Appendix A IRB-Approved Consent Form

John Jay College Principal Investigators: Haberfeld, Grant & King

Consent Form This study will help us to better understand the relationship between and community support. Please remember that you are not required to participate in this research study. It is voluntary and you may choose to quit participating if you begin to feel upset or uncomfortable. The information provided by you will help the research team gain a better under- standing of the problem but will not be disseminated in any way that will directly identify you as a respondent. Your answers will be always kept strictly anonymous. Your identity will be strictly confidential and kept as such by the research team. Please read the attached information sheet before completing this form and consenting to participate in our study. ______I have read and understood the above information about the study. ______I have volunteered to participate in this project. ______I have been informed of the basic procedures of the study by the researchers, and by reading the information sheet (of which I have been given a copy for my records). ______I understand that by agreeing to participate in this study, I will be asked to complete some questionnaires and review my file. ______I understand that I may choose to quit my participation at any time with no penalty. ______I understand that any information that I give out for the purpose of this study will be kept confidential. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this study. Printed Name of Participant: ______Signature of Participant: ______Date: ______Printed Name of Researcher: ______Signature of researcher: ______Date: ______

M.R. Haberfeld et al., Terrorism Within Comparative International Context, 167 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88861-3, C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Appendix B IRB Review Form

IRBReviewForm

1. Objectives of the study The principal objective of this study is to set up a template for Counter terrorist training by Departments in the . However, we believe that many of the lessons learned may well be adapted to international police forces and could be adapted as a baseline for their training curriculums. 2. Methodology The NIJ project was funded to examine counterterrorism training and practices in law enforcement agencies internationally. Initially identified were the countries of , , , , and Lebanon. As such, the research team will be visiting the respective countries to meet with law enforcement, security offi- cials and various members of the community to assess the current state of affairs and training needs. At each identified locations, each of the agencies and commu- nity groups will be asked to meet with the research team for discussions of the ques- tions at hand. A snowball method of identification will also be used, to the extent that on-site meetings identify other relevant individuals with whom the team should meet. 3. Explanation of the research plans for the upcoming year Due the late release of funds by NIJ, January 2005, and the constraints of travel during the Academic year, three sites were initially scheduled. We have traveled to Ireland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The initial plan was to be in the United Kingdom during July 2005. However, due to the Tube bombings of July 7 and 21, these plans were cancelled and have recently, October 15, been completed. Addi- tionally, due to the arrest of several senior police officials, concerning the assigna- tion of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, that we were in contact with for our visit to Lebanon and the political situation in Lebanon and Syria, we have asked NIJ to drop Lebanon from the proposal and are in negotiations with NIJ for substitution of this country. During the coming year, we plan to revise some of these sites for follow-up ques- tions and more in-depth analysis as well as the initial visit to NIJ-agreed country.

169 Index

A Bundesgerichtshof, 102 Adler, P.A., 25 Bundespolizei, 102, 111–113 Algemene Inlichtingen-en Veiligheidsdienst GSG 9, 112–113 (AIVD), 65 missions, 112 focus on Islamist terrorist networks/other Bundesrat, 102 terrorist groups, 66–67 Bundestag, 102 Alonso, R., 73 Bundesverfassungsgericht, 102, 112 Al Qaeda Bundesverwaltungsgericht, 102 in London, 44 Burrows, D., 30, 32 in , 64 in Spain, 74–75 C in Turkey, 97 Campbell, D.T., 24 and US, 126 Capowich, G., 15 Alvanou, M., 73 Casey, M.A., 29, 31, 35 Ambert, A.M., 25 , police agency for, see Mossos Andersson, J., 88 d’Esquadra An Garda Siochana,´ 53 Center for Human Rights, Turkey, 98 “Armenian Genocide,” 93 Central Communications Complex (CCC), Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of 55–56 Armenia (ASALA), 93 Centro National de Inteligencia (CNI), 75 Armstrong, G., 55 Centro Superior de Informacion de la Defensa (ARW), see Sciathan´ (CESID), 74 Fianoglach´ an Airm Cerrah, I., 12, 133 Ataturk, see Kemal, Mustafa Champion, D.J., 29 Avocational policing, 8 Chantavanich, A., 28 Chapman, 19, 140, 141 B Chief of Defense Staff (CDS), 65 Babbie, E., 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35 Clutterbuck, L., 48, 50 Basque Fatherland and Liberty, 72–73 Community Oriented Policing and Problem Basque region, police agency for, see Solving (COPPS) philosophy, 12 Community-Oriented Policing (COP), 3 Belfast Agreement (1998), 52 effectiveness to counter terrorism, 140 Belonging Model of counterterrorism policing, vs. POP, 15 161 Community-Oriented Policing (COP) Bernard, H.R., 24 philosophy, 4 Bijzondre Bijstands Eenheid (BBE), 65 Community policing, 11 Brayson, J., 56 effectiveness of, 16 Broken Windows theory, 15 and terrorism, 17 Bruce, S., 42 Community problem-solving era, 13

171 172 Index

Confidential (CI), 30 language, 32 Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA), multiple means of recording data, 33 43, 54 number of participants, 31 Cothren, J., 132 pre-existing relationships/strangers, 31–32 Counterterrorism, comparative approach to, researcher/interviewer, 32 11–20 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 49 Counter Terrorism Command (CTC), 48 goal, counterterrorism, 49–50 responsibilities, 48–49 Forsvarsdepartementet,¨ 85 “Counter-terrorism policies for Law Forsvarsmakten,¨ 85–86 Enforcement” (Course), 162 Frankpledge, see avocational policing County Constabulary, see Metropolitan Fry, G., 28 Police Fulbright-funded project, 2 Crank, J. P., 16 goal of, 6 Crenshaw, M., 128 methodology, 23–36 Cuerpo Nacional de Policia, 77 focus groups, 29–36 qualitative vs. quantitative data, 24–29 D objective, 23 Damphousse, K.R., 7, 104, 128 Davis, L.E., 35 G Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 134 Garda, 58 Detzner, D.F., 25 Gendarmerie, 95 Dev Sol, 93 “,” 104 Donnermeyer, J.F., 18, 141 German , seeRoteArmee Dowler, E.A., 30 Fraktion (RAF) Draper, A.K., 30 Dublin , 52–53 Federal Assembly, see Bundestag Dutch Armed Forces, 65 Federal Council, see Bundesrat Dutch Agency, see Politie Federal Republic of Germany, 101 three branches of, 102–103 E field research, 117–119 Ertzaintza, 77 Federal Criminal Police Office, 119 (EU), 61 of North-Rhine Westphalia, , 116 119–121 Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA), see Basque history Fatherland and Liberty Federal Republic of Germany, 101 Schengen Agreement, 103 F three branches of Federal Republic of Farrington, D.P, 55 Germany, 102–103 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 114, law enforcement 134–136 Federal Administrative Court, see domestic and international terrorism, 131 Bundesverwaltungsgericht Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), 136 Federal Criminal Court, see organization chart, 135 Bundesgerichtshof Federal Criminal Police Office, Germany, 119 Federal Criminal Police Office Ferreira, B.R., 11 (Bundeskriminalamt - BKA), 102, Fiedler, M.L., 17 113–116 Flaming, K.H, 17 Federal German Police, 111–113 Focus groups, 29–36 (Bundespolizei), 102 advantages, 34 Federal Supreme Court, see applicability and relevancy, 30 Bundesverfassungsgericht basic uses, 30 Special Intervention Units (Spezialein- disadvantages, 34–36 satzkommandos), 113 homogenous, 30–31 state police of North-Rhine Westphalia, Institutional Review Board (IRB), 36 116–117 Index 173

terrorism Ireland law enforcement, 52–54 contemporary terrorism, 110–111 Department of Defence (DOD), 52 continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108 Irish Constabulary, 52 definition, 115 national police service, see An Garda “Landshut” , 106–107 Siochana´ massacre, 108–110 Special Detective Unit (SDU), 53 Red Army faction, 103–106 see also Sciathan´ Fianoglach´ an Airm Goldstein, H., 14 Irish Constabulary, 52 Good Friday Agreement, 42, 43–44 GRAPO, 73–74 J Green, J.M., 30 Jandarma, see gendarmerie Grupo Antiterrorista de Liberacion (GAL), 74 Jandarma Istihbarat ve Terorle Mucadele Grupo de Resistencia Anti-Fascista Primero de (JITEM), 95 Octubre, see GRAPO Japanese Red Army (JRA), 83 GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9 or Border Guard Jenkins, G., 95 Group 9), 112–113 Jick, T. D., 28 Guardians of Peace, see An Garda Siochana´ Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 51 Joint Terrorism Analysis Center (JTAC), 52 H Justitiedepartemenet, 86 Haahr, K., 74, 75, 76 Haberfeld, M. R., 2, 3, 4, 12, 58, 69, 139, 162 K “Homegrown” terrorism, 6, 159 KADEK, see Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) Home Office (UK), 46, 47, 50 Kelling, G. L., 13 Howell, D. R., 35 Kemal, Mustafa, 91 Hussein, Saddam, 129 Kennedy, L.W., 17 King,J.,2,3,48 I Klockars, C. B., 138 Intelligence, 18 Kongra-Gel, see Kurdistan Workers’ Party Intelligence file, 149–150 (PKK) creating back-up system, 154 Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, see Netherlands creating security access system, 154 Kovandzic, T. V., 16 develop personal relationship, 155 Krueger, R. A., 29, 30, 31 information included/to be gathered, 153 Kurbjuweit, D., 106 paper and electronic intelligence files, 150 Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress security considerations, 150–155 (KADEK), 94 access - portability, 151 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 94 archiving, 152 security, 150 L sharing capabilities: interoperability, La Guardia Civil, 76 151 - LKA, 116 tampering, 152 departments, 117 technical problems, 151 “Landshut” kidnapping, 106–107 International Courts of Justice (ICJ), 61 LaTourrette, T., 35 International Criminal Court, 61, 62, 129 Law enforcement “ Wiesbaden,” 115 Germany Investigative techniques and intelligence Federal Criminal Police Office gathering, 155–158 (Bundeskriminalamt – BKA), interviewing /potential 113–116 informants, 157–158 Federal German Police, 111–113 interviewing suspects, 156 state police of North-Rhine Westphalia, through interviewing, 155 116–117 IRB-approved consent form, 167 Netherlands, 65–68 IRB review form, 169 Spain, 75–77 Ireland, see United Kingdom and Ireland , 85–88 174 Index

Law enforcement (cont.) history, 61–63 Turkey, 95–96 law enforcement, 65–68 United Kingdom and Ireland, 46–52 Ministry of Defense, see Ministerie van United States, 133–134 Defense Department of Homeland Security terrorism, 63–64 (DHS), 134 Nine Principles of Policing, 13, 139–140 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Norell, M., 87 134–136 Norris, C., 55 Law enforcement practices, legitimacy, 1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Lee, M., 39 Germany, 101 Lieberman, C. A., 3 Netherlands, 61 Local law enforcement, 160 , dissident groups in, 43 Lum, C., 17 Northern Ireland Act 1998, see Good Friday Agreement M Northern Ireland Act 2006, 43–44 Marechaussee, 68 North-Rhine Westphalia, state police of, McCullough, J., 161 116–117 McGarry, J., 54 Crime Investigation Authority, see Metropolitan Police Act, 13, 139, 142 Landeskriminalamt -LKA Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), 47 and terrorism, 119 and counterterrorism (CT), 48 MI5, see Security Service O MI6, see Secret Intelligence Services (SIS) Ocalan, Abdullah, 94 Militaire Inlichtinge-en Veiligheidsdienst Office of Community Oriented Policing (MIVD), 65 Services (COPS), 15 Militara underrattelse-och sakerhetstjansten O’Leary, B., 54 (MUST), 85 Omnibus Crime Bill (1994), 138 Milli Istihbarat Teskilati, see National P Intelligence Organization (MIT) Palmer, S., 48 Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Peel, Sir Robert, 13 Koninkrijksrelaties (BZK), 66 Pickering, S., 161 Ministerie van Defense, 65 Plummer, L. C., 15 Ministero de Defensa de Espana˜ (MDE), 75 Police, definition of, 138 Ministero del Interior, 76 Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), 46 Moore, M. H., 13 Polic´ıa Foral, 77 Mosher, D. E., 35 Policing , change in, 1 Mossos d’Esquadra, 77 Polisen, 86–87 “Munich” (film), 110 Politie, 67–68 , 108–110 Proactive policing, 14 Murray, J., 19 Problem-Oriented Policing (POP), 14 N vs. COP, 15 National Commission on Terrorism, 149 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 43 National Criminal Investigation Department terrorist acts, 45–46 (NCID), 87, 88 Q National Intelligence Council (NIC), 127 Qualitative research, 24–25, 26 National Intelligence Organization (MIT), 95 advantages/disadvantages, 26, 27 National Police (Turkey), 95 National responsibility and international R commitment: A national strategy to Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA), 43, 54 meet the threat of terrorism, 84 Reith, C., 162 Navarra, police agency for, see Polic´ıa Foral “Revolutionaere Zellen,” 105 Netherlands Riksdag, 81, 82 field research, 68–69 Roberts, P., 7, 128, 132 Index 175

Rome Statute of International Criminal Court Rural Action Unit, see Unidad de (ICC), 129 Accion Rural (UAR) Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF), 83, 103–106 Special Intervention Unit, see Unidad continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108 Especial de Intervencion (UEI) West German Embassy occupation in Nature Protection Service, 77 Stockholm, 83, 104 terrorism, 72–75 Routine Activities theory (RAT), 137 Special Detective Unit (SDU), 53–54 Royal Irish Constabulary, see Irish Special and tactics (SWAT) units, 19 Constabulary St Andrews Agreement, see Northern Ireland Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), see Police Act 2006 Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) State police of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, 119–121 S State terrorism, 136 Sakerhetpolisen (SAPO), 87, 88 Styrelsen for¨ psykologiskt forsvar¨ (SPF), 87 SARA model, 19 Sweden Scenario for Peace, 42 field research, 88–89 Schengen Agreement, 103 history, 81–83 Sciathan´ Fianoglach´ an Airm, 53 law enforcement, 85–88 Secret Intelligence Services (SIS), 50 Armed Forces, see Forsvarsmakten¨ Secreto de sumario, 73 Emergency Service Units (ESU), 88 Security Service, 50 and Security goals of, 51 Service, 85 Servicio de Desactivacion´ de Explosivos Ministry for Foreign Affairs, see (SEDEX), 76–77 Utrikesdepartementet Servicio de Proteccion´ de la Naturaleza Ministry of Defense, see (SEPRONA), 77 Forsvarsdepartementet¨ Sherley, A. J., 17 Ministry of Justice, see Sicarii, 128 Justitiedepartemenet Sinn Fein, 42 National Board of Psychological SIRENE (Supplementary Information Request Defense, 87 at the National Entry), 116 Police, see Polisen Skogan, W. G., 16 Security Police, see Sakerhetpolisen Sloan, S., 18 (SAPO) Smith, B. L., 7, 128, 131, 132, 133, 141, 143, terrorism, 83–85 145 citizens vs. noncitizens, treatment, 83 Smyth, J., 41 “Total Defense” strategy, 83 SO15, see Counter Terrorism Command (CTC) Social CohesionModel of counterterrorism Swedish Emergency Management Agency policing, 161 (SEMA), 87 Spain Swedish National Council for Crime field research, 77–79 Prevention, 88 history, 71–72 law enforcement, 75–77 T , see La Guardia Civil Taylor, M., 46 defense ministry of Spain, see Ministero Tecnicos´ Especialistas en Desactivacion´ de de Defensa de Espana˜ (MDE) Artefactos Explosivos (TEDAX), 76 Explosive Artifacts Defuser Specialised Terrorism Technicians, 76–77 ancillary and preparatory crimes preceding Interior Ministry, see Ministero del attack, 131 Interior Germany National Intelligence Center, see Centro contemporary terrorism, 110–111 National de Inteligencia (CNI) continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108 , see Cuerpo “Landshut” kidnapping, 106–107 Nacional de Policia Munich massacre, 108–110 176 Index

Terrorism (cont.) Home Office, 47 Red Army faction, 103–106 Ireland law enforcement, 52–54 Netherlands, 63–64 terrorism, 41–46 Spain, 72–75 Al Qaeda/threats attacks, 44–45, 54 Sweden, 83–85 July 7, 2005, attacks, 44 Turkey, 93–95 violence matrix: actor v. target, 129 United Kingdom and Ireland, 41–46 United States United States, 126–133 amendments to constitution (Article V), Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and 125 political Violence Group (TREVI), “Bill of Rights,” 125–126 73 “Constitution of United States of America,” Terrorism 2002–2005 (FBI report), 136 123–124 Theo Van Gogh (filmmaker), murder, 64 field research, 136–146 “The Troubles,” 40–41, 54 history, 123–125 Thurman, Q., 15 law enforcement, 133–136 Tonge, J., 54 Department of Homeland Security Triangulation, 24, 27–28 (DHS), 134 Turkey Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), field research, 96–98 134–136 bar association, 98 statistics, 133 center for Human Rights, 98 legislative powers of (Article I), 124–125 factual and perceptional picture in powers of federal judiciary (Article III), Istanbul, 97–98 125 Media and Film Producer, 99 Presidential powers (Article II), 125 minority leaders, 99–100 “supreme law of the land” (Article VI), Turkish National Police graduate 124 students, 99 terrorism, 126–133 history, 91–93 UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus law enforcement, 95–96 (UNFICYP), 92 police agencies, 95 US Government Accountability Office (GAO) terrorist groups, 93–95 report (May 2007), 126–127 Turkish Hezbollah, 94–95 Utrikesdepartementet, 85 Turkish National Police graduate students, 99 Uydess, A. M., 11 Turkish Revenge Brigade (TIT), 94 V U Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement UK field research, 54–58 Act (1994), 15 Ireland field research, 58–59 Von Hassell, A., 162 UK law enforcement, 46–52 Counter Terrorism Command (CTC), 48 W Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 51 Welsh, B. C., 55 Joint Terrorism Analysis Center (JTAC), 52 Wilkinson, P., 64 Ministry of Defence (MOD), 47 World War I (WWI) Security Service, 50 and Germany, 101 see also Counter Terrorism Command and Ireland, 42 (CTC); Foreign and Commonwealth and Netherlands, 61 Office (FCO); Home Office (UK); and Sweden, 82 Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) and Turkey, 93 Ulster Defense Association (UDA), 41, 43 Worrall, J. L., 16 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 41–42, 43 Wright-Neville, D., 161 Unidad de Accion Rural (UAR), 77 X Unidad Especial de Intervencion (UEI), 76 Xu, Y., 17 United Kingdom and Ireland department of Homeland Security Z organization chart, 130 Zhao, J. S., 16 history, 39–41