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Chapter 1 —The Deccan on the Eve of the Muslim Invasion

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Chapter 1 —The Deccan on the Eve of the Muslim Invasion CHAPTER 1 —THE DECCAN ON THE EVE OF THE MUSLIM INVASION THE FIRST MUSLIM INVASION OF THE DECCAN took place in the year 1296. Alauddin, nephew of the reigning Sultan of Delhi, Jalaluddin Khilji, and the Governor of Kara had heard about the great wealth of the Deccan. With the ostensible purpose of invading the Deccan, he left Kara with a composite force of 6000, consisting of cavalry and infantry and arrived at Ellicpur. Ellicpur was then in the northern most part of the Yadava Kingdom of Devagiri. The principal dynasties which ruled in the south were the Yadavas, whose territory covered practically the whole of the present Maharastra, the Kakatiyas whose rule roughly extended over the territory lying between the Godavari and the Krsna, the Hoyasalas whose jurisdiction roughly covered the area between the Krsna and the Pennar, the Colas whose rule extended over both sides of the Kaveri, and the Pandyas who governed the southern most area of the southern peninsula including the whole of Malabar. Alauddin halted at Ellicpur for a couple of days posing as a discontented noble of the Delhi court seeking service under the Raja of Rajmahendry. Then he marched straight for Devagiri. He encountered stiff resistance at Lasur, about 12 miles west of Devagiri. He overcame the opposition and arrived in the environs of Devagiri. Ramcandra, the Yadava ruler, did not have sufficient force to repulse Alauddin. He had dispatched the main bulk of his army to escort Sankardev, his son and the queen to places of pilgrimage. Ramcandra, therefore, took shelter in the fortress of Devagiri. Alauddin sacked the city and besieged the fortress. With no prospects of immediate help, Ramcandra sued for peace. Alauddin agreed to the payment of a huge indemnity in the form of gold by Ramcandra and started on his northward march. In the meanwhile, Sankardev who had received news of the Muslim attack hastened towards Devagiri and fell upon the contingent commanded by Alauddin. Alauddin was on the point of being routed when Nusrat Khan who had been left behind at Devagiri arrived with his army. This timely help saved Alauddin from a total defeat. The combined forces now defeated Sankardev and laid siege to the citadel of Devagiri. Left with no alternative, Ramcandra sued for peace once again. This was granted on harsh terms by Alauddin. After the conclusion of the peace treaty Alauddin left for the north and reached Kara on June 3, 1296 1a 1b 1a It was reported to him that the Rai of Hind, whose capital was Deogir, had immense treasures in money and jewels, and he therefore conceived an intense desire of securing them for himself, as well as of conquering the country. He appointed spies to ascertain when the Rai's army was engaged in warfare, and then he advanced and took the country without the means which other kings think necessary for conquest. The prudent Rai, in order to save his life, gave his daughter to the Sultan, and made over to him his treasures and jewels. Alauddin Muhammad, having laden all the beasts he could procure with his spoils, and giving thanks to God, returned to his own province. (Tazjiyatu-l Amsar Wa Tajriyatu-l Asar in Elliot and Dowson Vol. III, p. 40). 2 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER The signal defeat of Ramcandra and his inability to protect his capital from Muslim rapine and plunder considerably damaged his prestige in the south. His erstwhile enemies both in the south and the east again raised their heads. The Kakatiya Ruler Prataprudra led an expedition into the Yadava empire and pushed the western borders of his Kingdom up to Medak and Raicur. The Yadava Kingdom was also invaded by Garigeya Sahani, a General of Hoyasala Ballala III in 1303 and by Ballala himself in 1305. Banavasi, Santalige and Kogali were wrested from the Yadava Kingdom by the Hoyasalas. When the southern Kingdoms were fighting among themselves instead of uniting against the Muslim invaders from the north, events of significance were taking place in the north. Alauddin had murdered his uncle and had ascended the throne of Delhi on July 20, 1296. It is not necessary here to detail the exploits of Alauddin in the north, his defeat of the Mongols and the conquest of Gujarat. By the end of the thirteenth century his power was sufficiently established and he was ready to undertake another invasion of the south. This time it was Warangal which was invaded in 1303. The Muslim army, instead of taking the shorter route via Ellicpur took the tortuous route via Bengal and Orissa. The invaders penetrated into the heart of Telangana and came as far as Warangal. They were, however, beaten by the Telangana army and forced to retreat. This defeat and the preoccupation of Alauddin with the Mongol hordes gave the south a breathing space for a few years. In 1307 on the pretext of the refusal of Sankardev to pay tribute. Alauddin decided to invade 1b, When he made the campaign to Bhailasan, he heard much about the wealth of Deogir. ***... He collected three or four thousand horse, and two thousand infantry, whom he fitted out from the revenues of Karra, which had been remitted for a time by the Sultan, and with this force he marched for Deogir. Though he had secretly resolved upon attacking Deogir, he studiously concealed the fact, and represented that he intended to attack Chanderi, Malik Alau-I-mulk, uncle of the author, and one of the favoured followers of Alau-d-din, was made deputy of Karra and Oudh in his absence. 'Alau-d-din marched to Ellichpur, and thence to Ghati-laiaura. Here all intelligence of his was lost. Accounts were sent regularly from Karra to the Sultan with vague statements, saying that he was engaged in chastising and plundering rebels, and that circumstantial accounts would be forwarded in a day or two. The Sultan never suspected him of any evil designs, and the great men and wise men of the city thought that the dissensions with his wife had driven him to seek his fortune in a distant land. This opinion soon spread. When Alau-d-din arrived at Ghati-lajaura, the army of Ramdeo, under the command of his son, had gone to a distance. The people of that country had never heard of the Musulmans ; the Mahratta land had never been punished by their armies ; no Musulman king or prince had penetrated so far. Deogir was exceedingly rich in gold and silver, jewels and pearls, and other valuables. When Ramdeo heard of the approach of the Muhammadans, he collected what forces he could, and sent them under one of his ranas to Ghati- laiaura. They were defeated and dispersed by Alau-d-din, who then entered Deogir. On the first day he took thirty elephants and some thousand horses. Ramdeo came in and made his submission. Alau-d-din carried off an unprecedented amount of *** booty (Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi in Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III, pp. 149-150). HISTORY – MEDIAEVAL PERIOD 3 the southern Kingdom of Devagiri. He appointed Malik Naib Kafur to Lead the expedition. The governors of Malva and Gujarat were commanded to collaborate with him. Malik Naib reached Devagiri without encountering any opposition. He defeated the Yadava forces, sacked the city and carried Ramcandra and his family as prisoners to Delhi. Ramcandra was pardoned by Alauddin and sent back to Devagiri with the title of Rairdyan 1a 1b. This total submission by a powerful king in the south enabled the Muslims to completely subjugate the entire south. As a matter of fact Devagirl served as the base for the southward expansion of the Muslims as the future events will show. In 1309 Alauddin again sent Malik Naib on an expedition to Warangal to wipe out the stigma of defeat which the Muslims had suffered in 1303. By the end of December 1309, Malik Naib arrived on the borders of Devagiri on the first stage of his march towards the Telangana country. He was reinforced by Ramcandra with a force composed of Maratha cavalry and infantry. Malik Naib first invested the fort of Sirpur which capitulated after a heroic resistance by its garrison. On January 19, 1310 he arrived before Warangal and laid siege to it. The siege continued for a couple of months when ultimately Prataprudra opened negotiations and offered to surrender. Peace was established on Prataprudra agreeing 1a Conquest of Deogir. Rai Ram Deo, of Deogir, having swerved from his allegiance, an expedition of thirty-thousand horse was fitted out against him, and Malik Naib Barbak was appointed to the command. " He accomplished with ease a march of three hundred parasangs over stones and hills, without drawing rein." " and arrived thereon Saturday, the 19th of Ramzan, A. H. 706 (March, 1307 A. D.). The son of the Rai fled at once, and most of the army of the Hindus was sent to hell by the spears and arrows. Half of the rest fled away, and the other half received quarter." After the victory, the general ordered that the soldiers should retain the booty they had acquired, with the exception of horses, elephants, and treasure, which were to be reserved for the king. The Rai was taken prisoner and sent to the king, by whom he was detained for six months, and then released with all honour, and a red umbrella was bestowed upon him. (Tarikh-i-Alai in Elliot and Dowson, Vol. III, pp. 77-78.) 1b Devoting his attention to political matters, he made ready his army for the destruction of the Rais and zamindars of other lands and for the acquisition of elephants and treasure from the princes of the south.
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