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ARMY ORGANISATION UNDER the SULTANS of DELHI {13Th and 14Th CENTURY)

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ARMY ORGANISATION UNDER the SULTANS of DELHI {13Th and 14Th CENTURY) ARMY ORGANISATION UNDER THE SULTANS OF DELHI {13th AND 14th CENTURY) THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DECREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN HISTORY BY ALI ATHAR M. Phil. Under the Supervision of Prof. Khaliq Ahmad Nizamr CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY . ALIGARH (INDIA). 19 8 7 T3617 A B S T R A C T The Delhi Sultans had assimilated, accepted and rejected in its military organisation the Central Asian and Rajput traditions of warfare. These two diverse military organisations had deep impact on the Indian army during the 13th and 14th centuries. It was therefore deemed necessary to incorporate the 'Military Organisation of the Mongols'and the Rajput Traditions of warfare* in the Introduction of this work which enables a better understeisding of the Army Organi- sation of the Delhi Sultans, The MongolJ adopted the Central Asian traditions of warfare which gave emphasis on cavalry and the mobility of troopsib They were a well knit kmilitary force, dlsaijilined and ferocious* All these combined to give them enough success in their military eXi>editions, The Turks established themselves as rulers in India after overcoming their Rajput adversaries whose resistance lasted till mid of 13th century. The incorporation of the Rajputs in the array resulted in the assimilation of Indian modes of warfare of employing elephants and the increase in the number of the infantry corps which was constituted mostly of Indian soldiers. A critical analysis of the Rajput tradition - ii - of warfare has been dealt with in later part of the Introduction. After tho establishment of the Delhi Sultans a seperate unit of administration called the Diwan-i-i^ took over the charge of organising the whole army. Chapter I deals with the duties and function of the Ariz, the administration of the cavalry, elephantry and infantry corps, the military hiera- rchy, duties of the military officers and mode of payments made to the army. This chapter incorporates the study of the supply of horses and elephants for the army and their effectiveness in battles. Recruitment of the soldiers their composition and Training is the second chapter of my thesis in which I have discussed the mode of recruitment of the soldiers in the army whicb was open to all and any one who possessed the desired qualification. This ushered a change in the composition of the army which now consisted of soldiers belonging to diffe- rent races and nations. The significance of this change in the army brought criticism from BSrani who abhored the rise of low caste people in the state's administration. The change gradua- lly led to the dominance of the Afghans who ultimately cajrved out a seperate kingdom for themselves. - iii - The Delhi army inspite of being composed of men belonging to different social background never suffered from any problem relating to the conduct of the battle as all the soldiers were given thorough military training on the same pattern. The trainings imparted to the soldiers kept them agile and fit which were greatly responsible for maintaining the political authority in northern India and its extent ion in the Deccan,^ inspite of constant foreign invasions by the Mongols, Brave and able military generals like Zafar Khan and Ghazi Malik were ^aredby the Mongols. Sultans like Balban and Ala-ud-Din Khalji paid due attention in maintaining an efficient army and took great interest in its upkeep. All the sultans took the army out for h\inting which was organised in the manner of a military campaign. Various military exercises and trainings had been discussed in this chapter on the availability of references as found in the sovirces. The 'Methods of warfare* which constitutes the third chapter is a detailed account on the traditions and systems of warfare prevalent during our period of stud|f, A military campaign was a well organised aifair in which minute details of communications, routes to be followed, length of march. - iv - speed, provisions etc, were chalked out. Various methods of fighting a battle was adopted to surprise the enemy. The army was usually divided into four main divisions with flanking parties and the attack was initiated from the wing which could provide the initial success. Strategies and tactics of war changed considerable from time to time like feigned retreat, ambush, Sirriva,Shabkun etc. The camps was well protected and warriors always rem- ained on duty as guards. Apart from battles fought on the open plains, the army of the Delhi Sultans excelled in seige operations too. In such operations the army put into use mechanical artille- ries, mines, sabats etc, which gave them easy victory over the Rajput strong holds. Chapter IV deals with the study of various arms and armours used by the soldiers. It incorporates the details of their origin, means of manufacture? their use and effectiveness, The army of the Delhi Sultans had used weapons belonging to foreign origin and also those made in India, Among the offe- nsive weapons the Kaman-i-hindavij mau1-i«» dairva and neza-i- hindivi were considered the best. The soldiers equipped them- selves with bow and arrows, swords* lance along with laasoes and dagger which were used as the situation demanded. The soldiers protected themselves with shields and other armours like breast plate, helmet etc. The horses and the elephants were covered - V - with steel armours called barcaistawana. Weapons like manlanlas, arradas* Cnarkh, Zaniburak etc, which discharged heavy missiles and fiery arrows were used during seige operations, Chapte^r V« Forts and Their Importance is a survey of different forts in possession of the Delhi Sultans. The forts of the Rajput inilers were constructed on high altitude and had a defensive purpose. There forts had abundance of provi- sions, independent sources of water supply etc, and were capable of offering stiff resistance, but they were never employed as a military station. The Sultans of Delhi used these very forts as a means of initiating attack. They seirved as military garrisons which defended the territories located in its jurisdiction and maintained law and order. This chapter includes the description of medieval forts as described in the contemporary records, supplemented by modern archaeological works. Some forts like Delhi; Gwalior, Ranthambor, Chittor, Deogir are studied in detailed. Lastly the conclusion of this work is given along with a select bibliography. Icahsd Do ^axiLni^ CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 « Hi INTRODUCTION 1 ~ 20 1, THE CENTRAL ASIAN BACKGROUND, MILITARY ORGANIZATION OP THE MONGOLS, 1 2, INDIAN TRADITIONS OP WAR BEFORE THE TURKISH CONQUEST OP NORTH INDIA 21 CHAPTER I ADMINISTRATION OF THE ARMY 46 • 86 1, OFFICIAL HIERARCHY 46 2, DIWAN-i-ARZ POSITION AND DUTIES OF THiS ARIZ-i-MUMALIK. 54 3, HASHM^i-ATRAF 60 4, PORTS 62 5, DIVISION OF THii ARI-IY, CAVALRY, SUPPLY OF WAR HORSi:;S, 63 6, EFi'j^CTIVEN^SS OF CAV^^LRY 68 ELEPHAI^ITRY, 72 8, SUPPLY OF Wi\R ELEPH^\i^ITS 73 9, THE ROLE OF INF.^^TRY 75 10, NAVY 78 11, ARZ 79 12, OTHER UNITS OF ADMINISTRATION. 81 13, SALARY 82 14, SPOILS 85 - B - THESIS SECTION Page CHAPTER II RECRUITI4ENT OF TH:: SOLDIERS THEIR CQlg>OSITION AIID TR^UHIHG. 87 - 111 1, RECRUITIffiNT. 87 2. COMPOSITION, 89 3. SLAVES, 97 4, MILITARY EXERCISES. 102 CHAPTER III METHODS OF WARFARE 112 - 154 1, STANDARD 112 2, PROVISIONS AND SUPPLY LINE 114 3, Ai-iBULANCE 118 4, BATTLE GROUl© 118 5, CAl'lP 119 6, SPIES AND SCOUTS 122 7, BATTLE ARRAY 126 8, STRATEGIFS AND TACTICS 131 9, SEIGE OPER<\TIONS 143 CHAPTER IV WEAPONS AND ARMOURS USED 156 - 177 1. BOWS AND ARROWS 158 2, SWORDS 160 3, LANCE 164 4. BATTLE AXE AI^D mCS 166 - c - Page 5, ARTILLERIES 169 6, ARMOURS 174 CHAPTER V FORTS AND THEIR IMPORTAI^CE 178 ~ 203 1) RAKTH/'^OR 183 (li) 2) GWALIOR 184 3) CHITTOR 187 4) MANDU 189 5 ) DAULATABAD 189 6) WARANGAL 193 7) DELHI 196 CONCLPSION 204-235 APPElvIDIX 'A' EVALUATION OF SOURCE MATERIAL 236 -244 APPiJNSIX *.B* . , BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 - 264 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Betv/een Pages 1, DATTLiu ARRAY OF THE INDIANS 20-21 2. is^TTLJ Aim^Y OF THE TURKS 20-21 3* SATTLr; C.iMP OF INDIi^NS 2 ID - 21 4. BATTLE CAMP OF THE MO..GOLS 20-21 5. SWORD OF ALA-UD-DIN KH^XLJI 160 - 161 - D ~ Between Pages 6, iW - SOMc: IMPORTx-aSIT FORTS IN TH£ DELHI SULTANATE 177 « 178 7, PLAN OF THE FORT OF DAULATABAD 189 - 190 8, PORT OF DAULATABAD 189 - 190 9, PLrU^ OF Tnu FORT OF ADIlABAD 196 - 197 10, PLAN OF THE FORT OF TUGHLAQABAD 196 - 197 *************** ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The compilation of my thesis entitled 'Army Organisation under the Sultans of Delhi (13 fit 14th Century)* owes much to my teacher and guide i^of, Khaliq Ahmed Nizami, His scholarly guidance and fatherly encouragement was enough to make my work move steadily towards its final shape. % gratitude to him is too deep for words. It is a good fortune to work under his inspiring supervision. My father Prof. Md. Qamaruddin has made very useful suggestions which I have zealously incorporated in this work. I received his constant encouragement and advice which made my work more intelligent. I am thankful and indebted to him for many more reasons which cannot be computed in materialistic form, I am beholden to Prof. I.H. Siddiqui whose suggestions have enriched my knowledge. I have benefitted a great deal from his illximinating discussions on my topic of research. I am also grateful to Prof. Irfan Habib; Chairman, Department of History, who took interest in my work and pro- vided me with the facilities of the cartographic laboratory.
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