The Chignecto Isthmus and Its First Settlers
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The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes
1 The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes Early Conflict in Nova Scotia 1604-1749. By the end of the 1600’s the area was decidedly French. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht After nearly 25 years of continuous war, France ceded Acadia to Britain. French and English disagreed over what actually made up Acadia. The British claimed all of Acadia, the current province of New Brunswick and parts of the current state of Maine. The French conceded Nova Scotia proper but refused to concede what is now New Brunswick and northern Maine, as well as modern Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. They also chose to limit British ownership along the Chignecto Isthmus and also harboured ambitions to win back the peninsula and most of the Acadian settlers who, after 1713, became subjects of the British Crown. The defacto frontier lay along the Chignecto Isthmus which separates the Bay of Fundy from the Northumberland Strait on the north. Without the Isthmus and the river system to the west, France’s greatest colony along the St. Lawrence River would be completely cut off from November to April. Chignecto was the halfway house between Quebec and Louisbourg. 1721 Paul Mascarene, British governor of Nova Scotia, suggested that a small fort could be built on the neck with a garrison of 150 men. a) one atthe ridge of land at the Acadian town of Beaubassin (now Fort Lawrence) or b) one more west on the more prominent Beauséjour ridge. This never happened because British were busy fighting Mi’kmaq who were incited and abetted by the French. -
The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*
GEOFFREY PLANK The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia* THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of *' the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort. -
Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters
Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters Allen B. Robertson Queen's University During the 1770s two revivalist evangelical sects gained a following in Nova Scotia; one, Newlight Congregationalism — with both Predestinar- ian and Free Will variants — grew out of the religious and social heritage of the colony's dominant populace, the New England Planters. The other sect, Wesleyan Methodism, took root among transplanted Yorkshiremen who moved between 1772 and 1776 to the Isthmus of Chignecto region where it was initially propagated among the faithful in local prayer groups. Ordained and lay preachers of both movements promoted a series of revivals in the province which drew an increasing number of followers into the evangelical fold.1 The first of these revivals was the Newlight- dominated Great Awakening of 1776-84. In general, Newlightism's greatest appeal was in the Planter townships even though it mutated by 1800 into a Baptist polity. Methodism, which had a fluctuating number of adherents among the visiting military forces at Halifax, had its stronghold in areas settled by British-born colonists, and increased in numbers with the successive waves of Loyalists coming to the province after 1783.2 Methodism was not confined, however, to segregated geographical areas of Nova Scotia. By the early nineteenth century, there were significant Methodist congregations composed primarily of Planters located throughout the Annapolis Valley and along the province's South Shore. Interesting questions are posed for historians when we consider why New Englanders and their descendants were attracted to what appeared to be essentially a foreign hierarchical religious-cultural movement which had broken from 1 Gordon Stewart and George Rawlyk, A People Highly Favoured of God: The Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution (Toronto, 1972); J.M. -
Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick Border Region by George F
Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Environnement Canada Wildlife Service Service de la Faune Birds of the Nova Scotia - New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer With addendum by A. J. Erskine and A. D. Smith Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Issued under the authority of the Honourable Jack Davis, PC, MP Minister of the Environment John S. Tener, Director Canadian Wildlife Service 5 Information Canada, Ottawa, 1972 Catalogue No. CW69-1/8 First edition 1966 Design: Gottschalk-)-Ash Ltd. 4 George Boyer banding a barn swallow in June 1952. The author George Boyer was born in Woodstock, New Brunswick, on August 24, 1916. He graduated in Forestry from the University of New Brunswick in 1938 and served with the Canadian Army from 1939 to 1945. He joined the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1947, and worked out of the Sackville office until 1956. During that time he obtained an M.S. in zoology from the University of Illinois. He car ried on private research from April 1956 until July 1957, when he rejoined CWS. He worked out of Maple, Ontario, until his death, while on a field trip near Aultsville. While at Sackville, Mr. Boyer worked chiefly on waterfowl of the Nova Scotia-New Brunswick border region, with special emphasis on Pintails and Black Ducks. He also studied merganser- salmon interrelationships on the Miramichi River system, Woodcock, and the effects on bird popu lations of spruce budworm control spraying in the Upsalquitch area. -
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
THE WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Volume 45 September 1962 Number 3 THOMAS HUTCHINS Provincial Soldier and Indian Agent in the Ohio Valley, 1758-1761 Ann Quattrocchi General John Forbes ordered a gold medal to be struck Brigadieroff and worn about the neck with a dark blue ribbon by all officers who had participated in the campaign which resulted in the expulsion of the French from the Ohio Valley in 1758. One side of the medal showed a road cut through vast forests and the rocky steepness of impassable mountains. The Latin inscription, Per-Tot Discrimina, tersely called attention to the many difficulties the British had encountered before they came to blows with the French and Indians at the Ohio. 1 The other side of the medal showed a flaming fort at the junction of the two rivers toward which a well organized army advanced, led by a general carried on a litter. The caption, Ohio Britannica Consilio Manuque, boasted that the Ohio Valley was now British through superior wisdom and skill. Many provincial as well as British officers were entitled to wear this medal, which probably never got beyond the conception stage. More than a medal was needed to aid the men to hold the area won Dr. Quattrocchi is chairman of the History Department and teacher of Advanced Placement History at Allderdice High School. The above article is a reworking of a section from her doctoral dissertation, Thomas Hutchins, 1730-1789.— Ed. 1 Grant to Bouquet, Feb. 20, 1759, The Papers of Col. Henry Bouquet, issued under the sponsorship of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission (Harris- burg, 1940-1943), Ser. -
Acadian Music As a Cultural Symbol and Unifying Factor
L’Union Fait la Force: Acadian Music as a Cultural Symbol and Unifying Factor By Brooke Bisson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Atlantic Canada Studies at Saint Mary's University Halifax, Nova Scotia A ugust 27, 2003 I Brooke Bisson Approved By: Dr. J(Jihn Rgid Co-Supervisor Dr. Barbara LeBlanc Co-Supervisor Dr. Ma%aret Harry Reader George'S Arsenault Reader National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1^1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisisitons et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-85658-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-85658-5 The author has granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of theL'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither thedroit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from Niit la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this dissertation. -
An Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Constructed Wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada
An assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in constructed wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada by Maxwell J. Turner Thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in Geology Acadia University April, 2016 © Copyright by Maxwell J. Turner 2016 The thesis by Maxwell J. Turner is accepted in its present form by the Department of Earth and Environmental Science as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours Approved by Thesis Supervisors _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Mark Mallory Date Approved by the Head of the Department _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date Approved by the Honours Committee ______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Anna Redden Date ii I, Max Turner, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain copyright in my thesis. ___________________________________ Maxwell Turner ___________________________________ Date iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend recognition to Acadia University and Ducks Unlimited Canada, whose funding and dedication to scientific research made this project possible. Nic McLellan of Ducks Unlimited provided both in-field help and a useful supply of regional knowledge. I would like to thank the entirety of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science for providing a supportive learning environment that allows one to feel comfortable, acknowledged, and feel the expectation for success; but a special thanks to Dr. Rob Raeside whose subtle acknowledgements truly made me feel that this was the department to which I belonged. -
This Week in New Brunswick History
This Week in New Brunswick History In Fredericton, Lieutenant-Governor Sir Howard Douglas officially opens Kings January 1, 1829 College (University of New Brunswick), and the Old Arts building (Sir Howard Douglas Hall) – Canada’s oldest university building. The first Baptist seminary in New Brunswick is opened on York Street in January 1, 1836 Fredericton, with the Rev. Frederick W. Miles appointed Principal. Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) becomes responsible for all lines formerly January 1, 1912 operated by the Dominion Atlantic Railway (DAR) - according to a 999 year lease arrangement. January 1, 1952 The town of Dieppe is incorporated. January 1, 1958 The city of Campbellton and town of Shippagan become incorporated January 1, 1966 The city of Bathurst and town of Tracadie become incorporated. Louis B. Mayer, one of the founders of MGM Studios (Hollywood, California), January 2, 1904 leaves his family home in Saint John, destined for Boston (Massachusetts). New Brunswick is officially divided into eight counties of Saint John, Westmorland, Charlotte, Northumberland, King’s, Queen’s, York and Sunbury. January 3, 1786 Within each county a Shire Town is designated, and civil parishes are also established. The first meeting of the New Brunswick Legislature is held at the Mallard House January 3, 1786 on King Street in Saint John. The historic opening marks the official business of developing the new province of New Brunswick. Lévite Thériault is elected to the House of Assembly representing Victoria January 3, 1868 County. In 1871 he is appointed a Minister without Portfolio in the administration of the Honourable George L. Hatheway. -
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18024-05 Faragher Forum 3/2/07 8:53 AM Page 82 “A Great and Noble Scheme”: Thoughts on the Expulsion of the Acadians IN THE AUTUMN OF 1755 OFFICERS AND TROOPS from New England, acting under the authority of the colonial governors of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts, systematically rounded up more than 7,000 Acadians who lived in communities along the shores of the Bay of Fundy. Men, women, and children alike were crowded into transport vessels and deported in small groups to the other British colonies. Many families were separated, some never to meet again. The remaining 10,000 to 12,000 Acadians managed to escape and spent years as refugees. Many took up arms in resistance. The campaign of removal continued for eight years, by which time a total of more than 10,000 Acadians had been forced from their homes and dispersed widely across the Atlantic world. Meanwhile, their property was plundered, their communities were torched and their lands were seized. Some of the most appalling violence occurred at the site of present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick, in a village called Sainte-Anne along both sides of the St. John River, which was home to approximately 1,000 Acadians. In November 1758, Colonel Robert Monckton, in command of 2,000 troops, ascended the river as far as present-day Gagetown, leaving a swath of destruction on both banks; he succeeded in capturing few of the Acadians living there, though, as most of them had fled upriver to Sainte-Anne. To remedy this, two months later in February 1759 Monckton sent a company of 15 New England rangers, under the command of Lieutenant Moses Hazen of Massachusetts, to strike that community. -
Nova Scotia Routes
Nova Scotia – Northern Mainland Northern Mainland of Nova Scotia Most visitors pass through this part of Nova Scotia on their way to better-known tourist destinations – north to Cape Breton or south to the Lighthouse Route – leaving quieter roads for the cyclist. But northern mainland Nova Scotia has spectacular scenery and extraordinary variety, from gentle countryside reminiscent of Prince Edward Island, to coastal mountains and bluffs that are often compared to Cape Breton. The warm waters of Northumberland Strait lap inviting beaches on the northern shore, while just 60 kilometres to the south, the giant, cold tides of Fundy have created a rugged coastline that is ideal for shorebirds, hikers, beachcombers, and photographers – but not for swimmers! The eastern Atlantic coast, like the better known Lighthouse Route, has rocks, lighthouses, fishing villages, and fog, but with far fewer people. In fact, northern Nova Scotia has less tourist traffic than any other part of the province. Maritimers are known for friendliness, but in this quiet part of Nova Scotia, where cycle tourists are still something of a novelty, Near Cap D’Or you will receive welcomes that are even warmer and more genuine than usual. When we cycled here, we were struck by the pride residents feel in their corner of the province. When they learned we were writing a guidebook, they often said something like, “You be sure to tell people what a grand place this is!” We describe three wonderful loop rides in Northern Nova Scotia. The Amherst-Chignecto Tour, in blue, is the longest. It begins and ends near the New Brunswick border and could take a week or more. -
Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum CATALOGUE of EXHIBITS
CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS IN THE Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS IN THE Fort Beauséjour National Park Museum PREPARED BY J. C. WEBSTER, C.M.G., M.D., D.Sc. LL.D., F.R.S.C. Member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada HONORARY CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND RESOURCES HON. T. A. CRERAR. Minister CHARLES CAMSELL, Deputy Minister LANDS, PARKS AND FORESTS BRANCH R. A. GIBSON, Director NATIONAL PARKS BUREAU F. H. H. WILLIAMSON, Controller OTTAWA, CANADA 43910—U FORT BEAUSËJOUR NATIONAL PARK NEW BRUNSWICK Introduction HE site of old Fort Beauséjour, located on the long ridge between the Aulac and Missaguash rivers, and over Tlooking Chignecto Bay, forms one of the most interest ing historical places in New Brunswick. The fort was originally constructed by the French between 1751 and 1755 on the orders of de la Jonquière, Governor of Canada, as a counter defence against the English Fort Lawrence, which stood on a parallel ridge about a mile and half to the south east. It derived its name from an early settler, Laurent Chatillon, surnamed Beauséjour, after whom the southern end of the ridge had been named Pointe-à-Beauséjour. In 1755, before its actual completion, Fort Beauséjour was attacked by an expedition from Boston under the com mand of Colonel the Honourable Robert Monckton. Landing at the mouth of the Missaguash river, the English force, which numbered about 2,000 New Englanders, encamped at Fort Lawrence before marching on the fort, being joined there by 300 British regulars. Following the capture of an outpost at Pont à Buot, heavy guns and mortars were landed from the boats, gun-emplacements were dug over 800 yards north of the fort, and a heavy fire was opened on the fortifi cations by the batteries. -
Appendix to "The Acadian Refugee Camp on the Miramichi, 1756-1761"
List of Refugee Acadian Households at Camp Espérance on the Miramichi, 1756-1757 Appendix to "The Acadian Refugee Camp on the Miramichi, 1756-1761" by Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc English translation & glossary of place names by John Estano DeRoche See a glossary of PLACE NAMES after the lists of households Columns in the Lists of Households 1. Surname of husband or male individual. (In the rare cases of a single woman alone, her names are in cols. 1 & 2.) Also, “dit” indicates a nickname. 2. His given name, with his code number in Stephen A. White’s Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes (DGFA); & in parentheses, his father, ditto. 3. Surname of wife. (In the rare cases of a single woman alone, her subsequent husband might be named here.) 4. Her given name; and in parentheses, her father’s given name & his code # in White’s DGFA. (Note: “Isabelle” and “Élisabeth” were interchangeable.) 5. Date and place of marriage if known. The letter “c” (for “circa”) indicates an estimate of the year. Many place names had multiple spellings, in both English & French. Some of those are provided in the glossary of “Places”, below. In all cases, mention of a 2nd or 3rd marriage refers to the man; instances of a woman’s remarriage are not entered in this table 6. Place of origin of the household (or of the man), before displacement. 7. Number of persons in the household in the 1754/55 census of Beaubassin & of the Memramcook, Petitcodiac, & Shepody River communities. A zero means the household was not counted in that census.