DOCSLIB.ORG

Tissue Analysis How-To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tissue Analysis How-To Tissue analysis how-to How to make a slide from a tissue specimen -process -stains How to tell what you’re looking at -looking at an unfamiliar slide 3-D reconstruction from 2-D sections Differentiating between basic tissue types -stuff that looks like other stuff HOW IS A SLIDE MADE? 1) obtain tissue block (biopsy, cadaver) 2) fix – chemical treatment – usually aldehydes -harden soft tissue, coagulate protein – crosslinks form -stop enzymes working -stop small molecules diffusing away, anchor carbohydrates -stop bacterial decomposition 3) embed – stiffen tissue block for cutting sections -dehydrate tissue, replace water with solvents -solvents replaced with waxes, plastics → solidify 4) cut embedded (or frozen) block →sections – 5 – 50 um thick for light microscope (50 – 150 nm thick for electron microscope) 5) stain sections - increase contrast - tissue structures visible 5) mount sections on glass slides Stains Why stain? -fresh sections colorless, no contrast Visualize specific tissue components with selective stains -can’t show all components in any one tissue section Components of tissues visible by staining: -acidic components – use basic dyes: hematoxylin, toluidine blue, methylene blue -basic components – use acidic dyes: eosin -carbohydrates – use periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), stains mucus, basement membranes -proteins - use H & E, picrosirius, trichrome stains – collagen fibres -lipids - use lipid-soluble stains: osmium, Sudan black, oil red O Combine stains visualize multiple tissue elements at once -hematoxylin and eosin (H & E): both acidic and basic components -trichromes – three stains together Hematoxylin and eosin – most common stain Hematoxylin – basic dye stains acidic tissue components blue/purple/black acidic components attract basic dyes = basophilic shows: nucleic acids: nuclei, nucleoli, ribosomes acidic parts of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans hyaline cartilage matrix, loose connective tissue matrix Eosin – acidic dye stains basic tissue components red/pink basic components attract acidic dyes = acidophilic shows: collagen, mitochondria, secretory granules cell cytoplasm H & E STAINING OF ILEUM H8 H8 H & E STAINING OF ILEUM H8 H8 H & E STAINED COLON H9 H & E DUODENUM H63 H & E STAINED COLLAGEN IN DUODENUM SUBMUCOSA H63 H & E STAINED DUODENUM MUSCULARIS EXTERNA H63 H & E STAINED AXILLA H68 H & E AXILLA GLAND SECRETORY REGION H68 H & E STAINED COLLAGEN IN AXILLA RETICULAR DERMIS H68 H & E STAINED PAROTID GLAND H66 serous-secreting acini mucus-secreting acini Periodic acid - Schiff stain - many carbohydrates 2 steps: -periodic acid oxidises adjacent -OH groups on hexoses → aldehydes form -Schiff's reagent (fuschine) stains aldehydes Sugars stain pink-purple: basement membrane glycoproteins mucopolysaccharides (goblet cells) PAS STAIN OF BASEMENT MEMBRANES slide 136 STAINING PROTEINS IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX TYPE I COLLAGEN FIBRES H & E (pinkish, variable) picrosirius (and polarized light) trichrome stains Mallory's, Masson's RETICULAR FIBRES (TYPE III COLLAGEN) silver stains ELASTIN Verhoff's elastin stain orcein aldehyde fuscin H & E STAINED COLLAGEN IN AXILLA RETICULAR DERMIS H68 TRICHROME STAINS - 3 (or more) dyes: differentiate tissue elements visually - aniline blue stains collagen blue - acidic dyes: cytoplasm, muscle - pink-red-purple erythrocytes - orange -yellow nuclei - brown-black KIDNEY - MALLORY'S TRICHROME - collagen blue H201 OVIDUCT - trichrome H51 OVIDUCT - trichrome H51 URETER - trichrome H13 URETER - trichrome H13 URETER - trichrome H13 SPLEEN - silver stain: reticular fibres H60 AORTA - Verhoff's elastin stain H88 AORTA TUNICA MEDIA - Verhoff's elastin stain H88 EPIGLOTTIS H & E H28 Verhoff's elastin stain H29 EPIGLOTTIS - Verhoff's stain, elastin fibres in cartilage H29 LIPID STAINS -lipid-soluble oil red O Sudan black osmium MYELIN STAINED WITH OSMIUM - spread segment of peripheral nerve H24 Tissue analysis how-to How to make a slide from a tissue specimen -process -stains How to tell what you’re looking at -looking at an unfamiliar slide 3-D reconstruction from 2-D sections Differentiating between basic tissue types -stuff that looks like other stuff Looking at a new slide Examine by eye first, then at lower higher magnification -Don’t try to guess what it is yet! Ask: -how cellular is the tissue (nuclei: how many, how big)? -how are the cells organized? How large? Where are their nuclei? -how much extracellular matrix is there? -are there fibres in the matrix? what color? how dense? how organized? -are there holes in the tissue? How many? How big? Are any connected? Then ask what you can recognize: (does anything look familiar?) -overall appearance of the tissue? -basic tissue types? -cell types? -fibre types? -staining patterns in extracellular matrix? Use what you know to work out what you don’t know What do the instructions say to look for? Look it up in the text (ask the instructors!) 19-13 Cormack 1-4 Cormack 1-8 Cormack 1-9 Basic Histology 1-30 Basic Histology 18-15 The “orange” problem Ross & Pawlina 1-11 The “orange” problem Cormack 1-10 Look-alike tissues Telford Plate 1 Look-alike tissues stratified squamous epithelium, thin skin transitional epithelium, bladder Telford Plate 1 Look-alike tissues Telford Plate 4 Look-alike tissues cardiac muscle skeletal muscle Telford Plate 4 Look-alike tissues Telford Plate 6 Look-alike tissues whole nerve, longitudinal section dense irregular connective tissue, dermis of skin Telford Plate 6 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pituitary Gland
    Part 6: Pituitary Gland Normal Physiology and Structure The pituitary gland comprises the adenohypophysis, which is made up of the pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars tuberalis and the neurohypophysis which includes the pars nervosa, infundibular stem and median eminence. The pars distalis forms the largest proportion of the gland and functions as the overall regulator of peripheral endocrine function by synthesizing and secreting at least 6 major trophic hormones. These include growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PrL), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Since this is the important area of the pituitary with respect to detecting endocrine active compounds, the rest of this section will concentrate only on this part of the pituitary. For reviews see (Page, 1994; Tucker, 1999; Greaves, 2007). Each hormone of the pars distalis is generally secreted by a seperate cell type, but some cells are able to secrete two hormones. The different hormones impart different staining properties to the cells. Using histological stains based on Orange G and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), the cells of the pars distalis have been divided into acidophils (orange G positive), basophils (PAS positive) and chromophobes (absence of staining). In the rat, these have been reported to constitute 40, 10 and 50% respectively of the cell population of the pars distalis. The staining characteristics are dependent on the level of secretory activity, and when the cells have just secreted their granules or when secretory activity is increased, all the cells take on chromophobic characteristics due to the relative abundance of secretory organelles (endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi) and relative lack of secretory granules.
    [Show full text]
  • New Tetrachromic VOF Stain (Type III-G.S) for Normal and Pathological Fish Tissues C
    ORIGINAL PAPER New Tetrachromic VOF Stain (Type III-G.S) for Normal and Pathological Fish Tissues C. Sarasquete,* M. Gutiérrez Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, CSIC Polígono Río San Pedro, Apdo oficial, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain richrome methods invariably use dyes in acid ©2005, European Journal of Histochemistry pH solvents, usually diluted in aqueous acetic Tacid, and the concentration of this acid A new VOF Type III-G.S stain was applied to histological sec- matches the concentration of dye. Staining depends tions of different organs and tissues of healthy and pathologi- largely on the attachment of dyes to proteins. The cal larvae, juvenile and adult fish species (Solea senegalensis; acid pH itself is necessary to maximise the amount Sparus aurata; Diplodus sargo; Pagrus auriga; Argyrosomus regius and Halobatrachus didactylus). In comparison to the of dye that will attach to tissue amino groups. original Gutiérrez´VOF stain, more acid dyes of contrasting Proteins have both positively (amino groups) and colours and polychromatic/metachromatic properties were negatively (carboxyl and hydroxyl) charged groups. incorporated as essential constituents of the tetrachromic VOF Usually one predominates and this will have an stain. This facilitates the selective staining of different basic tissues and improves the morphological analysis of histo- overall negative or positive charge (being an acid or chemical approaches of the cell components. The VOF-Type III a basic protein). These charges can, however, bal- G.S stain is composed of a mixture of several dyes of varying ance each other out to some degree. Phosphate size and molecular weight (Orange G< acid Fuchsin< Light green<Methyl Blue<Fast Green), which are used simultane- groups of DNA and binding-proteins are important ously, and it enables the individual tissues to be selectively dif- in nuclear staining.The ionisation of basic groups of ferentiated and stained.
    [Show full text]
  • The Histochemical Distribution of Placental Calcium and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Following Fetoplacental Dissociation in Th
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1976 The Histochemical Distribution of Placental Calcium and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Following Fetoplacental Dissociation in the Albino Rat eric sigmond Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Medical Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation sigmond, eric, "The Histochemical Distribution of Placental Calcium and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Following Fetoplacental Dissociation in the Albino Rat" (1976). Master's Theses. 2872. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2872 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1976 eric sigmond THE HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLACENTAL CALCIUM AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY FOLLOWING FETOPLACENTAL DISSOCIATION IN THE ALBINO RAT by Eric Sigmond A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science February 1976 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Leslie A. Emmert for his suggestion of the problem, his patience, encouragement and supervision throughout the course of this thesis. His guidance helped overcome many problems which arose during the course of this study. I also wish to express thanks to Dr. Charles C.C. O'Morchoe and Dr. Maurice V. L'Heureux for their many valuable suggestions during the writing of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue in Cases of Acute Rheumatism
    Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.16.3.307 on 1 September 1957. Downloaded from Ann. rheum. Dis. (1957), 16, 307. HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN CASES OF ACUTE RHEUMATISM BY A. I. STRUKOV AND G. V. ORLOVSKAYA U.S.S.R. Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION JULY 5, 1957) The connective tissue is the chief place where the phases: soluble (procollagen) and insoluble (colla- pathological rheumatic process takes place. The stromine). Obtained by precipitation from a changes mainly affect its intercellular components. solution, procollagen has all the properties of On the basis of this localization of the pathological collagen fibrils (of collagen): it turns red when it is lesions, rheumatism has been included among the stained by Van Gieson stain, and its roentgenogram so-called collagen diseases (Klemperer, 1950). The shows the characteristic interplane intervals of mechanism of development of the pathological 2-9 A and 11-0 A. Under the electron microscope by copyright. processes in the intercellular substance of connective it shows the same transverse bands. tissue can be understood only when there is a clear In a roentgenogram, collastromine shows no idea of the nature, structure, and correlations of ring at 2 9 A which is characteristic for collagen; collagen and the amorphous cementing substance, it has no periodicity, does not turn red with Van both of which play a principal role in the develop- Gieson stain, and shows a distinct metachromasia; ment of the rheumatic process. staining with silver reveals argyrophilic fibres. The The investigations made in recent years with the results of fractioning show collagen as at least a aid of physical, chemical, and histochemical bi-phasic system; the known features of collagen methods have considerably advanced our concepts in toto are determined by its content of procollagen.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood & Bone Marrow
    Blood & Bone Marrow Introduction The slides for this lab are located in the “Blood and Hematopoiesis” folders on the Virtual Microscope. Blood is a specialized connective tissue in which three cell types (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) are suspended in an extracellular fluid called plasma. Plasma contains many proteins that serve to maintain osmotic pressure and homeostasis. Blood distributes oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolites, hormones and other substances all throughout the cardiovascular system. The cells in blood have a relatively short life span and need to be replenished with new cells. These cells and their precursors are formed and mature in the bone marrow. Blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Learning objectives and activities Using the Virtual Microscope: A Identify the different cellular components of a peripheral blood smear o Erythrocyte o Neutrophil o Eosinophil o Basophil o Lymphocyte o Monocyte o Thrombocyte B Examine the major sites of hematopoiesis and differentiate between red and yellow marrow C Identify the different myeloid stem cell derived blood cell precursors in an active marrow smear D Complete the self-quiz to test your understanding and master your learning. Identify the different cellular components of a blood smear Examine Slide 1 (33) and find examples of the different types of blood cell This slide contains a normal blood smear. Not all parts of a blood smear are good for observation. Find an area where the cells are spread out (not overlapping) and appear as symmetrical discs. i. Leukocytes At low power the leukocyte nuclei can be seen sparsely scattered throughout the smear. The large and sometimes irregularly shaped nuclei are strongly basophilic making them a prominent feature of a blood smear.
    [Show full text]
  • MASSON TRICHROMIC STAINING (With Aniline Blue) ______
    MASSON TRICHROMIC STAINING (with aniline blue) ________________________________________________________________________________ Principle Masson Trichrome Kit is indicated for connective tissue staining. It colors gametes, nuclei, neurofibres, neuroglia, collagen and keratin. Collagen fibers are the most frequently found elements in connective tissue. They have a basic support function and are synthesized by multiple cellular elements of the organism, among them fibroblasts. All the techniques for staining collagen fibers that are classically grouped under the name of trichrome stains, stain type I collagen, which forms the thick collagen fibers in the extracellular spaces and organic stroma. One of the factors that most influence in the staining is the different degree of permeability that the structures offer to the passage of the dye. In the Mason Trichrome staining with Aniline Blue, four different dyes are used: • Iron hematoxylin according to Weigert for the nucleus. • Picric acid for erythrocytes. • Mixture of acid dyes for the cytoplasm. • Aniline blue for connective tissue. Masson Trichrome Kit is composed of all the reagents involved in this staining. Material Connective tissue, muscle, skin, nerve tissue, among others, well fixed, in paraffin sections. Reagents Code Description 256692 Masson's Trichrome Kit for clinical diagnosis (1) 251085 Ethanol 96% v/v for clinical diagnosis (1) 251086 Ethanol absolute for clinical diagnosis (1) 251769 Xylene, mixture of isomers for clinical diagnosis (1) 253681 Eukitt ®, mounting medium for clinical diagnosis Components of the kit Name Composition Reagent A Hematoxylin solution B according to Weigert Reagent B Hematoxylin solution A according to Weigert Reagent C Picric acid alcoholic solution Reagent D Biebrich’s scarlet solution Reagent E Phosphomolibdic acid solution Reagent F Aniline blue solution 1 Version 1: JMBJUL17 CEIVD18EN Procedure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Different Cell Types in the Pituitary Gland of Indian Fresh Water Spiny Eel Mastacembelus Armatus (Lacepede)
    Ichthyological Communication Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. Vol 13 No (4) Oct-Nov-Dec 2020 Pp 1920-1925 Characterization of Different Cell Types in the Pituitary Gland of Indian Fresh Water Spiny Eel Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) Supriya Ray* Department of Zoology, Asansol Girls’ College, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT Mastacembelus armatus is an indigenous fish species of southern Asia that also resides in the Indian subcontinent. This fish species is facing an alarming decline in their number in the last decade. Due to its moderate cost, it is mainly taken by the lower income group of people within the society. The reproductive care, by artificial breeding, has been taken for those fish species having a high cost in the market or becoming less in number in nature for business purposes or preserving the biodiversity, respectively. The present study was undertaken to characterize different cell types in the pituitary gland because these are ultimately responsible for the maintenance of pituitary- gonadal endocrine cascade. This work has been done purely on histological techniques. In the present investigation the adenohypophysis is divisible into three component parts viz. antero – dorsal rostral pars distalis (RPD), the middle proximal pars distalis (PPD) and the posterior massive pars intermedia (PI). The acidophilic prolactin cells and ACTH cells are found in the RPD, basophilic GTH cells, TSH cells and acidophilic STH cells are found in PPD whereas MSH and MSH cells are found in PI regions. The neurohypophysis in M. armatus is composed of axonal fibers originating from neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus. Understanding the pituitary architecture and cell types for this fish species is of immense importance to save this indigenous variety by artificial breeding, which we are trying to discuss in the detail within this paper of ours.
    [Show full text]
  • Containing Granules in Human Erythrocytes and Their Precursors by A
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.6.4.307 on 1 November 1953. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1953), 6, 307. THE INCIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF IRON- CONTAINING GRANULES IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AND THEIR PRECURSORS BY A. S. DOUGLAS AND J. V. DACIE From the Department of Pathology, the Postgraduate Medical School of London (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION AUGUST 28, 1953) The iron in haemoglobin cannot normally be and Davis (1949) re-investigated the nature of detected in the erythrocytes of healthy human stippling in lead poisoning. They found that adults by means of a staining technique. How- many of the normoblasts in the bone marrow had ever, Gruneberg (1941a and b) used the term large basophilic granules in their cytoplasm, i.e., " siderocyte " to describe erythrocytes containing were stippled, and that a variable proportion of small granules readily demonstrable by means of the granules gave a positive reaction for iron. Perls's (Prussian blue) reaction. He found these Splenectomy of lead-poisoned guinea-pigs resulted cells in small numbers in the blood of normal rat, in a very considerable increase in the frequency of mouse, and human embryos (Gruneberg, 1941a stippled cells in the peripheral blood. and b), and later (Gruneberg, 1942) in large More recently Bilger and Tetzner (1953) have numbers in the blood of mice suffering from con- reported the presence of siderocytes in small copyright. genital anaemia. Doniach, Gruneberg, and Pear- numbers in the peripheral blood of some healthy son (1943) described the occurrence of siderocytes subjects, in newborn infants, and in various haemo- in adult human blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Picrosirius Red and Masson's Trichrome Staining
    Picrosirius Red and Masson’s Trichrome staining techniques as tools for detection of collagen fibers... 1 DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-55398 MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA PICROSIRIUS RED AND MASSON’S TRICHROME STAINING TECHNIQUES AS TOOLS FOR DETECTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS IN THE SKIN OF DOGS WITH ENDOCRINE DERMATOPATHOLOGIES PICROSIRIUS RED E TRICRÔMICO DE MASSON COMO FERRAMENTAS PARA DETECÇÃO DE FIBRAS COLÁGENAS EM PELE DE CÃES COM DERMATOPATOLOGIAS ENDÓCRINAS Glícia Meneses Costa¹ ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-5337 Steffi Lima Araujo¹ ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-0570 Francisco Antônio Félix Xavier Júnior¹ ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2635-1306 Glayciane Bezerra de Morais¹ ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-7939 João Alison de Moraes Silveira² ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-1214 Daniel de Araújo Viana³ ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-5700 Janaina Serra Azul Monteiro Evangelista1* ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-1573 ¹Universidades Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. ²Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. ³ Laboratório PATHOVET - Anatomia Patológica e Patologia Clínica Veterinária LTDA, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. *Correspondent author - [email protected] Abstract Canine endocrinopathies, such as hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocortism,induce typical dermatological alterations. Collagen fibers are significant for the maintenance of structural integrity,as well as in the determination of tissue function. This study aimed at assessing the coloration caused by Picrosirius Red staining under circular polarization and Masson Trichrome staining, as tools to quantify the total collagen in the skin of dogs exhibiting endocrine dermatopathies. Skin samples taken from dogs with hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Masson’s Trichrome (MT) and Picrosirius Red (PSR).
    [Show full text]
  • Calcification of the Internal Elastic Lamina of Coronary Arteries
    Modern Pathology (2008) 21, 1019–1028 & 2008 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/08 $30.00 www.modernpathology.org Calcification of the internal elastic lamina of coronary arteries Robert G Micheletti1, Gregory A Fishbein2, Judith S Currier1, Elyse J Singer3 and Michael C Fishbein2 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 3Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Two well-recognized patterns of calcification occur in large- and medium-sized arteries, intimal calcification associated with atherosclerosis and medial calcification described by Mo¨ nckeberg. Calcification limited to the internal elastic lamina is a third pattern of calcification not previously reported in coronary arteries. Here we describe 19 cases of coronary artery internal elastic lamina calcification. We serially sectioned and examined the coronary arteries of 66 patients with advanced AIDS and 27 HIVÀ controls with other chronic illnesses. We observed calcification of the internal elastic lamina in 10 HIV þ patients and 9 controls. HIVÀ patients with internal elastic lamina calcification were significantly older than HIVÀ patients without it (P ¼ 0.008) and HIV þ patients with it (P ¼ 0.006). Occasionally, calcification encroached on adjacent intimal or medial tissue with mild fibrosis. There was frequent disruption of the internal elastic lamina but no evidence of inflammation. Calcification was the dominant histologic feature in all cases. Von Kossa, Alizarin red, and trichrome/elastic stains confirmed these findings. Patients with internal elastic lamina calcification often had extensive medical histories but did not suffer from chronic renal failure or other conditions known to cause calcium dysregulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hematoxylin and Eosin
    www.aladdin-e.com Address:800 S Wineville Avenue, Ontario, CA 91761,USA Website:www.aladdin-e.com Email USA: [email protected] Email EU: [email protected] Email Asia Pacific: [email protected] Hematoxylin and Eosin What kinds of histological stains are stains basic (or acidophilic) structures red or there? pink. This is also sometimes termed 'eosinophilic'. Most cells are colourless and transparent, and Thus the cytoplasm is stained pink in the picture therefore histological sections have to be stained in some way to make the cells visible. The below, by H&E staining. techniques used can either be non-specific, Haematoxylin can be considered as a basic dye staining most of the cells in much the same way, or specific, selectively staining particular (general formula for basic dyes is:dye+ Cl-). Haemotoxylin is actually a dye called hematein chemical groupings or molecules within cells or (obtained from the log-wood tree) used in tissues. Staining usually works by using a dye, combination with aluminium ions (Al3+). It is used that stains some of the cells components a bright to stain acidic (or basophilic) structures a colour, together with a counterstain that stains the rest of the cell a different colour. purplish blue. (Haematoxylin is not strictly a basic dye, but it is used with a 'mordant' that makes this stain act as a basic dye. The mordant Basophilic and acidophilic staining. (aluminium salts) binds to the tissue, and then haematoxylin binds to the mordant, forming a Acidic dyes react with cationic or basic tissue-mordant-haematoxylin linkage.) components in cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Arterial Calcifications and Increased Expression of Vitamin D Receptor Targets in Mice Lacking TIF1␣
    Arterial calcifications and increased expression of vitamin D receptor targets in mice lacking TIF1␣ Mihaela Ignat, Marius Teletin, Johan Tisserand, Konstantin Khetchoumian, Christine Dennefeld, Pierre Chambon*, Re´ gine Losson*, and Manuel Mark* Institut de Ge´ne´ tique et de Biologie Mole´culaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante´et de la Recherche Me´dicale, Universite´Louis Pasteur, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France Contributed by Pierre Chambon, December 21, 2007 (sent for review December 12, 2007) Calcification of arteries is a major risk factor for cardiovascular not shown). In contrast, hematoxylin/eosin staining of kidney mortality in humans. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrate sections at 3 months of age revealed deposits of an acellular, here that the transcriptional intermediary factor 1␣ (TIF1␣), re- basophilic (i.e., taking up hematoxylin), material (C; compare cently shown to function as a tumor suppressor in murine hepa- Fig. 1 B with A) in about three-fourths of the TIF1␣Ϫ/Ϫ males and tocytes, also participates in a molecular cascade that prevents females, but never in age-matched WT littermates. These ab- calcifications in arterioles and medium-sized arteries. We further normal deposits were restricted to glomerular arterioles and provide genetic evidence that this function of TIF1␣ is not exerted medium-sized (i.e., hilar and arcuate) arteries and spared the in hepatocytes. The sites of ectopic calcifications in mutant mice veins that often bordered an affected artery. They contained lacking TIF1␣ resemble those seen in mice carrying an activating calcium, stained in brown by the von Kossa method, (C; compare mutation of the calcium sensor receptor (Casr) gene and, in TIF1␣- Fig.
    [Show full text]