The BASICS INSIDE a TUBE
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MI Amplification
MI Amplification Owner’s Manual 1 1. Welcome ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Precautions................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Amp Overview .............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Preamp.............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.2. Power Amp ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.3. FX Loops .......................................................................................................................................... 7 3.4. Operating Modes ............................................................................................................................. 7 4. Getting Started ............................................................................................................................. 8 5. The Channels ............................................................................................................................... 9 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 5.2. Channel 1 ......................................................................................................................................... -
El156 Audio Power
EL156 AUDIO POWER Gerhard Haas Thanks to its robustness, the legendary EL156 audio power pentode has found its way into many professional amplifier units. Its attraction derives not just from its appealing shape, but also from its impressive audio characteristics. We therefore bring you this classical circuit, updated using high- quality modern components. 28 elektor electronics - 3/2005 AMPLIFIER Return of a legend The EL156 was manufactured in the enough to give adequate sensitivity, electrolytic capacitor: this voltage is legendary Telefunken valve factory in even before allowing any margin for further filtered on the amplifier board. Ulm, near the river Danube in Ger- negative feedback. The ECC81 many. The EL156 made amplifiers with (12AT7), however, which has an open- It is not possible to build an ultra-lin- an output power of up to 130 W possi- loop gain of 60 and which can be oper- ear amplifier using the EL156 with a ble, using just two valves in the output ated with anode currents of up to high anode voltage. The same goes for stage and one driver valve. Genuine 10 mA, can be used to build a suitably the EL34. The output transformer is EL156s are no longer available new at low-impedance circuit. therefore connected in such a way that realistic prices, and hardly any are Two EL156s can be used to produce an the impedance of the grid connection available second-hand. The original output power of 130 W with only 6 % to the output valve is much lower than devices used a metal valve base which distortion. -
Valve Biasing
VALVE AMP BIASING Biased information How have valve amps survived over 30 years of change? Derek Rocco explains why they are still a vital ingredient in music making, and talks you through the mysteries of biasing N THE LAST DECADE WE HAVE a signal to the grid it causes a water as an electrical current, you alter the negative grid voltage by seen huge advances in current to flow from the cathode to will never be confused again. When replacing the resistor I technology which have the plate. The grid is also known as your tap is turned off you get no to gain the current draw required. profoundly changed the way we the control grid, as by varying the water flowing through. With your Cathode bias amplifiers have work. Despite the rise in voltage on the grid you can control amp if you have too much negative become very sought after. They solid-state and digital modelling how much current is passed from voltage on the grid you will stop have a sweet organic sound that technology, virtually every high- the cathode to the plate. This is the electrical current from flowing. has a rich harmonic sustain and profile guitarist and even recording known as the grid bias of your amp This is known as they produce a powerful studios still rely on good ol’ – the correct bias level is vital to the ’over-biased’ soundstage. Examples of these fashioned valves. operation and tone of the amplifier. and the amp are most of the original 1950’s By varying the negative grid will produce Fender tweed amps such as the What is a valve? bias the technician can correctly an unbearable Deluxe and, of course, the Hopefully, a brief explanation will set up your amp for maximum distortion at all legendary Vox AC30. -
Tube Number Systems
Frank's Electron tube Pages Tube Number Systems European system after 1934 Philips system before 1934 Mazda numbering system Russian numbering system Brimar type designation code Tesla numbering system European system after 1934 (pro-electron) See also: Type Designation Code from "Preferred Types of Electron Tubes 1967". 1st letter heater indication 0 tubes without filament A 4 V AC parallel connection B 180 mA DC C 200 mA AC/DC series or parallel connection D <= 1.4 V DC dry-battery, parallel connection E 6.3 V AC or carbattery, parallel connection F 13 V carbattery G 5V AC parallel connection H early: 4V DC battery. later: 150mA AC/DC series connection I 20V AC/DC parallel connection K 2 V battery O 150 mA AC/DC series connection P 300 mA AC/DC series connection U 100 mA AC/DC series connection V 50mA AC/DC series connection X 600 mA AC/DC series connection Y 450 mA AC/DC series connection 2nd+next letters tube systems A single detection diode B double detection diode C small-signal triode D power triode E small-signal tetrode (or 2nd emmission tube EE1) F small-signal pentode H hexode or heptode K octode L power pentode or power tetrode M indicator tube N thyratron Q enneode W single gasfilled rectifier diode X double gasfilled rectifier diode Y single vacuum rectifier diode Z double vacuum rectifier diode digits socket & order x P (some are V) (except U-series (e.g.UBL1), those are octal) 1x Y8A 2x W8A, Loctal (except D-series (e.g. -
Electron Optics
Chapter 5.1 Electron Optics Sol Sherr Jerry C. Whitaker, Editor-in-Chief 5.1.1 Introduction The electron gun is basic to the structure and operation of any cathode-ray device, specifically display devices. In its simplest schematic form, an electron gun may be represented by the dia- gram in Figure 5.1.1, which shows a triode gun in cross section. Electrons are emitted by the cathode, which is heated by the filament to a temperature sufficiently high to release the elec- trons. Because this stream of electrons emerges from the cathode as a cloud rather than a beam, it is necessary to accelerate, focus, deflect, and otherwise control the electron emission so that it becomes a beam, and can be made to strike a phosphor at the proper location, and with the desired beam cross section. 5.1.2 Electron Motion The laws of motion for an electron in a uniform electrostatic field are obtained from Newton’s second law. The velocity of an emitted electron is given by 1 2eV 2 v = m (5.1.1) Where: e = 1.6 × 10–19C m = 9.1 × 10–28g V = –Ex, the potential through which the electron has fallen When practical units are substituted for the values in the previous equation, the following results: 5-7 5-8 Electron Optics and Deflection No. 1 grid No. 2 grid Heater Defining aperture Figure 5.1.1 Triode electron gun structure. 1 vV=×5.93 105 2 m/s (5.1.2) This expression represents the velocity of the electron. -
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
Commissioning of the Mice Rf System* A
5th International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany JACoW Publishing ISBN: 978-3-95450-132-8 doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME020 COMMISSIONING OF THE MICE RF SYSTEM* A. Moss, A. Wheelhouse, T. Stanley, C. White, STFC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK K. Ronald, C.G. Whyte, A.J. Dick, D.C. Speirs, SUPA, Dept.of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK S. Alsari, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK on behalf of the MICE Collaboration Abstract feature adjustable sections to change the response of the cavity to both input line and resistive load. On the output The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) is of the amplifier, the cavity length and hence its resonant being constructed at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in frequency can be adjusted, whilst a stub tuner is located in the UK. The muon beam will be cooled using multiple the output coax section to alter the coupling factor into hydrogen absorbers then reaccelerated using an RF cavity the output coax so that the amplifier may be used to drive system operating at 201MHz. This paper describes recent a range of different load conditions. For use in the MICE progress in commissioning the amplifier systems at their system the 4616 operates in long pulse mode using grid design operation conditions, installation and operation as pulsed operation and can provide up to 250kW RF output part of the MICE project. power. INTRODUCTION 4616 Power Supply The muon ionisation cooling experiment is a The power supply for the tetrode amplifier consists of a demonstration of practical cooling for future muon TDK-Lambda 500A capacitor charger power supply acceleration schemes. -
The Development of the Vacuum Tube Creators
The Knowledge Bank at The Ohio State University Ohio State Engineer Title: The Development of the Vacuum Tube Creators: Jeffrey, Richard B. Issue Date: May-1928 Publisher: Ohio State University, College of Engineering Citation: Ohio State Engineer, vol. 11, no. 7 (May, 1928), 9-10. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/34260 Appears in Collections: Ohio State Engineer: Volume 11, no. 7 (May, 1928) THE OHIO STATE ENGINEER The Development of the Vacuum Tube By RICHARD B. JEFFREY, '31 The history of the vacuum tube began with the discovery of the Edison Effect. This, like a great many other important discoveries, was an acci- dent. Edison, while experimenting with his in- candescent lamps, had placed more than one fila- output ment in the same bulb, and he noticed that if one of the filaments was held positive with respect to the other a current would flow through the bulb. He also found that this positive element, or, as it is now called, plate, did not have to be hot to sustain this current flow. This phenomenon li—- H was known for some time as a curiosity, but noth- 1 +90 to \35 ing more. Then Fleming, an English experiment- +4-5 er, noticed that if an alternating current were The screen-qrid tube (tetrode). applied to this plate the current would flow only plicated system by making use of the rectifying when the plate was positive. In other words, the properties of a crystal, notably galena. When tube acted as a rectifier, allowing the current to signals were received in this way it was the signal flow in only one direction. -
The EL34 Power Tube HI-'I
The EL34 Power Tube HI-'I .... o.l"r A lp Musical Evaluations of a Classic Design .... A_I . 4.551 Single. Ended EL·84 Stereo Amp ~ _ .... ,���\� . -""" ".. - ...-., p.,.��",-, �. 1""""' -�,�.. � . oPf' ' ".".. ._ '" "'� .,_ "'�•• '" "'� ...- ' ,t\1".' ,w ' � "'\)U'�..,. ,\ 1\ ' ��-;---""\.\. ",.-" " ".,... "", ""�_ " tt"�" ,....-" ...........,...1"'" '�" ""t\1 _,.,.""" ....'" 'r·\ �'� . � ......,. �,,,. � ,..' ",...., \PJOl8'i .... �,�oPf',.,....;:.. O\ �,cl\ ., .... " , � ...,,.. AA �r- . · :::- ,,<,<, ,. ..""'"':k ...0'\1. � ':;: "",;: .. .._ " r ,...,.. _ "" " .-;.,,...""".... ",.... ......,.,.,,, -;;. ,... :;..,� _ """;.... -� . 0 """ " . ,,..,. ,t" ,,'" <""" , .-_,.;.;.''' � .. '''''''-o<f' _ ....;;; .,;::; , -- '" " ,.,...,.. "" .'" ::, ,t"� ��. ...,.,..,.;.;."1"" ''/'''' � _.� "" f"'� . � ' M'''" ' "- """",,; ,.of .,.,..� .. ...,. ' "' 1" '". '_1"""' . .. " ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_ f"""";""';..::: .,... " '�,;;.;:' ' ......,,..,..,. _-:: -__':1oPf' ::;;'", --''''"", ""","" ", ' �':::', � ' ""r; """"-"' .''''''''�}.. ,t\1 \ �·, � ot ,;: "" � ,.,. ---� , _.at" � t\JV" �� � 'i"'f'- " .::... .. .... �. , ,�,....,.' .....;. _ ...-:> ".... JC8'I\\ -, \�..- WOl\ """,.""''1"'"- �""'" � '-,�� 6<1\"""- ' ""'..,... � ...... � 6U'." �. - ,t\1 , . _ , "'" 1J>b\"� ��, oPf''' .,..-._ " "" .0. " ..... ���_���\t"�'".. ' ....... "" "",",. N ��:L [\l\'J � ��i y< • D T 0 • , 5 P A G • A N D N D u 5 T • y N • w 5 Beware of FakeNOS Tubes! CE Distribution US Distributor for Electronic Tubes VTV Issue # 1 6 JJ Over the last year or so, we have JJ Electronic, -
Basic Electronics
14 Basic Electronics In this chapter, we lead you through a study of the basics of electronics. After completing the chapter, you should be able to Understand the physical structure of semiconductors. Understand the essence of the diode function. Understand the operation of diodes. Realize the applications of diodes and their use in the design of rectifiers. Understand the physical operation of bipolar junction transistors. Realize the applications of bipolar junction transistors. Understand the physical operation of field-effect transistors. Realize the application of field-effect transistors. Perform rapid analysis of transistor circuits. REFERENCES 1. Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, McGraw Hill, 2003. 2. J. R. Cogdel, Foundations of Electronics, Prentice Hall, 1999. 3. Donald A., Neaman, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill, 2001. 4. Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford, 1998. 1 Basic Electronics 2 14.1 INTRODUCTION Electronics is one of the most important fields in existence today. It has greatly influenced everything since early 1900s. Everyone nowadays realize the impact of electronics on our daily life. Table 14-1 shows many important areas with tremendous impact of electronics. Table 14-1 Various Application Areas of Electronics Area Examples of Applications Automotives Electronic ignition system, antiskid braking system, automatic suspension adjustment, performance optimization. Aerospace Airplane controls, spacecrafts, space missiles. Telecommunications Radio, television, telephones, mobile and cellular communications, satellite communications, military communications. Computers Personal computers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, calculators, microprocessors. Instrumentation Measurement equipment such as meters and oscilloscopes, medical equipment such as MRI, X- ray machines, etc. Microelectronics Microelectronic circuits, microelectromechanical systems. Power electronics Converters, Radar Air traffic control, security systems, military systems, police traffic radars. -
Operation, Tetrode, Pentode in the Single-Ended, Class-A
10-76 10. Guitar Amplifiers 10.5.1 Single-ended (class A)-operation, tetrode, pentode In the single-ended, class-A power-stage, one (single) power-tube operates in common- cathode configuration with the output transformer being part of the plate circuit (transformer- coupling). Without AC-drive (“quiescent state”), a stable balance appears – it is called the operating point (OPP). The characteristics shown in Fig. 10.5.2 yield an OPP at 250 V and 48 mA, if a voltage of -7.5 V between (control) grid (g1) and cathode is chosen. This can be done e.g. by using a cathode-resistor of 142 Ω. The cathode-current (the sum of the 48-mA- plate-current and the 5-mA-screen-grid-current) will then generate a positive cathode-voltage of + 7.5 V (relative to ground). With the control-grid at ground-potential (Ug1 = 0) a control- grid-to-cathode-voltage of -7.5 V results (i.e. the control grid is negative vs. the cathode). Fig. 10.5.2: Output characteristics of the EL84, power-stage circuit (single-ended class-A operation). AP = OPP As a drive signal appears (Ug1 ≠ 0), plate-voltage and –current change. As a first approach, it will be sufficient to consider the transformer in the plate-circuit as a large inductance connected in parallel with an ohmic resistor (Chapter 10.6). In this model we have only pure DC flowing through the inductance, and only pure AC flowing through the resistor. With a drive-signal present, the Ua/Ia-point will move along the load-line given in Fig. -
Liste Des Tubes À Vide Il S'agit D'une Liste De Tubes À
Liste des tubes à vide Il s'agit d'une liste de tubes à vide ou vannes thermo-ioniques et basse pression tubes remplis de gaz ou tubes à décharge . Avant l'avènement des semi-conducteurs périphériques, des centaines de types de tubes ont été utilisés dans l'électronique grand public et industriels; aujourd'hui seuls quelques types sont encore utilisés dans des applications spécialisées. Table des matières 1 chauffage ou notes filament 2 embases de tube 3 systèmes de numérotation 3.1 systèmes nord-américain 3.1.1 système RMA (1942) 3.1.2 système RETMA (tubes recevant, 1953) 3.1.3 Chiffre systèmes uniquement 3.2 systèmes d'Europe occidentale 3.2.1 système Marconi-Osram 3.2.2 système Mullard-Philips 3.2.2.1 tubes standard 3.2.2.2 tubes de qualité spéciaux 3.2.2.3 tubes professionnels 3.2.2.4 tubes Transmission 3.2.2.5 Phototubes et des photomultiplicateurs 3.2.2.6 stabilisateurs 3.2.3 systèmes Mazda / Ediswan 3.2.3.1 ancien système 3.2.3.2 tubes de signaux 3.2.3.3 Puissance redresseurs 3.2.4 STC / Brimar système de réception des tubes 3.2.5 Tesla système de tubes de réception 3.3 système de normalisation industrielle japonaise 3.4 systèmes russes 3.4.1 tubes standard 3.4.2 tubes électriques à très haute 3,5 tubes désignation Très-haute puissance (Eitel McCullough et ses dérivés) 3.6 ETL désignation des tubes de calcul 3.7 systèmes de dénomination militaires 3.7.1 Colombie-système nommage CV 3.7.2 US systèmes de dénomination 3.8 Autres systèmes chiffre uniquement 3.9 Autre lettre suivie de chiffres 4 Liste des tubes américains, avec leurs