Ending the War and Securing Peace in Former Yugoslavia
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Croatian-Serbian Conflicts and the Dismantling of Yugoslavia (1)
ПРИЛОЗИ Radoslav Stojanović Professor, Faculty o f Law, Belgrade CROATIAN-SERBIAN CONFLICTS AND THE DISMANTLING OF YUGOSLAVIA (1) INTRODUCTION Like in other As is the case in some multi-ethnic societies, Yugoslav society, too, had t\vo facets: one is of conflict, struggle and dialectics of power; the other is of interdependence, cooperation and mutual support. Indeed, with this snapshot view, conilict appears deviant, an aberration of the system. Howe- ver, concensus and equilibrium, rather than confhct was the defining charac- teristic of the former Yugoslav society. The evidence for such an assessment is to be found in the development of the Yugoslav idea since its inception at the turn of the 19th century. Since that time on, one can observe the following conflicts: (1) The uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Turkish rule, 1875-1878. The armed conflict was between the oppressed Serbs and the Moslems, who vvere the defenders of the Turkish rule. In addition, the Croatian politicians vvere campaigning against the Serbian insurrectionists fearing that the success of the uprising vvould bnng about the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina vvith Serbia and Montenegro. (2) The 1902 conflict betvveen the Serbian and Croatian political parties in Croatia gave rise to chauvinistic pogroms against Serbs in Zagreb and other Croatian cities, organized by the Franco party, namely the party vvhich was the predecessor of the Ustashas. (3) The period trorn 1919 untrl 1939 was characterized by permanent conflict betvveen the Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Moslem ehtes. (4) Since the beginning of the 19th century the relationship betvveen the Serbs and the Albanians vvas one of protracted conflict. -
A Diplomatic History of the 1998–99 Kosovo Conflict
FROM DAYTON TO ALLIED FORCE: A DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE 1998–99 KOSOVO CONFLICT by Christian Novak A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2017 ii I declare that the research presented here is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of a degree iii Abstract This thesis reconstructs the diplomatic response of the international community to the Kosovo conflict of 1998–99. It outlines the process which resulted in the failure of negotiations involving outside agencies and individuals as well as the recourse to air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Using primary sourced material from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, personal interviews and other carefully selected primary sources, this thesis explores why international attempts to find a negotiated solution failed. iv Acknowledgements Numerous people have assisted in the completion of this thesis. I would firstly like to acknowledge my research supervisor, Professor Glenda Sluga, for her guidance over the years. My gratitude is also extended to John Drewienkiewicz, Josef Janning, Richard Miles, Klaus Naumann, and Lord David Owen, all of whom took out time from their busy schedules to answer my questions. In particular, I wish to thank Wolfgang Petritsch. His accessibility and willingness to explain the events of 1998–99 considerably enhanced my own understanding of the crisis. Special thanks is reserved for my parents, Anne and David, who have gone above and beyond to support me. -
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9. -
Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030)
Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) Republic of Croatia MINISTRY OF THE SEA, TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 - 2030) 2nd Draft April 2017 The project is co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund. Republic of Croatia Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure I Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background on development of a Croatian Comprehensive National Transport Plan .................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Transport Development Strategy (TDS 2016) ............................. 4 1.3 Revision of the TDS (2016) Ex-Ante conditionality .................................................. 4 1.4 Methodology for the development of the TDS (2016) ............................................ 5 2 Analysis .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General aspects of transport ................................................................................... 7 2.2 Public transport and zero-emission modes ........................................................... 34 2.3 Rail Transport......................................................................................................... 72 2.4 Road transport -
The Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 10 01 Robert M. H ayden The Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia The Slovenian Amendment Crisis of 1989 ~EES THE C E N T E R FOR R US SIAN & EA ST E U RO P E A N S T UDIE S U N IV E RS I T Y OF PITT SBURGH J The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 1001 Robert M. Hayden The Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia The Slovenian Amendment Crisis of 1989 &EES TH E C E N T E R F O R RUSS I AN Ill: E AS T E U RO PE A N STU DIES U N I V ERS I T Y O F PITT SB UR GH Robert M. Hayden is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh. He holds degrees in both Anthropology and Law. His research interests have taken him to India and Yugoslavia numerous times to conduct field work. In 1990-91 Hayden was a Fulbright Distinguished Professor at the University of Belgrade. He is the author of Social Courts in Theory and Practice: Yugoslav Workers' Courts in Comparative Perspective (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990). December 1992 ISSN 08899-275X The Carl Beck Papers Editors: William Chase, Bob Donnorununo, Ronald H. Linden Assistant Editors: Mitchell Bjerke, Martha Snodgrass Cover design : Mike Savitski Submissions to The Carl Beck Papers are welcome. Manuscripts must be in English, double-spaced throughout, and less than 120 pages in length. Acceptance is based on anonymous review. -
"Ethnic Conflict," and the Future of Warfare
THE RISE, DECLINE, SHALLOWNESS, AND BANALITY OF MILITANT NATIONALISM IN EUROPE: HOBBES, THUGS, "ETHNIC CONFLICT," AND THE FUTURE OF WARFARE John Mueller August 11, 1999 Prepared for delivery at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta Marriott Marquis and Atlanta Hilton and Towers, Atlanta, GA, September 2-5, 1999. Copyright by the American Political Science Association. Department of Political Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627-0146 USA 716-275-5236 716-271-1616 (fax) [email protected] www.rochester.edu/College/PSC/Mueller ABSTRACT Most European nationalism is not of the militant variety, does not necessarily imply violence, and may actually be helpful in the process of development and change. The apparent rise of militant nationalism in Europe in the early 1990s was not a harbinger, but rather something of a historical blip. Moreover, it was often quite shallow, even in Yugoslavia, and its effects were exaggerated by some peculiarities of early experiments with democracy in the area. The most destructive expression of militant nationalism in Europe--that which took place in Yugoslavia--was not spawned so much by the convulsive surging of ancient hatreds or by the crafty manipulations of demagogic politicians and the media: indeed, when finally given a chance to express such hatreds in government-sanctioned violence, ordinary soldiers deserted en masse. Rather, the destruction was largely carried out by small bands of opportunistic thugs and criminals operating in a sort of anarchic situation. In this, nationalism was often more of an ordering device than a viscerally motivating force. Because the violence in Yugoslavia was chiefly carried out by small, opportunistic, and essentially cowardly bands of thugs and bullies, policing the situation would probably have been fairly easy for almost any organized, disciplined, and sizeable army. -
Yugoslav Domestic Developments
1978/No.25 by Dennison I. Rusinow Yugoslav Domestic Develop- Europe [DIR-2-'78] ments On the Eve of the 1978 Party Congress Two generalizations about postwar Yugoslavia, who have proclaimed the re-enthronement of a and perhaps only two, have proved to have con- recentralized and re-Leninized Party as the sistent predictive as well as descriptive validity. Autocrat of all the Self-Managers? On the evi- The first concerns the regime's and the Yugoslavs' dence of the subjects being discussed in the con- apparently inexhaustible willingness to experi- text of preparations for the June 1978 Congress of ment, their impatient readiness to discard and the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), devise replacements for organizational forms, and the way they are being discussed, this, too, procedures, epithets, priorities, and even some seems to have been at best an oversimplification. conceptual frameworks at the first signs of defec- tive parts or poor performance on the road. The Particular attention is now focused on the latest second is that every Yugoslav specialist whose pronouncements of Edvard Kardelj, the regime's analysis has led to the conclusion that this or that perennial chief official ideologist. Kardelj himself policy or trend is irreversible, a "moment of is often called the regime's number two man and is truth," or commits the future of the society or the usually considered, to be Tito's most likely first system has invariably been proved wrong. Those successor as President of the Party, unless he loses who wrote about Yugoslavia ca. 1947 in terms of his battle with cancer before that time comes. -
The Reasons for the Collapse of Yugoslavia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UGD Academic Repository International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) ISSN 2307-4531 http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied The Reasons for the Collapse of Yugoslavia Dejan Marolov Goce Delchev University, Pance Karagozov 31 , 2000 Shtip, Republic of Macednia [email protected] Abstract The former Yugoslav federation dissolved in early 90's creating five independent successor states. There are many theories that are trying to explain why this happened. However it is extremely hard task to declare which of those theories is the most relevant. This paper is making attempt to combine the most popular and famous theories concerning the issue and to separate the most relevant aspects of each of them. Key words: Yugoslavia; collapse; theories; international system. 1. Introduction The former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was important subject of the international community. Internally this federation was composed by six republics, and two autonomous provinces. It was country located on the historically very important geopolitical region in the Balkans. Yugoslavia dissolved in a bloody civil war in the first half of the 90's. The literature review offers a wide range of explanations for the causes that led to the breakup of the Yugoslav federation. Especially controversial are some conspiracy theories. In this respect the paper is treating the issue concerning the reasons for the collapse of Yugoslavia by reviewing the existing theory, reconsidering them and finally offering its own conclusion that the collapse should be searched equally in both inside and outside the federation. -
Political, Economic and Legal Considerations for Developing Space
Political, Economic and Legal Considerations for Developing Space Nations Republic of Croatia International Space University Masters of Space Studies Program 2021 Prof. Gongling Sun May Li Uy Evan Cook Cato Meaker Evan Slattery Graham Kulig Thomas Chrétien Harshitha S Chavan Abstract Despite only having a state sponsored space agency by name, the future of Croatia’s space endeavors has an enormous amount of interdisciplinary potential. Since the country’s establishment as an independent country in 1991, Croatia has fast tracked its way into European prominence. With a legal focus on internationalisation, education, and STEM related research, Croatia has generated momentum when the Adriatic Aerospace Association (A3) was established, negotiating its way into the European Union (EU), and drawing up plans for its first observational satellite, PERUN-1. Croatia faces many hurdles on its way to establishing a strong space program however. As a country that relies on tourism for capital, the effects of COVID-19 and a recent earthquake have hindered Croatia’s efforts. Generally speaking, Croatia’s unemployment rate continues to drop each year, as their PPP grows more stable. It is worth noting that despite lagging behind other world powers in space activities, Croatia stands to gain the most by learning from the mistakes of established organisations such as NASA and Roscosmos, and with an early investment in space technology. This report details recommendations such as an emphasis on privatisation, state funded research partnerships, and international cooperation as methods Croatia may use to achieve their goals. Croatia may be a lesser known Adriatic country, but with the advent of many international’s partnerships, a focus on interdisciplinary education, privatisation, and a willingness to adapt as they go, Croatia may cement itself as a formidable space power. -
Croatia! Is 10% Higher
The highway toll Toll is calculated based on actual kilometres travelled on tolled segments and the relevant vehicle category. Toll is paid at the toll collection points and may be paid in cash and by American Express, Diners, Master Card, and Visa, Maestro or using the ETC device (electronic toll collection). Non-residents may pay toll in €. Welcome Seasonal toll prices for I.A, I and II vehicle category apply from 16th June to 14th September. In the season, the unit price of tolls to Croatia! is 10% higher. Comparison of non- seasonal and seasonal toll prices for I and II category of vehicles on most frequently used motorway sections I group II group Motorway section Non-seasonal Seasonal Non-seasonal Seasonal prices (HRK) prices (HRK) prices (HRK) prices (HRK) A1 Zagreb-Dugopolje 181 200 284 312 (Split) A1-A6 Zagreb-Rijeka 70 77 127 139 (Grobnik) A4 Zagreb-Goričan 44 47 65 72 The complete list of toll prices can be found on the following link. A3 Zagreb-Lipovac 128 141 193 212 http://hac.hr/en/toll-rates/pricelist?language=en Bregana 7 7 9 10 More about ETC service is available at the next link. Krčki most 35 39 46 51 http://hac.hr/en/toll-rates/electronic-toll-collection-etc?language=en *1 EUR= approx. 7.4 HRK Inquiries and complaints on toll prices can be forwarded by e-mail: e-mail: [email protected] Vehicle category The Croatian Motorways wishes you a safe journey! What is the ETC service? ETC – electronic toll collection service enables all highway users toll payment on all toll collection points in a faster and simpler way. -
E-Croatia Motorway A3, from Junction Jakuševec to Junction Ivanja Reka Case Study
Case Study E-Croatia Motorway A3, from junction Jakuševec to junction Ivanja Reka Case Study This case study concerns the Zagreb bypass, motorway A3 section from junction Jakuševec to junction Ivanja Reka (Figure 1) where a Star Rating for Design Plans has been conducted. This is a 12.3km long road section with two traffic lanes in each A wide paved shoulder is present on the passenger side of the road, direction, where an additional third traffic lane was proposed. This serving as a stopping lane. On 76% (18.5 km) of this road section dual carriageway motorway divided by a metal barrier passes through the speed limit is equal to 130 km/h, and 100 km/h on the remaining a rural area and has a traffic flow of about 20,000 vehicles per day. 24% (6 km). Figure 1. Motorway A3, Zagreb bypass section (Jakuševec junction – Ivanja Reka junction) Case Study Case Study Road Assessment A detailed analysis of the risk assessment of the motorway A3, Zagreb bypass section (Jakuševec junction – Ivanja Reka junction) has been carried out to clarify the reasons for the Star Ratings. Star Ratings results (Figure 2 and Table 1) clearly indicate that most of the observed road section (63%) is assessed as 3-star for vehicle occupants, and around 20% of the road section is rated with 4 stars. The remaining parts of the observed section have 2- and 1-star rates (2% and 15%, respectively). The rating for motorcyclists is less good, where 76% of the network length belongs to the one-star high-risk category, and the remaining 24% of the road section is rated with 2-star. -
Ending the War and Securing Peace in Former Yugoslavia Philip J
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Pace Pace International Law Review Volume 6 Issue 1 Winter 1994 Article 3 Symposium: Should There Be an International Tribunal for Crimes Against Humanity? January 1994 Ending the War and Securing Peace in Former Yugoslavia Philip J. Cohen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Recommended Citation Philip J. Cohen, Ending the War and Securing Peace in Former Yugoslavia, 6 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 19 (1994) Available at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol6/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENDING THE WAR AND SECURING PEACE IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Philip J. Cohen, M.D.t I. INTRODUCTION The current war in former Yugoslavia from its outset has been driven by Serbia's extremist nationalism and quest for ter- ritorial expansion.1 As this tragedy has unfolded, the United States, European Community, Helsinki Commission, and United Nations have all concluded that Serbia bears the over- 2 whelming responsibility for the war and its consequences. However, no policy has been crafted or implemented by any of these entities that would effectively restrain the aggressive be- havior of Serbia against her neighbors. Serbia's aggression has introduced a potentially dangerous destabilization of post-Cold War Europe, in a region in which Western Slavic, Eastern Slavic, and Turkish cultures, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam all converge in a delicate balance.