DOCSLIB.ORG

The Art of Medicine in Pre-Loyalist New Brunswick John Mackay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Art of Medicine in Pre-Loyalist New Brunswick John Mackay Document généré le 1 oct. 2021 15:20 Man and Nature L'homme et la nature The Art of Medicine in Pre-Loyalist New Brunswick John Mackay Volume 4, 1985 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1011842ar DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1011842ar Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies / Société canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle ISSN 0824-3298 (imprimé) 1927-8810 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Mackay, J. (1985). The Art of Medicine in Pre-Loyalist New Brunswick. Man and Nature / L'homme et la nature, 4, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.7202/1011842ar Copyright © Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies / Société Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle, 1985 services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ 9. The Art of Medicine in Pre~Loyalist New Brunswick There is of course an inherent contradiction in the expression 'Pre- Loyalist' New Brunswick, because in a political and geographic sense New Brunswick only came into existence in 1784, the year following the arrival of the Loyalists, and in fact its exact boundaries were not defined until many years later. In 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, France ceded 'Acadia with its ancient limits' to Britain. Unfortunately, there was no agreement on what constituted the 'ancient limits'.1 The French claimed they had surrendered only the mainland of modern Nova Scotia, bound• ed by the Isthmus of Chignecto, whereas the British claimed that 'Acadia' included the entire mainland south of the St. Lawrence River. So the dispute over ownership, which was already a century old, continued for another fifty years until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, when the French claim to title was finally abandoned. Even then, the British took little interest in the area until the end of the American Revolution in 1783, when the arrival of thousands of Loyalists within a few months changed its character forever. During most of the 18th century what is now New Brunswick con• sisted of a wilderness of forests and lakes, lying between New France (Quebec), New England (Maine) and New Scotland (Nova Scotia), of which the British at least considered it to be a part. Its boundaries were poorly defined, its ownership was constantly disputed, and its history from a European perspective was largely obscured by the more colorful activities of Quebec and Louisbourg, Halifax and Boston. There were no MAN AND NATURE / L'HOMME ET LA NATURE IV/1985 0824-3298/85/04OO-OI39 $01.25/®CS.E.C.S./S.C.E.D.S. 140 important battles, no large cities or fortifications, and not much direct contact with European civilization, an essential fact in the appreciation of the character of the indigenous health care system. Who lived in New Brunswick before the Loyalists? Apart from a hand• ful of New England traders located for example at Maugerville near pre• sent day Fredericton, and at the mouth of the Saint John River, the entire population consisted of two groups: Indians and Acadians. INDIAN MEDICINE It is hard to say just how many Indians lived in New Brunswick in the eighteenth century. There was no accurate census, and estimates vary, no doubt in part because of the effects of migration, famine and epidemic, as well as the uncertainty of whether figures refer to all members of a certain tribe, or only those in a particular geographic area. In comparing various sources, it seems a reasonable guess that the total Micmac population in mid-eighteenth century was on the order of three thousand,2 of whom less than half lived in what is now New Brunswick. Allowing for a smaller number of Malecites, we may conclude that the total Indian population of New Brunswick in the eighteenth century was not more than two or three thousand. It is believed to have been much higher before European contact,3 falling to its lowest point around 1700. This was followed by a gradual increase in the eighteenth century, relative stability in the nineteenth, and a rapid increase since 1900. The Indians of New Brunswick were a nomadic people who lived by hunting, fishing and gathering. The search for food dominated their lives.4 They did not practise agriculture prior to contact with Europeans, and firmly resisted various European efforts to turn them into farmers.5 The Indians placed little value on accumulating a surplus of goods or food either individually or collectively. Their tools were made of wood, stone, bone or shell, and their food consisted of fish (such as smelt, cod, lobster, crabs, eel, clams and oysters), game (such as seals, walrus, beaver, moose, bear and wildfowl), roots, berries and nuts. They had some knowledge of preservation by smoking and drying, but in general they tended not to stockpile. Even within this limited and precarious source of food they were inhibited by numerous taboos. For example they tended not to eat carnivores or pregnant females; it was believed that to eat a chickadee would make one a liar and it was forbidden to kill a porcupine near camp. There was a marked division of labor. At the risk of oversimplifica- 141 Hon, one might say that men hunted, fought and made canoes, snowshoes and weapons, while the women did everything else.6 The average amount of territory to support two hunters and their families has been estimated at four hundred square miles.7 Although the Indians of New Brunswick clung to their aboriginal lifestyle for two cen• turies following European contact, in the end as always the Europeans wreaked devastation on the Indians. Following the end of the French Regime there came an increasingly rapid decline in both culture and in~ dependence, although the population, which had decreased markedly since pre-contact, began to stabilize. From the mid-sixteenth century, missionary priests had undermined the authority of the tribal elders and consequently of tribal traditions, while European technology made the Indians increasingly dependent on manufactured trade goods, less and less able to survive by means of their original primitive artefacts.8 Alcohol and epidemics completed their downfall. Severe famines in 1729, 1733, 1737 were interspersed with a smallpox epidemic originating around Louisbourg in 1732-1733. The Indians' pre-contact life apparently was healthy. Studies of pre- contact skeletal remains suggest an average life expectancy of 37 which was only attained by Europeans in the nineteenth century,9 and there are many anecdotal reports of individuals reaching advanced ages. Early descriptions of the New Brunswick Indians emphasized their vigor, and strength, and the absence of disease and deformity. One of their chief medical problems was digestive disorders in both in• fants and the aged.10 The practise of making the baby's first mouthful a swallow of fish oil or melted fat11 may have contributed to infant mor• tality, but the danger for adults was the gluttonous manner of eating. Game was consumed all at one time, frequently followed by a fast of many days. From 15-20 pounds of meat per person might be consumed at a sitting.12 Food was typically undercooked, so parasitism was probably common. The restricted degrees of consanguinity were few,13 so one may speculate that hereditary disease may have been common. Childbirth was a simple process that took place in the open rather than inside a wigwam. The mother was delivered on her hands and knees; a decoction of ash leaves was prepared to ease the pain and binders were used on the abdomen of both mother and baby to control postpartum bleeding. As soon as the baby was born it was washed in cold water, a practise which no doubt promoted natural selection, especially in winter. On the other hand, it should be noted that the Indians' treatment of children was in general much more humane than that prevailing in eigh• teenth-century Europe. 142 Medicine among the Indians had two levels, magical and practical.14 They believed that evil influences caused all disease not due to an ob• vious external cause. It might be due to the malevolent spirit of an of• fended animal or instigated by a human enemy with supernatural powers. It is important to realize that the supernatural played a pre• eminent part in every aspect of Indian life. Everything, animate or in• animate, had a spirit power which governed its existence and its relation• ship to humans. Most of the health problems suffered by the Indians were associated with exposure, accident and famine. Early explorers remarked on the absence of palsy, dropsy, gout, rheumatism, stone, bilary colic and asthma among the natives, and only after the arrival of Europeans did they suffer from typical European diseases such as measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, typhus, typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, tuber• culosis, venereal disease and alcoholism. The Indians believed that dancing preserved health, bleeding preserv• ed youth, and they took sauna baths in specially constructed pits or wigwams. They massaged their bodies all over with seal oil, which helped them withstand heat, cold and mosquitoes. Scurvy was prevalent, and got worse when the Indians became depen• dent on white settlement in times of famine.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes
    1 The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes Early Conflict in Nova Scotia 1604-1749. By the end of the 1600’s the area was decidedly French. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht After nearly 25 years of continuous war, France ceded Acadia to Britain. French and English disagreed over what actually made up Acadia. The British claimed all of Acadia, the current province of New Brunswick and parts of the current state of Maine. The French conceded Nova Scotia proper but refused to concede what is now New Brunswick and northern Maine, as well as modern Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. They also chose to limit British ownership along the Chignecto Isthmus and also harboured ambitions to win back the peninsula and most of the Acadian settlers who, after 1713, became subjects of the British Crown. The defacto frontier lay along the Chignecto Isthmus which separates the Bay of Fundy from the Northumberland Strait on the north. Without the Isthmus and the river system to the west, France’s greatest colony along the St. Lawrence River would be completely cut off from November to April. Chignecto was the halfway house between Quebec and Louisbourg. 1721 Paul Mascarene, British governor of Nova Scotia, suggested that a small fort could be built on the neck with a garrison of 150 men. a) one atthe ridge of land at the Acadian town of Beaubassin (now Fort Lawrence) or b) one more west on the more prominent Beauséjour ridge. This never happened because British were busy fighting Mi’kmaq who were incited and abetted by the French.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*
    GEOFFREY PLANK The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia* THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of *' the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters
    Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters Allen B. Robertson Queen's University During the 1770s two revivalist evangelical sects gained a following in Nova Scotia; one, Newlight Congregationalism — with both Predestinar- ian and Free Will variants — grew out of the religious and social heritage of the colony's dominant populace, the New England Planters. The other sect, Wesleyan Methodism, took root among transplanted Yorkshiremen who moved between 1772 and 1776 to the Isthmus of Chignecto region where it was initially propagated among the faithful in local prayer groups. Ordained and lay preachers of both movements promoted a series of revivals in the province which drew an increasing number of followers into the evangelical fold.1 The first of these revivals was the Newlight- dominated Great Awakening of 1776-84. In general, Newlightism's greatest appeal was in the Planter townships even though it mutated by 1800 into a Baptist polity. Methodism, which had a fluctuating number of adherents among the visiting military forces at Halifax, had its stronghold in areas settled by British-born colonists, and increased in numbers with the successive waves of Loyalists coming to the province after 1783.2 Methodism was not confined, however, to segregated geographical areas of Nova Scotia. By the early nineteenth century, there were significant Methodist congregations composed primarily of Planters located throughout the Annapolis Valley and along the province's South Shore. Interesting questions are posed for historians when we consider why New Englanders and their descendants were attracted to what appeared to be essentially a foreign hierarchical religious-cultural movement which had broken from 1 Gordon Stewart and George Rawlyk, A People Highly Favoured of God: The Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution (Toronto, 1972); J.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick Border Region by George F
    Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Environnement Canada Wildlife Service Service de la Faune Birds of the Nova Scotia - New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer With addendum by A. J. Erskine and A. D. Smith Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Issued under the authority of the Honourable Jack Davis, PC, MP Minister of the Environment John S. Tener, Director Canadian Wildlife Service 5 Information Canada, Ottawa, 1972 Catalogue No. CW69-1/8 First edition 1966 Design: Gottschalk-)-Ash Ltd. 4 George Boyer banding a barn swallow in June 1952. The author George Boyer was born in Woodstock, New Brunswick, on August 24, 1916. He graduated in Forestry from the University of New Brunswick in 1938 and served with the Canadian Army from 1939 to 1945. He joined the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1947, and worked out of the Sackville office until 1956. During that time he obtained an M.S. in zoology from the University of Illinois. He car­ ried on private research from April 1956 until July 1957, when he rejoined CWS. He worked out of Maple, Ontario, until his death, while on a field trip near Aultsville. While at Sackville, Mr. Boyer worked chiefly on waterfowl of the Nova Scotia-New Brunswick border region, with special emphasis on Pintails and Black Ducks. He also studied merganser- salmon interrelationships on the Miramichi River system, Woodcock, and the effects on bird popu­ lations of spruce budworm control spraying in the Upsalquitch area.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Constructed Wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada
    An assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in constructed wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada by Maxwell J. Turner Thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in Geology Acadia University April, 2016 © Copyright by Maxwell J. Turner 2016 The thesis by Maxwell J. Turner is accepted in its present form by the Department of Earth and Environmental Science as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours Approved by Thesis Supervisors _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Mark Mallory Date Approved by the Head of the Department _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date Approved by the Honours Committee ______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Anna Redden Date ii I, Max Turner, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain copyright in my thesis. ___________________________________ Maxwell Turner ___________________________________ Date iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend recognition to Acadia University and Ducks Unlimited Canada, whose funding and dedication to scientific research made this project possible. Nic McLellan of Ducks Unlimited provided both in-field help and a useful supply of regional knowledge. I would like to thank the entirety of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science for providing a supportive learning environment that allows one to feel comfortable, acknowledged, and feel the expectation for success; but a special thanks to Dr. Rob Raeside whose subtle acknowledgements truly made me feel that this was the department to which I belonged.
    [Show full text]
  • Nova Scotia Routes
    Nova Scotia – Northern Mainland Northern Mainland of Nova Scotia Most visitors pass through this part of Nova Scotia on their way to better-known tourist destinations – north to Cape Breton or south to the Lighthouse Route – leaving quieter roads for the cyclist. But northern mainland Nova Scotia has spectacular scenery and extraordinary variety, from gentle countryside reminiscent of Prince Edward Island, to coastal mountains and bluffs that are often compared to Cape Breton. The warm waters of Northumberland Strait lap inviting beaches on the northern shore, while just 60 kilometres to the south, the giant, cold tides of Fundy have created a rugged coastline that is ideal for shorebirds, hikers, beachcombers, and photographers – but not for swimmers! The eastern Atlantic coast, like the better known Lighthouse Route, has rocks, lighthouses, fishing villages, and fog, but with far fewer people. In fact, northern Nova Scotia has less tourist traffic than any other part of the province. Maritimers are known for friendliness, but in this quiet part of Nova Scotia, where cycle tourists are still something of a novelty, Near Cap D’Or you will receive welcomes that are even warmer and more genuine than usual. When we cycled here, we were struck by the pride residents feel in their corner of the province. When they learned we were writing a guidebook, they often said something like, “You be sure to tell people what a grand place this is!” We describe three wonderful loop rides in Northern Nova Scotia. The Amherst-Chignecto Tour, in blue, is the longest. It begins and ends near the New Brunswick border and could take a week or more.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum CATALOGUE of EXHIBITS
    CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS IN THE Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS IN THE Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum PREPARED BY J. C. WEBSTER, C.M.G., M.D., D.Sc. LL.D., F.R.S.C. Member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada HONORARY CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND RESOURCES HON. T. A. CRERAR. Minister CHARLES CAMSELL, Deputy Minister LANDS, PARKS AND FORESTS BRANCH R. A. GIBSON, Director NATIONAL PARKS BUREAU F. H. H. WILLIAMSON, Controller OTTAWA, CANADA 43910—U FORT BEAUSËJOUR NATIONAL PARK NEW BRUNSWICK Introduction HE site of old Fort Beauséjour, located on the long ridge between the Aulac and Missaguash rivers, and over­ Tlooking Chignecto Bay, forms one of the most interest­ ing historical places in New Brunswick. The fort was originally constructed by the French between 1751 and 1755 on the orders of de la Jonquière, Governor of Canada, as a counter defence against the English Fort Lawrence, which stood on a parallel ridge about a mile and half to the south­ east. It derived its name from an early settler, Laurent Chatillon, surnamed Beauséjour, after whom the southern end of the ridge had been named Pointe-à-Beauséjour. In 1755, before its actual completion, Fort Beauséjour was attacked by an expedition from Boston under the com­ mand of Colonel the Honourable Robert Monckton. Landing at the mouth of the Missaguash river, the English force, which numbered about 2,000 New Englanders, encamped at Fort Lawrence before marching on the fort, being joined there by 300 British regulars. Following the capture of an outpost at Pont à Buot, heavy guns and mortars were landed from the boats, gun-emplacements were dug over 800 yards north of the fort, and a heavy fire was opened on the fortifi­ cations by the batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix to "The Acadian Refugee Camp on the Miramichi, 1756-1761"
    List of Refugee Acadian Households at Camp Espérance on the Miramichi, 1756-1757 Appendix to "The Acadian Refugee Camp on the Miramichi, 1756-1761" by Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc English translation & glossary of place names by John Estano DeRoche See a glossary of PLACE NAMES after the lists of households Columns in the Lists of Households 1. Surname of husband or male individual. (In the rare cases of a single woman alone, her names are in cols. 1 & 2.) Also, “dit” indicates a nickname. 2. His given name, with his code number in Stephen A. White’s Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes (DGFA); & in parentheses, his father, ditto. 3. Surname of wife. (In the rare cases of a single woman alone, her subsequent husband might be named here.) 4. Her given name; and in parentheses, her father’s given name & his code # in White’s DGFA. (Note: “Isabelle” and “Élisabeth” were interchangeable.) 5. Date and place of marriage if known. The letter “c” (for “circa”) indicates an estimate of the year. Many place names had multiple spellings, in both English & French. Some of those are provided in the glossary of “Places”, below. In all cases, mention of a 2nd or 3rd marriage refers to the man; instances of a woman’s remarriage are not entered in this table 6. Place of origin of the household (or of the man), before displacement. 7. Number of persons in the household in the 1754/55 census of Beaubassin & of the Memramcook, Petitcodiac, & Shepody River communities. A zero means the household was not counted in that census.
    [Show full text]
  • Acadian Exiles: a Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline Arthur G
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine History Documents Special Collections 1922 Acadian Exiles: a Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline Arthur G. Doughty Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory Part of the History Commons Repository Citation Doughty, Arthur G., "Acadian Exiles: a Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline" (1922). Maine History Documents. 27. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory/27 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRONICLES OF CANADA Edited by George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton In thirty-two volumes 9 THE ACADIAN EXILE BY ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY Part III The English Invasion IN THE PARISHCHURCH AT GRAND PRE, 1755 From a colour drawing by C.W. Jefferys THE ACADIAN EXILES A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline BY ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY TORONTO GLASGOW, BROOK & COMPANY 1922 Copyright in all Countries subscribing to the Berne Conrention TO LADY BORDEN WHOSE RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LAND OF EVANGELINE WILL ALWAYS BE VERY DEAR CONTENTS Paee I. THE FOUNDERS OF ACADIA . I II. THE BRITISH IN ACADIA . 17 III. THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE . 28 IV. IN TIMES OF WAR . 47 V. CORNWALLIS AND THE ACADIANS 59 VI. THE 'ANCIENT BOUNDARIES' 71 VII. A LULL IN THE CONFLICT . 83 VIII. THE LAWRENCE REGIME 88 IX. THE EXPULSION . 114 X. THE EXILES . 138 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE . 162 INDEX 173 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE PARISH CHURCH AT GRAND PRE, 1758 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Chignecto Isthmus and Its First Settlers
    The Chignecto Isthmus And Its First Settlers Howard Trueman The Project Gutenberg Etext of Chignecto Isthmus; First Settlers by Howard Trueman Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!! Please take a look at the important information in this header. We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and further information is included below. We need your donations. The Chignecto Isthmus And Its First Settlers by Howard Trueman June, 1998 [Etext #1351] The Project Gutenberg Etext of Chignecto Isthmus; First Settlers ******This file should be named chgnt10.txt or chgnt10.zip****** Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, chgnt11.txt VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, chgnt10a.txt Project Gutenberg Etexts are usually created from multiple editions, all of which are in the Public Domain in the United States, unless a copyright notice is included. Therefore, we do NOT keep these books in compliance with any particular paper edition, usually otherwise. We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance of the official release dates, for time for better editing. Please note: neither this list nor its contents are final till midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
    [Show full text]
  • Chignecto Ship Railway
    Building Tomorrow’s Society Bâtir la Société de Demain Fredericton, Canada June 13 – June 16, 2018/ Juin 13 – Juin 16, 2018 CASE STUDY: CHIGNECTO SHIP RAILWAY Higgins, Bruce1 1 CBCL Limited, Halifax, Canada 4 [email protected] 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW The site of the Chignecto Ship Railway was designated as a national civil engineering historic site by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE) in 1989. While CSCE has made effort to designate many historic sites across Canada, these accomplishments are not well known amongst engineers and the general public. The purpose of this case study is to provide insight into this project, and thereby promote more interest in it and civil engineering history in general. It is also intended that this will help promote engineering history as a regular session at annual CSCE conferences. The topic is meant to have a general appeal to civil engineers, particularly with regard to history, heavy civil construction, transportation and the allure of visionary mega-projects. The 27 km long project is located in Nova Scotia, but immediately adjacent the New Brunswick border. The approach is to briefly explore the engineer and his dream, followed by the construction, associated problems and aftermath. 2 THE ENGINEER Henry George Clopper Ketchum was born in Fredericton NB in 1839. During the 1850’s he was excused from classes at King’s College to obtain engineering experience in railway building in New Brunswick. He went on to distinguish himself on the difficult Sao Paulo Railway in Brazil. Returning to Fredericton, he obtained the first diploma in civil engineering from the University of New Brunswick in 1862.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Beaubassin, Acadie: a Cautionary History (À La Manière De H.W. Longfellow) Came Paysans to That Pleasance, That Saltwater
    Of Beaubassin, Acadie: A Cautionary History (à la manière de H.W. Longfellow) Came paysans to that pleasance, that saltwater marsh, the Isthmus—Chignecto, Came les Acadiens there, in 1670: History says so. And came they there to ranch—bull, cow, and calf—following Jean Bourgeois, who made bread, Thanks to his flour-mill, and who fed lumber from his saw-mill. (Pines fell like lead.) Next arrived the trader Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin, Likely outfitted with tuque and snowshoe, knife and cross, musket and moccasin, And who fished the Fundy-flooded creeks, and farmed, and soldiered at futile War, And won a hundred leagues, on what’s now Tonge’s Island, where he was seigneur. That was in 1676, and the village of Beaubassin now Arose richly, fattening on the Tantramar Marsh, between hay and snow, And battening on the seagrass portage between the Bay of Fundy and The Northumberland Strait, plus Trade twixt Acadie, Ile Royale, et New England. Ex edgy, nervy Ireland, Roger Quessey seeded blossoming orchards; By 1685, Beaubassin boasted pears and apples in boulevards, Plus twenty-two habitations and crowds of cattle, teeming pigs and sheep: The next year, a church went up, and les citoyens knelt in prayer before sleep. Come 1715, fifty families call Beaubassin home, and tap Apples for Acadian Calvados, and hold the centre of a map Depicting trade between Boston and Louisbourg, and now tend a thousand Cattle and eight-hundred hogs. But Strife between France and Britain (New England) Compels Benjamin Church, “Damn Yankee,” to besiege Beaubassin, not once, but Twice—in 1696 and 1704.
    [Show full text]