Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea • Andras and Silvano Bikov Dragonieri Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment Edited by Andras Bikov and Silvano Dragonieri Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Medicina www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina Obstructive Sleep Apnea Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment Special Issue Editors Andras Bikov Silvano Dragonieri MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Andras Bikov Silvano Dragonieri University of Manchester University of Bari UK Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Medicina (ISSN 1010-660X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina/special issues/ Obstructive Sleep Apnea). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-078-9 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-079-6 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Silvano Dragonieri and Andras Bikov Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A View from the Back Door Reprinted from: Medicina 2020, 56, 208, doi:10.3390/medicina56050208 ............... 1 Ioana M˘ad˘alina Zota, Cristian St˘atescu, Radu Andy Sasc˘au, Mihai Roca, Radu Sebastian Gavril, Teodor Flaviu Vasilcu, Daniela Bois, teanu, Alexandra Mas, taleru, Alexandra Jitaru, Maria Magdalena Leon Constantin and Florin Mitu CPAP Effect on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Performance in Patients with Moderate-Severe OSA and Cardiometabolic Comorbidities Reprinted from: Medicina 2020, 56, 80, doi:10.3390/medicina56020080 ................ 5 Renata Marietta Bocskei, Martina Meszaros, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, David Laszlo Tarnoki, Laszlo Kunos, Zsofia Lazar and Andras Bikov Circulating Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Reprinted from: Medicina 2020, 56, 77, doi:10.3390/medicina56020077 ................ 19 Hakan Celikhisar and Gulay Dasdemir Ilkhan The Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Accident Risk in Heavy Equipment Operators Reprinted from: Medicina 2019, 55, 599, doi:10.3390/medicina55090599 ............... 29 Carmen Loredana Ardelean, Sorin Pescariu, Daniel Florin Lighezan, Roxana Pleava, Sorin Ursoniu, Valentin Nadasan and Stefan Mihaicuta Particularities of Older Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction Reprinted from: Medicina 2019, 55, 449, doi:10.3390/medicina55080449 ............... 37 Prakash Mathiyalagen, Venkatesh Govindasamy, Anandaraj Rajagopal, Kavita Vasudevan, Kalaipriya Gunasekaran and Dhananjay Yadav Magnitude and Determinants of Patients at Risk of Developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Non-Communicable Disease Clinic Reprinted from: Medicina 2019, 55, 391, doi:10.3390/medicina55070391 ............... 49 Panaiotis Finamore, Simone Scarlata, Vittorio Cardaci and Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi Exhaled Breath Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Review of the Literature Reprinted from: Medicina 2019, 55, 538, doi:10.3390/medicina55090538 ............... 59 Alexia Alexandropoulou, Georgios D. Vavougios, Chrissi Hatzoglou, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis and Sotirios G. Zarogiannis Risk Assessment for Self Reported Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in a Greek Nursing Staff Population Reprinted from: Medicina 2019, 55, 468, doi:10.3390/medicina55080468 ............... 79 v About the Special Issue Editors Andras Bikov is a post-doc clinical fellow, a specialist in respiratory medicine and an ESRS-certified somnologist with an academic interest in chronic airway diseases and sleep medicine. He graduated as a medical doctor from Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, in 2009, and he completed his PhD training on exhaled breath analysis in 2014 under the supervision of Prof. Ildiko Horvath. As part of his PhD, he received a long-term fellowship from the European Respiratory Society at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, under the supervision of Prof. Peter Barnes. He received his board certificate in respiratory medicine in 2017 and ESRS certification in somnology in 2019. He is currently a consultant in respiratory medicine with a special interest in sleep and ventilation at the Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, an honorary research physician at the Medicines Evaluation Unit and an honorary clinical fellow at the Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine working in the group led by Professor Jorgen Vestbo. Dr Bikov’s research currently focuses on the pathomechanism of COPD using various methods, including the forced oscillation technique, exhaled breath analysis, induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage. He has contributed to more than 60 research papers, including the European Respiratory Society technical standard document on exhaled breath analyses. He has an H-index of 16 on Scopus. He is a regular reviewer for many respiratory journals, editor-in-chief for Asthma Research and Practice and an editorial board member for the Journal of Asthma. Dr. Bikov is actively involved in the European Respiratory Society, having served as the Early Career Members representative for Assembly 5 (Airway Diseases) between 2013 and 2016. Silvano Dragonieri is a researcher, assistant professor at the University of Bari, Italy, and a pulmonologist at the University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy. He graduated as a medical doctor from the University of Bari, Italy, in 2003, specialized in Pulmonology at the University of Bari in 2007 and completed his PhD training in 2012 under the supervision of Prof. Peter Sterk at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, on exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose. He has contributed to more than 50 research papers. He has an H-index of 16 on Scopus and is a regular reviewer for many respiratory journals. Dr Dragonieri Bikov is an active member of the European Respiratory Society in Assembly 5.2 (Monitoring Airway Diseases). vii Editorial Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A View from the Back Door Silvano Dragonieri 1,* and Andras Bikov 2,3,* 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy 2 North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M239LT, UK 3 Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M239LT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (A.B.) Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 25 April 2020 Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence continues to rise, as well as its health and socio-economic burden. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicles accidents and decline in work performance and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this Special Issue is to focus on the characteristics of OSA in special populations which are less frequently investigated. In this regard, seven groups of experts in the field of sleep medicine gave their contribution in the realization of noteworthy manuscripts which will support all physicians in improving their understanding of OSA with the latest knowledge about its epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities in special populations, which will serve as a basis for future research. Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea; sleep disordered breathing; cardiovascular comorbidities; biomarkers; inflammation; volatile organic compounds; accident risk; non-communicable diseases; risk assessment 1. Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population [1]. These percentages are comparable to arterial hypertension [2], and even higher than in diabetes mellitus [3]. Although the exact prevalence in different communities is still unknown, the incidence of OSA continues to rise, as well as its health and socio-economic burden [4]. This Special Issue focuses on the characteristics of OSA in special populations which are less frequently investigated. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicles accidents and decline in work performance [5,6]. Alexandropolou et al. concluded that OSA affects around 20% of the Greek nurses and 8% of the nurses have OSA with excessive daytime sleepiness [7]. Celikhisar et al. studied 965 heavy equipment operators in Turkey and found that around 7% of them had OSA [8]. More importantly, the severity of OSA was directly related to the number of work-related accidents [8]. Despite the increasing awareness of OSA and its consequences, most of the patients with OSA remain undiagnosed and untreated [9]. Data on OSA prevalence mainly originate from high-income countries with good healthcare access [4]. In contrast, low- or middle-income