applied sciences Article Extreme Weather Events Affect Agronomic Practices and Their Environmental Impact in Maize Cultivation Monika Markovi´c 1,* , Jasna Šoštari´c 1, Marko Josipovi´c 2 and Atilgan Atilgan 3 1 Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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[email protected] 3 Faculty of Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, Turkey;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: Sustainable and profitable crop production has become a challenge due to frequent weather extremes, where unstable crop yields are often followed by the negative impacts of agronomic practices on the environment, i.e., nitrate leaching in irrigated and nitrogen (N)-fertilized crop production. To study this issue, a three-year field study was conducted during quite different growing seasons in terms of weather conditions, i.e., extremely wet, extremely dry, and average years. Over three consecutive years, the irrigation and N fertilizers rates were tested for their effect on grain yield and composition, i.e., protein, starch, and oil content of the maize hybrids; soil N level (%); and nitrate leaching. The results showed that the impact of the tested factors and their significance was year- or weather-condition-dependent. The grain yield result stood out during the extremely wet year, where the irrigation rate reduced the grain yield by 7.6% due to the stress caused by the Citation: Markovi´c,M.; Šoštari´c,J.; excessive amount of water. In the remainder of the study, the irrigation rate expectedly increased Josipovi´c,M.; Atilgan, A.