Branco, Curitiba, Fortaleza and other cities.

In August 2020, dozens of Kayapó Mekragnoti indigenous community members set up roadblocks on the BR-163 highway south of Novo Progresso, Pará state, to demand assistance to fight against the COVID-19.

Major pro- and anti-government rallies are planned nationwide on 7 September, Brazil's Independence Day, including in Brasília and São Paulo's Avenida Paulista and Vale do Anhangabaú.

Further protests are likely in the near-term, particularly in urban hubs and the worst-affected areas, leading up to the 2022 presidential election.

Last update: 27 August 2021

Resources

Health Dept COVID Site: https://coronavirus.saude.gov.br/

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 72 28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Moderate risk: Anti-government rallies planned in São Paulo, nationwide on 28 August Anti-government activists will rally nationwide on 28 August, including at Praça da República in São Paulo from 10:00 local time (13:00 GMT), to demand the resignation of President Jair Bolsonaro over his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as to distribute invitations to nationwide anti-Bolsonaro protests planned on 7 September.

26 August 2021 - 03 September 2021 Medium risk: COVID-19 curfew extended to 2 September in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state - Update Authorities in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state, announced that an eased nightly curfew from 24:00-05:00 local time (04:00-09:00 GMT) was extended until 2 September, due to COVID-19; a dry law begins nightly from 22:00. Most businesses reopened at reduced capacities with events allowed up to 150 people or up to 50 percent capacity of the venue, whichever is lower.

25 August 2021 - 16 September 2021 High risk: COVID-19 lockdown extended to 15 September in Tuiuti, São Paulo - Update Authorities in Tuiuti, São Paulo state, announced on 25 August that a daily lockdown and ban on public consumption of alcohol were extended until 15 September, due to COVID-19. Under the measures, essential businesses and services can operate from 08:00-24:00 local time (11:00-03:00 GMT) at 70 percent capacity, while non-essential activities are allowed during the same time period at 60 percent capacity.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 73 24 August 2021 - 06 September 2021 Medium risk: Eased COVID-19 curfew extended in Ceará state until 5 September - Update Officials in Ceará announced that a COVID-19 curfew was relaxed to run from 01:00-05:00 local time (04:00-08:00 GMT) until at least 5 September; street shops may operate from 09:00-19:00 local time daily, shopping centres from 10:00-22:00 and restaurants from 10:00-00:00, all at 50 percent capacity. Gatherings will be allowed up to 100 people indoors and 200 outdoors, respectively.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 74 Local Travel : Medium Risk

Travel Safety

Travel conditions vary greatly in Brazil.

In case of emergency, dial 190 (Military Police), 192 (ambulance), 193 (firefighters), 198 (state highway police) and 199 (civil defense).

Air Travel and Airports: Most travellers entering Brazil arrive at São Paulo's Guarulhos Airport (GRU/SBGR) or in Rio de Janeiro's Galeão Airport (GIG/SBGL).

Guarulhos is the largest international airport in Brazil, and is located 25km (15 miles) north east of São Paulo city centre. Security is good at the airport with no major breaches in recent years. However petty crime is of a great concern; always keep your luggage with you when travelling through the airport and never place any bags, especially laptop bags, on the ground. Queues at security checks and passport control can often be lengthy so it is best to arrive well ahead of your departure time.

There are a number of transport options available to reach central São Paulo from the airport. Airport, non-airport executive, mini-shuttle and public buses all depart from outside the terminal building to São Paulo’s city centre with a journey time of approximately 30 to 45 minutes. The airport and executive buses offer the most comfortable means of transport into the city and stop at many large hotels and bus stations. Tickets are generally more expensive than public buses but are air- conditioned. These buses generally run every 30 minutes with ticketing and travel information found at a booth in the Arrivals Hall. The two major Brazilian airlines TAM and Gol also offer a free shuttle bus service to Congonhas Domestic Airport (CGH/SBSP). Radio taxis also operate from outside the terminal buildings. Prior to leaving the baggage claim area, tickets for these taxis can be bought at designated booths. Alternatively, licensed salesmen, often dressed in yellow shirts, can usher new arrivals into awaiting yellow cabs. It is recommended not to hail a passing taxi or get in any taxi that does not have official company branding; unlicensed taxis may be less expensive, but passengers run the risk of being robbed by the driver. All major international and local car rental companies have offices in the main terminal.

Rio de Janeiro’s Galeão Airport is located 20km (13 miles) north of Rio city centre. The airport was upgraded ahead of the 2014 Football World Cup and the 2016

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 75 Summer Olympics. No major security incidents have occurred at the airport in recent years. Queues at the airport are notoriously lengthy; always get to the airport well before your departure time.

There are a number of transport options available to reach central Rio from the airport. Radio taxis are perhaps the best option for making the airport-hotel connection. Tickets can be bought in the Arrivals Hall at a licensed taxi company booth. These taxis are often more expensive than the regular yellow taxis seen in Rio, but the vehicles used are safer and more comfortable. A professional charter bus service, run by the Real bus company, operates buses every 15 to 30 minutes. These buses leave the airport from the second story, one floor above international arrivals, and stop at all major hotels in Copacabana, Ipanema and Lebon, taking the beach route once in Copacabana. All major local and international car rental companies have offices in Terminal 2 as well.

Two other frequently used airports in Brazil include the Brasilia International Airport (BSB/SBBR) and the Salvador International Airport (SSA/SBSV). Bus and taxi services to central city areas both operate from outside the terminal buildings at these airports.

Brazilian airlines Gol and TAM are the most popular carriers due to discounted rates. However, travel between Brazilian cities may be delayed due to ongoing problems with limited airport capacity, high demand, and a chronic problem with air traffic controllers. Air travel routes with the highest delays are: Rio-São Paulo; São Paulo- Rio; Rio-Brasília; São Paulo-Brasília; Salvador-Rio; and São Paulo-Curitiba.

Brazil has long implemented a reciprocal visa policy. Nationals from countries that require Brazilians to arrange a visa before their trip must do the same before arriving in Brazil. This law most directly impacts visitors from the United States. Other foreign nationals should check with the Brazilian consulate in their home country to verify visa requirements. Tourist visas are set at a 90-day limit, and can be extended for another 90 days with a visit to the appropriate Federal Police office.

Road Travel: Most major Brazilian roads are well-marked and well-maintained. However, a survey by the National Transport Confederation (CNT) concluded that overall 45 percent of the country's roads should be classified as being in an inadequate condition. Roads in the northern states and in border areas are noted by the CNT as being particularly poorly maintained; poorer conditions exist in rural

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 76 regions.

Driving is erratic in cities leading to frequent traffic accidents including deaths, but otherwise of a reasonable standard. Driving in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Recife and São Paulo can be dangerous, as unsuspecting visitors may enter gang-controlled areas; make sure you have a good map or local instructions before attempting to drive in a rental car. Complete insurance should be purchased. In São Paulo, the high number of motorcycle messengers, called ‘motoboys’, clog the roads, resulting in at least one fatal motorcycle accident a day. Motoboys are at times aggressive and are known to organise opportunist groups to vandalise cars and attack drivers immediately after small traffic accidents.

Driving is on the right in Brazil. Unless otherwise indicated, the usual speed limit on highways is 120kph (74mph) and 60kph (37mph) in urban areas. Radars are commonly used and fines for speeding can be heavy. Traffic laws will differ depending on the state; however, most have laws governing the use of seat belts, and there is no right turn at a red stop light.

Public Transport

Public transport is often marred by petty crime and boating accidents have led to loss of life in recent years. Taxis and private tourist company buses are the recommended mode of transport in Brazil.

Boats/Ferries: Ferries serve most coastal ports. In Rio de Janeiro, ferries depart regularly between Rio and Niterói. River transport is the most efficient method of travel in the Amazon Delta. The ferry between Belem and Manaus is a popular route for visitors, and is served by a number of different companies. Foreign nationals should make sure ferries are accredited and meet all safety standards, as accidents are not uncommon. In August 2017, at least 22 people were killed after a ferry carrying some 129 people capsized and sank in the Bay of All Saints near Vera Cruz, Bahia state, while sailing to the city of Salvador.

Buses: International bus services link Brazil with all neighbouring countries. Journeys can be very lengthy however, with travel times of three days not uncommon. Bus travel is the preferred mode of transport for most locals when travelling within the country. Services are generally efficient and networks extensive; almost all towns will be linked with major cities and offer different routes. Executive first-class tourist buses are the best option for foreign nationals in Brazil. Buses used are operated in a very

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 77 safe, efficient, and comfortable manner and offer transport to a number of tourist destinations and main cities.

Intra-state and city buses are the workhorses of public transport in Brazil. Bus fares are relatively inexpensive, so they are often packed making them a safety risk in the event of an accident. In June 2019, at least 11 people were killed and 51 others were wounded when the driver of a Brasil Santana Transporte bus bound for Cubatão lost control of the vehicle and crashed with four other vehicles on the SP-123 highway in Campos do Jordão, São Paulo state. Although many routes are safe, the system can be confusing for foreign nationals. It is recommended that visitors use taxis for travel within cities.

Metros: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasilia all have efficient metro systems in place. In São Paulo the metro is very modern and clean, and an easy way to get around the city. Two main lines run north-south and east-west from Avenida Paulista in the city centre, and there is one line that runs north west-south west. Trains run from 04:00 to 24:00 daily and until 01:00 on Saturdays.

In Rio, the metro system is similarly clean, safe, and easy to navigate. During rush hour some lines have a “women’s only” carriage for an increased feeling of safety among female travellers. The metro in Brasilia is fairly small, and mainly runs over ground. Brasilia metro trains run from 06:00 to 23:30 on Monday through Friday, and 07:00 to 19:00 on Saturdays and Sundays.

Taxis: Taxis are often the best means of transport within city limits. Official licensed taxis will vary in markings in each major city; however, most official taxis will have a rooftop ‘TAXI’ sign, company branding, and a special taxi license plate. Taxis can be called in advanced, hailed on the street, or found in marked taxi ranks outside main tourist locations, hotels, and transport hubs. Make sure city taxi drivers start the meter (“pega metro”) before setting off and that their driver’s licence and photograph are in plain sight, as stipulated by law. Rates at night, after 21:00, are generally higher than during the day. If you plan to take a taxi from the city to an airport, fix a price with the driver before setting off. Many drivers will also negotiate rates to nearby locations, from São Paulo to Campos, for example, or from Rio de Janeiro to Buzios or Angra dos Reis. For both locations and others, a tourist bus may be the best option.

Trains: Train services within Brazil and linking the country to other states are very limited and generally not recommended, with a few exceptions. Intercity train services

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 78 operate on one route, from Vitoria to Belo Horizonte, and other tourist trains in operation are generally safe, although not an efficient way to travel from one place to another due to the long journey times.

Vehicle Rentals: Avis, Hertz, and other internationally known rental companies offer competitive rates for car hire in both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Driving in both cities, however, can be a risky endeavour. Traffic in both cities is constant, especially in São Paulo. Within the metropolis of São Paulo, it is also easy to lose one's bearings and get lost. One-way roads are common, as is aggressive driving. In Rio de Janeiro, roads are often well marked, but driving is just as erratic. In both cities, too many wrong turns may lead visitors into dangerous neighbourhoods.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 79 Recent incidents

24 August 2021 - 25 August 2021 Moderate risk: CPTM railroad workers threaten to launch strike in Greater São Paulo on 24 August Unionised employees of the Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) threatened to launch an indefinite strike on CPTM rail lines 11, 12 and 13, in Greater São Paulo from 00:00 local time (03:00 GMT) on 24 August, if their demands over a collective agreement were not heard.

09 August 2021 - 10 August 2021 Moderate risk: Bus drivers to strike from 9 August in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Bus drivers represented by the Sindimetropolitano union in the Porto Alegre metro area of Rio Grande do Sul state will strike from 9 August until further notice, over pay and job cuts; service disruptions are also expected in Canoas, Gravataí, Alvorada, Viamão, Cachoeirinha and Glorinha.

06 August 2021 - 07 August 2021 Moderate risk: Public transport workers to strike on 6 August in Manaus, Amazonas state Public transport workers represented by the Manaus Road Workers Union (SRTT) plan to strike in Manaus, Amazonas state, from 04:00 local time (08:00 GMT) on 6 August to demand better wages and working conditions. A 50 percent minimum service will be guaranteed during the strike.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 80 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: Crime rates are high in the majority of Brazilian cities. Drug trafficking is especially a problem in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Nova Iguacú, Niteroi and Recife. When in these cities, stick to the main tourist areas to avoid crossing paths with organised crime or armed individuals. These cities need not be avoided, but a heightened level of caution should be maintained.

Within the city of Rio de Janeiro, the area of town known as the Northern Zone should be avoided. The city’s favelas (“shanty towns”) should also be avoided, especially the favelas of Complexo Alemão, Complexo da Maré, Pavão, Vila Isabel, Vidigal and Ciudade de Deus. Nova Iguacú, Duque das Caixias, Niteroí and Baixada Fluminense should all be avoided. The centre of town, or Centro, should be visited with caution after dark, as well as Laranjeiras, Tijuca, and the area around the docas or docks. Walking after dark on the beaches in Copacabana, Botafogo, Flamengo, and Urca is not recommended due to risk of robbery. Avoid entering or exiting Santa Teresa on foot after nightfall, where assaults are not infrequent. Remain vigilant while on the roads; shootings and carjackings have been reported on the Linha Vermelha, which links Galeão International Airport to the Southern Zone.

São Paulo can be just as dangerous as Rio de Janeiro. High-risk areas for street crime include Luz, the two main squares of Praça da República and Praça da Se and, particularly at night, Bixiga and Praça Roosevelt. Ibirapuera Park has also witnessed an uptick in violent attacks, including sexual assaults. Crime is rising in the south of the city. Shantytowns in outlying districts can be particularly dangerous, especially in the east. However, no area of the city is immune to crime; upmarket commercial and residential districts frequently suffer from a spill-over of the activities of drug gangs operating out of slums. That said, most crime continues to occur in poorer areas such as Grajaù, Jardim Ângela and Vila Brasilândia, which foreign nationals are unlikely to visit. Several highways, including 23 de Maio, Nove de Julho, Professor Luis Ignácio de Anhaia Mello, Brigadeiro Faria Lima, Corifeu de Azevedo Marques, Sapopemba, Aricanduva and Itaberaba, are severely affected by robberies and murders and are dangerous after dark; in most instances, pedestrians have been the victims. Areas such as Parque Santo Antônio, Campo Limpo and Capão Redondo have higher concentration of homicides.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 81 Regions: Most border areas in Brazil are best avoided, as most if not all sizeable border towns are involved, to various degrees, in drug trafficking. The most notable towns are Tabatinga, on the Peru border, Vila Bittencourt on the Colombian border, Rio Branco on the Bolivian border, and Cucuí on the Venezuelan border.

The interior of Brazil is relatively safe. In the states of Acre, Roraima and Pará there are, at times, violent clashes between indigenous communities and freelance miners. Foreign nationals are rarely, if ever, involved. Elsewhere, clashes erupt from time to time between members of the Landless Workers' movement, known as the Movemento Sem Terra (MST), and rural farm owners. These clashes, some of which are violent, occur in the states of Pernambuco, São Paulo, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul and Goias.

Finally, the Amazonian region of Brazil is vast, unpatrolled, and without much state presence. Riskline advises using a trusted guide to facilitate travel into this region.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 82 Safety

Beaches and Public Areas: It is not recommended to swim in the ocean off the coast of Rio de Janeiro after heavy rains. Generally speaking, the water near the canal that separates Ipanema and Leblon is dirty, and the beach at Sao Conrado is often polluted with waste from one of the hemisphere’s largest slums, known as Rocinha. Reef sharks are known to make occasional attacks near Recife. Unsuspecting visitors have been targeted for mugging in public areas; avoid these places after sunset.

Carnival: Carnaval usually takes place during the month of February. Brazilian cities have different 'styles' of Carnaval celebrations, but the most popular ones are those in Rio de Janeiro city and Salvador, in the state of Bahia. Since this national holiday attracts crowds of thousands of people where many are distracted and light-headed from drinking, Carnaval festivities are idyllic occasions for pickpockets and thieves. While the most common type of crime is petty theft, armed robberies, violent fights, and homicide do occur during carnival.

Most crimes involving visitors occur in crowded public areas like beaches, busy sidewalks and intersections, and on public transportation, where it is easy for a thief to disappear into the crowd. In order to prevent becoming a victim of crime, Riskline recommends the following safety guidelines: do not carry cameras and other valuables in a bag or around the neck, visitors should opt for a disposable or cheap camera instead; avoid wearing flashy jewellery or expensive items, such as designer glasses and valuable watches, in the streets; carry a copy of your passport with you at all times " never take the original document; carry only enough money for your expected daily expenses (preferably in small bills) and distribute them in different pockets; always walk in groups and stick to the main streets " avoid deserted areas or shortcuts; try to dress like Brazilians in order to keep a low profile. Avoid the what is considered stereotypical tourist attire (tennis shoes, white socks, Brazilian soccer shirt and hat/baseball cap are the cliché combination for a Western tourist).

In Rio de Janeiro, the street parties (“blocos”) are generally safe, as long as visitors stay with the crowd, avoid deserted streets or alleys, and follow the basic safety suggestions mentioned above. If celebrating in the Sambodromo, where Rio’s big carnival parade takes place, it is recommended to use licensed taxis and avoid the metro " since the nearest station is far from the Sambodromo and it is easy to get lost.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 83 If enjoying carnival in the Sambodromo, there are various options for seats and tickets. In order to avoid extortion when buying tickets, visitors should follow these recommendations: purchase tickets through a reliable source, such as travel agents or hotels; double check that you receive both components of the ticket, which include a magnetic card and paper slip. If you buy tickets for the tables or frisas, you should also receive a plastic card to wear around your neck; do not purchase tickets from scalpers at the gates; do not plan on discounted rates or free admission after the parade has started; do not buy used tickets in hopes that they will get you past the guards.

Carnaval in Salvador is very different from the one in Rio de Janeiro. There are various music groups that parade on top of huge motorised sound trucks (called trio elétrico) and the crowds either watch from camarotes (“paid balconies” " safest and most expensive option); participate in blocos, in which case they need to buy the abadá which allows one to closely follow a trio inside a roped area with some security; or, stand in the streets and watch the movement from there. This last option, called pipoca (literal translation for “popcorn” " alluding to the jumping around that takes place) is free, but it is also the most dangerous option, since the person is exposed to huge crowds and thieves. If you choose the pipoca option, locate yourself near police officers or hotels where security is present.

If buying an abadá, which is a shirt/tunic that represents the “ticket” for partying within the bloco, buy them from official companies such as Central do Carnaval, Axé Mix and Reino da Folia. It is not considered safe to buy abadás from vendors on the street, since they are usually imitations. Some abadás can cost up to USD500, and they are very coveted by thieves. Visitors should be cautious when travelling with abadás and avoid showing them on the street. Taking a cab to your bloco and another back home after the party is the safest option for travel.

Crime: Avoid wearing ostentatious jewellery or clothes that might draw attention. Brazilian kidnappers study style magazines and recognise well-heeled individuals from a distance. Those selected are often kidnapped, assaulted, and taken to a bank where every credit card is drained before the kidnappers leave their victim alone in the middle of nowhere. These so-called “express kidnappings” occur most often in São Paulo.

Avoid prolonged camera use. If possible, use smaller cameras that fit into pockets, not bags. Avoid carrying large bags, or backpacks, at night. If you are mugged, do not resist. Resistance often leads to serious injury, or even death, as many criminals carry

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 84 small calibre pistols. It is best to carry cash in separate places on your person, as well as photocopies of your passport and other identification documents.

Food and Drink: Cooked food and drinks served in a can or bottle are safe in Brazil. Street food is not. Brazilian food from the north east in the state of Bahia can be very spicy. Most restaurants are safe, but open-aired buffet restaurants (often called “kilos” as you pay by the weight of your food minus the weight of the plate) should be avoided.

Kidnapping: The majority of abductions in Brazil are “express”. Victims are commonly kidnapped outside banks or automated teller machines (ATMs) and forced to withdraw additional money while in the kidnappers' custody. They are often released within hours or on the same day after making one or even multiple payments. Express kidnappers have also been known to operate in upscale areas, targeting their victims due to their perceived wealth. Reports of taxi drivers being complicit in express abductions have been made. The cities of Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo are particularly at risk. To mitigate kidnap risk, avoid using curb-side ATMs at night or loitering in the vicinity of banks. Refrain from walking alone after sunset through desolate or unknown neighbourhoods, no matter their perceived economic status. Avoid hailing a taxi off the street; instead, book official taxis through hotels or by phone. In São Paulo there has also been an increase in "virtual kidnapping" - a telephone call is made to an unsuspecting family, claiming that a member of the family has been kidnapped and that a ransom is necessary for release. Visitors should be careful when visiting remote areas of the Amazon. There have been some kidnaps of tourists perpetrated by Colombian groups. It is therefore advisable to hire an outfitter with experience in the area.

Police: Police around the country, especially the military police, are steeped in corruption and cannot be trusted. Resist being led into a car for travel to a precinct, unless with a larger group. Your consulate or a trusted local should be notified if you are involved in a crime or accident that has caused bodily injury or death.

Tourist police in Rio de Janeiro have been known to plant drugs on unsuspecting tourists to arrest them moments later for possession. This practice normally occurs in Copacabana, a beach-front neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro.

Pollution: Due to the heavy levels of traffic, air quality in São Paulo can become problematic. When poor, the air can cause symptoms such as a light headache to

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 85 coughing and upper respiratory infections. Babies and senior citizens are often worst affected. Check local media sources or the hotel reception for daily updates on air quality. Travellers with pre-existing respiratory problems should carry medication with them when travelling.

Water Safety: Drinking tap water is not recommended in Brazil, especially after a heavy rain; however, water quality is fine for brushing teeth, washing dishes, and other such activities. For drinking, use bottled water. On the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, consider purchasing drinks in sealed containers only. Generally speaking, drinking tea and lemonade offered by beach vendors may cause upset stomachs.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 86 Culture

Cultural Sensitivities: Forming the traditional ‘okay’ hand signal with the thumb and forefinger formed into a circle is considered rude and offensive in Brazil. Use the ‘thumbs up’ hand sign instead. Poverty, politics, as well as personal topics regarding social or professional status, should be avoided. Late arrivals for meetings and appointments are usual.

It is best to remember that the official language of Brazil is Portuguese and not Spanish. Although many people in the city will have an understanding of Spanish, do not expect people in rural communities to understand Spanish words. They may also take offence to being spoken to in Spanish.

Religious Sensitivities: Brazil is predominantly a Catholic country, but is not overly conservative; when visiting religious sites consider dressing modestly. In the north east, a blend of Catholicism and Animism called Candomblé is practised. These religious festivals are more sensitive to outsiders, and permission should be secured before attending any ceremonies.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 87 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are no local customs or laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in Brazil. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are many safety concerns that a female traveller should take into consideration in Brazil. There are high rates of harassment, sexual assaults and violence targeting women in Brazil, including in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Brasília and Recife. Female travellers may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling and staring to physical groping, including at day time. It is best to ignore these advances or confrontations and walk away. In the event that harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and locals will likely come to your aid. Do not walk alone in favelas at any time, nor in unfamiliar neighbourhoods, deserted areas or beaches at night. Taxis and public transport are among the most common places for harassment in Brazil. When available consider sitting in women’s only sections in public transport. Only use official and registered taxis, reputed radio cabs or ride-hailing services and avoid public transport at night to limit exposure to possible cases of harassment. Some cities may have women-only taxis, operated by a female driver; consider using these companies, especially if travelling at night. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local police as there are reports of law enforcement undermining incidents of harassment and assault. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report. When available consider reporting crimes to Female Police Units who maintain a high degree of professionalism, especially related to crimes that are sexual in nature.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to some specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in Brazil, especially in urban areas. Abortion is legal in Brazil only in cases where the life of the woman is in danger and in cases of rape. Access to safe abortion is extremely limited outside major urban areas. Prescription emergency contraceptives (EC) are available in urban areas throughout the country, with the exception of the municipality of Margina in Paraná state, where the EC pill is provided only in cases of rape. Specialised clinics,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 88 prescription contraceptives and a variety of feminine hygiene products are available in urban areas, and also to some extent in rural areas. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally. Consult a health professional prior to travel, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, due to a potential risk of Zika virus.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in Brazil. There are many legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country, including anti-discrimination laws, and laws concerning gender identity or expression and adoption by same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage is legal. LGBT+ activity and persons are mostly socially accepted. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are both considered gay-friendly destinations for tourists to visit. While most LGBT+ travellers are unlikely to face any difficulties or legal issues for travel, social conservatism may be prevalent in some parts of the country. Travellers may prefer to be discreet about sexual orientation and avoid excessive public displays of affection in areas where attitudes towards the LGBT+ community are unknown or generally not accepted. Transgender travellers may wish to consider having their passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling. Exercise general safety precautions.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Brazil.

Internet access and social media have some restrictions. Some internet and social media content of political or religious nature cannot be accessed freely, especially during elections.

There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 89 are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Brazil 90 Legal notice

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