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Globalisation, Drugs and Criminalisation

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Globalisation, Drugs and Criminalisation Final Research Report on Brazil, China, India and Mexico http://www.unesco.org/most/globalisation/drugs_1.htm DRUGS AND CRIMINALISATION Contents Scientific co-ordination: Christian Geffray, Guilhem Fabre and Michel Schiray Research Team: Roberto Araújo, Luis Astorga, Gabriel Britto, Molly Charles, A.A. Das, Guilhem Fabre, Christian Geffray, Sandra Goulart, Laurent Laniel, Lia Osorio Machado, Guaracy Mingardi, K. S. Naïr, Michel Schiray, Regine Schönenberg, Alba Zaluar, and Deng Zhenlai. GLOBALISATION, The UNESCO/MOST Secretariat Executive Secretary of the MOST Programme: Ali Kazancigil Project Coordinator: Carlos Milani Assistant Project Coordinator: Chloé Keraghel Graphic design : Nicolas Bastien - Paul Gilonne/Sparrow //Marseille/France CD-ROM EDITION General Index TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Part 1: Drug Trafficking and the State Part 2: Drug Trafficking, Criminal Organisations and Money Laundering Part 3: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Drug Trafficking Part 4: Methodological, Institutional and Policy Dimensions of the Research on Drug Trafficking: Lessons and Contributions from France and the United States 1 General Index Executive summary TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary About the authors and the project team, 1. In memory of Christian Geffray, 3. Presentation of the Project, 4. by Ali Kazancigil and Carlos Milani Main Outcomes, 7. Publications, Conferences, Seminars and UNESCO Chairs Main findings, 11. Abstracts of the articles, 11. General Introduction, 19. Research on Drug Trafficking, Economic Crime and Their Economic and Social Consequences: preliminary contributions to formulate recommendations for national and international public control policies by Christian Geffray, Michel Schiray and Guilhem Fabre 2 executive Summary Part 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1: Drug Trafficking and the State Introduction: Drug Trafficking and the State, by Christian Geffray, 1. The Field of Drug Trafficking in Mexico, by Luis Astorga, 6. Decentralisation, Corruption and Criminalisation: China seen from a Comparative Perspective, by Guilhem Fabre, 23. Social, Economic and Political Impacts of Drug Trafficking in the State of Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon, by Christian Geffray, 33. History of Two Cities in-between Drug Trafficking: Guajara Mirim and Costa Marques by Christian Geffray, 48. The Drug Trade, the Black Economy and Society in Western Amazonia in Brazil, by Roberto Araújo, 65. Violence Related to Illegal Drugs, Easy Money and Justice in Brazil: 1980-1995, by Alba Zaluar, 70. 3 Part 1 Part 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 2: Drug Trafficking, Criminal Organisations and Money Laundering Introduction: Drug Trafficking in Southern Africa: Drug Trafficking, Criminal Organisations, the Legacy of War and Apartheid Money Laundering and Public Policy by Laurent Laniel, 110. on Drug Control by Michel Schiray, 1. Drug Trafficking in the Brazilian Amazon The Bombay Underworld: by Régine Shönenberg, 125. a Descriptive Account and Its Role in Drug Trade Drug Trafficking and Money by Molly Charles, K.S Nair, Laundering in the Amazon Region: Gabriel Britto and A.A.Das, 7. Geoeconomic and Geopolitical Effects by Lia Osorio Machado, 151. Drug Trafficking and the Informal Market in Rio de Janeiro Criminal Prosperities, Financial Crisis by Alba Zaluar, 51. and Money Laundering: the Case of Mexico Drug Trafficking in an Urban Area: in a Comparative Perspective the Case of São Paulo by Guilhem Fabre, 172. by Guaracy Mingardi and Sandra Goulart, 65. Drug Trafficking and Consumption in China: Case Studies from Two Cities in Guangdong Province by Deng Zhenglaï, 85. 4 Part 2 Part 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 3: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Drug Trafficking Introduction: Culture and Drugs by Gabriel Britto and K. S. Naïr, 1. Culture and the Drug Scene in India by Molly Charles and Gabriel Britto, 4. Violence in Rio de Janeiro: Styles of Leisure, Drug Use and Trafficking by Alba Zaluar, 31. The Social Construction of the Identity of the Trafficker by Luis Astorga, 39. 5 Part 3 Part 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 4: Methodological, Institutional and Policy Dimensions of the Research on Drug Trafficking: Lessons and Contributions from France and the United States Certainties and Uncertainties as Regards Illicit Drug Trafficking: Research Lessons in the Case of France by Michel Schiray, 1. From the Discovery of Drug Trafficking to the Recognition of Economic and Financial Crime: the Various Stages of a Decade of Francophone Studies on the Subject by Michel Schiray, 8. The Relationship between Social Science Research and Drug Control Policy in the United States, with a Focus on the Drugs-Crime Nexus by Laurent Laniel, 20. 6 Part 4 HELP Mac : use these Keys PC : use these Keys to search by key words: + F + F to zoom in: + + + + to zoom out: + - + - to quit Full screen: esc esc to quit: + Q + Q Normal: Link (click to go to): Displacement of the page after zoom in (Keep the mouse press): 7 Help ABOUT THE AUTHORS Molly Charles,sociologist,has worked as Deputy Director at the National Addiction Research Centre (NARC),Mumbai (India). Her major areas of interest are organised crime, socio-economic costs of drug cultivation and trade,and policy research.She is the principal author of the book, Drug Culture in India — A Street Ethnographic Study of Heroin Addiction in Bombay (1999). E-mail address: [email protected] A.A. Das is a research fellow at the National Addiction Research Centre (NARC) in Bombay. E-mail address: [email protected] Guilhem Fabre,Sinologist and socio-economist,Professor at the Faculty of International Affairs,University of Le Havre and researcher at the Centre d'Etude sur la Chine Moderne et Contemporaine (Research Center for China)at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) (School of Advanced Studies on Social Science) in Luis Astorga is a sociologist. He is a Professor and a re- Paris. He is one of the scientific coordinators of the MOST-UN- searcher at the Institute of Social Research of the National ESCO/UNODCCP Project and author of Criminal Prosperities: Drug Autonomous University of Mexico (IIS-UNAM).Since 1989 he has Trafficking,money laundering and financial crisis after the Cold War been doing research on historical sociology and sociology of cul- published in French (UNESCO/Ed.de l'Aube,1999),Chinese (Shekui ture in the field of drug trafficking in Mexico. Forthcoming: kexue wenxian chuban she 2001) and forthcoming in English Organised Crime and the Organisation of Crime, in John Baily and (Routledge,2002). Roy Godson (coordinators), Organised Crime and Democratic E-mail address: [email protected] Governability: Mexico and the US-Mexican borderlands, University of Pittsburgh Press; and Editorial Grijalbo in Spanish. Christian Geffray, anthropologist, worked as a research di- E-mail address: [email protected] rector at the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (Institute for Research on Development, IRD) and as a member of the Roberto Araújo, ethnologist, is a researcher at the Goeldi Centre d’Etudes Africaines at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Museum in Brazil, where he coordinates the Department of Sociales in Paris.Since 1995,he had been studying the social,eco- Human Sciences.His main interest is the sociology of the pioneer nomic and political effects of cocaine trafficking in the Brazilian fronts of Brazilian Amazonia. One of his main publications is Amazon.He was one of the scientific coordinators for the MOST- Fondation d’un lieu et formes de domination sur un front pionnier in UNESCO/ UNODCCP project. L’oppression paternaliste au Brésil (1996). Since 1998, he has been He passed away on 9 March 2001. working on the cocaine trade in Western Amazonia as part of the UNESCO/MOST project on drugs. Sandra Goulart,anthropologist,is a researcher at the United Email address: [email protected] Nations Latin American Institute for Crime and Delinquency Prevention (ILANUD), in São Paulo. Gabriel Britto is the Director of the National Addiction E-mail address: [email protected] Research Centre (NARC) in Mumbai (India). He has published on social action,political mobilisation,health policy and drug abuse Laurent Laniel, PhD candidate in sociology at the management. EHESS/Paris, worked as a researcher at the Geopolitical Drug E-mail address: [email protected] Watch (OGD). His fields of interest are the socio-economic and NEXT 1 About the authors strategic implications of drug production, traffic and consump- UNESCO’s MOST project on drugs. He recently organised an is- tion, money laundering and their control.His most recent publi- sue on Drug trafficking and forms of economic crime of the jour- cation is The Relationship between Research and Drug Policy in the nal Mondes en développement. United States, MOST Discussion Paper N° 44, Paris, September E-mail address: [email protected] 1999. E-mail address: [email protected] Regine Schönenberg studied in Bonn, London and Berlin. She has been researching and working within various projects in Guaracy Mingardi, PhD in Political Science from the the Brazilian Amazon for 12 years;she is currently doing her post- University of São Paulo (USP), is a researcher at ILANUD. At pre- doctorate project on International Drug Trafficking and Social sent he coordinates the research on the analysis of criminal in- Transformations. She is working at Frankfurt University and formation (SAIC) in the Public Prosecutor’s Office in São Paulo.His teaching at the Free University in Berlin.She recently edited a vol- research interest if focused on the police relationship with crime ume on International Drug Trafficking and Social Transformation and drug trafficking. His publications include Tiras, gansos e tru- (2000). tas (1992, reissued in 2000) and O Estado e o Crime Organizado Email address: [email protected] (1999).He is presently the head of the municipal police of the city of Guarulhos (São Paulo). Alba Zaluar is Full Professor of Anthropology at the Institute E-mail address: [email protected] of Universidad do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Social Medicine in the State University of Rio de Janeiro where she co- Lia Osorio Machado is Professor of Geography at the ordinates NUPEVI (Núcleo de pesquisas sobre violência).
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