Ribes Spp.) YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FARKLI DİKİM SİSTEMLERİNİN VERİM VE KALİTE ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

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Ribes Spp.) YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FARKLI DİKİM SİSTEMLERİNİN VERİM VE KALİTE ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ FRENKÜZÜMÜ (Ribes spp.) YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FARKLI DİKİM SİSTEMLERİNİN VERİM VE KALİTE ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ Volkan OKATAN Danışman Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atilla AŞKIN DOKTORA TEZİ BAHÇE BİTKİLERİ ANABİLİM DALI ISPARTA - 2016 © 2016 [Volkan OKATAN] ii TAAHHÜTNAME Bu tezin akademik ve etik kurallara uygun olarak yazıldığını ve kullanılan tüm literatür bilgilerinin referans gösterilerek tezde yer aldığını beyan ederim. Volkan OKATAN ii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………............................ i ÖZET……………………………………………………………………............................................ iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………................................. iv TEŞEKKÜR……………………………………………………………………................................. v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………………….................... vi ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………………….............. vii KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………......................... xi 1. GİRİŞ ……………………………………………………………………...................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ……………………………………………………………………......... 9 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM …………………………………………………………………… 33 3.1. Materyal ……………………………………………………………………...................... 33 3.1.1.Deneme Alanı ……………………………………………………………………... 33 3.1.1.1. Coğrafi Konum ………………………………………………………………… 33 3.1.1.2. Toprak Özellikleri ………………………………………………………........ 33 3.1.1.3. İklim Özellikleri …………………………………………………………......... 35 3.1.2.Bitkisel Materyal …………………………………………………………………. 35 3.2. Yöntem ……………………………………………………………………………………….... 37 3.2.1. Deneme Deseni ………………………………………………………………….. 37 3.2.2. Denemenin Kurulması ve Yürütülmesi ……………………………....... 37 3.2.3. Örneklerin Analize Hazırlanması …………………………….................. 40 3.2.4. Araştırmada İncelenen Özellikler ……………………………................. 40 3.2.4.1. Fenolojik Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi ……………………………................ 40 3.2.4.1.1. Tomurcuk Patlaması …………………………….................................... 41 3.2.4.1.2. İlk Çiçeklenme Tarihleri ……………………........................................ 41 3.2.4.1.3. Tam Çiçeklenme Tarihleri …………………….................................... 41 3.2.4.1.4. Meyvede Ben Düşme Tarihleri ……………………........................... 41 3.2.4.1.5. İlk Hasat Tarihleri …………………….................................................... 41 3.2.4.1.6. Son Hasat Tarihleri …………………….................................................. 41 3.2.4.2. Bitkisel Özellikler …………………….............................................................. 41 3.2.4.2.1. Sürgün Çapı (mm) …………………….................................................... 42 3.2.4.2.2. Sürgün Boyu (cm) …………………….................................................... 42 3.2.4.3. Pomolojik Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi ……………………......................... 42 3.2.4.3.1. Salkım Sayısı ve Salkımda Tane Sayısı ……………………............ 43 3.2.4.3.2. Salkım Uzunluğu (mm) …………………….......................................... 43 3.2.4.3.3. Meyve Ağırlığı (g) ……………………..................................................... 43 3.2.4.3.4. Meyve Eni ve Boyu (mm) ……………………..................................... 44 3.2.4.3.5. Bitki Başına Verim (g) ……………………............................................ 44 3.2.4.4. Kimyasal Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi ……………………........................... 44 3.2.4.4.1. Suda Çözünür Kuru Madde (SÇKM) ……………………................. 44 3.2.4.4.2. pH ……………………...................................………….................................. 44 3.3.4.4.3. Titre Edilebilir Asit Miktarı……………………................................... 44 i 3.3.4.5. Fitokimyasal Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi …………………….................... 45 3.2.4.5.1. C Vitamini Tayini ……………………...................................................... 46 3.2.4.5.2. Toplam Fenolik Madde Tayini ......................................................... 46 3.2.4.5.3. Toplam Antosiyanin Tayini ............................................................... 46 3.2.4.5.4. Serbest Radikalleri Yakalama (DPPH) Aktivitesi 47 Belirlenmesi ...................................................... ......................................................... 3.2.5. İstatistik Metodu …................………………………...................................... 47 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI …................………………………........................................ 49 4.1. Fenolojik Özellikler …................………………………........................................... 49 4.1.1. Tomurcuk Patlama Tarihleri …................………………………............... 49 4.1.2. İlk Çiçeklenme Tarihleri …................………………………........................ 49 4.1.3. Tam Çiçeklenme Tarihleri …................……………………….................... 50 4.1.4. Meyvede Ben Düşme Tarihleri …................………………………........... 51 4.1.5. İlk hasat tarihleri …................………………………...................................... 52 4.1.6. Son Hasat Tarihleri …................……………………….................................. 53 4.2. Bitkisel Özellikler …................……………………….............................................. 54 4.2.1. Sürgün Çapı (mm) …................……………………….................................... 54 4.2.2. Sürgün Boyu (cm) …................……………………….................................... 61 4.3. Pomolojik Özellikler …................………………………................................... 68 4.3.1. Salkım Sayısı (adet) …................………………………................................. 68 4.3.2. Salkımda Meyve Adeti …................………………………............................ 75 4.3.3. Salkım Uzunluğu (mm) …................……………………….......................... 84 4.3.4. Meyve Ağırlığı …................………………………............................................ 92 4.3.5. Meyve Eni (mm) …................………………………....................................... 101 4.3.6. Meyve Boyu (mm) …................………………………................................... 109 4.3.7. Bitki Başına Verim (g) …................………………………............................ 116 4.4. Kimyasal Özellikler …................………………………........................................... 122 4.4.1. Suda Çözünür Kuru Madde (SÇKM) …................………………………. 122 4.4.2. pH …................……………………….....................................…................……… 130 4.4.3. Titre Edilebilir Asit (%)…................……………………….......................... 136 4.5. Fitokimyasal Özellikler ……………………………………………………………… 143 4.5.1. C Vitamini (mg/100ml) …................………………………......................... 143 4.5.2. Toplam Fenolik Madde (µg GAE/g ta) …………………....................... 153 4.5.3. Toplam Antosiyanin Miktarı (µg siy-3-glk/g) …………………........ 161 4.5.4. Serbest Radikalleri Yakalama (DPPH) Aktivitesi (%)………......... 169 5. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER……….........……….........……….........……….........……….......... 176 6.KAYNAKLAR …….........……….........……….........……….........……….........………............ 179 6.1. İnternet Kaynakları ……………………………..…………………………………… 188 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ……….........……….........……….........……….........……….........……….........…… 189 ii ÖZET Doktora Tezi FRENKÜZÜMÜ (Ribes spp.) YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FARKLI DİKİM SİSTEMLERİNİN VERİM VE KALİTE ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ Volkan OKATAN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atilla AŞKIN Bu çalışmada iki farklı frenküzümü (Rosenthal, Red Lake) çeşidinin farklı sıra üzeri mesafeleri, farklı dal sayıları ve budama uygulamasının çeşitler açısından verim ve kalite üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla üç yıl süresince (2014– 2016) frenküzümlerine üç farklı uygulama yapılmıştır. Farklı sıra üzeri mesafesi olarak 2×1,2 m, 2×1,5 m ve 2×2 m aralıkları uygulanmıştır. Dal sayıları bakımından bitkiler 1 dal, 3 dal ve 5 dal şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Bu uygulamaların yanı sıra bitkilerin bir bölümüne budama yapılmış diğer bölümüne ise budama yapılmayarak yaşlı sürgünler bırakılmıştır. Araştırmada frenküzümü çeşitlerine ait fidanlar Nisan ayında dikilmiştir. Farklı uygulamalar yapılan parsellerde yetiştirilen frenküzümlerinde fenolojik, pomolojik, kimyasal ve fitokimyasal bazı özellikler araştırılmıştır. Uygulamalar sonucunda bitki başına verim 16,02-1229,9 g arasında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre C vitamini miktarı 22,5 -2779,30 mg/100ml arasında, toplam fenolik madde miktarı 5,27-17,17 (µg GAE/g ta), toplam antosiyanin miktarı 61,13-426,61 µg siy-3-glk/g ve serbest radikalleri yakalama (DPPH) aktivitesi 7,57-58,25 % olarak tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Frenküzümü, rosenthal, red lake, dpph, fenolik, antosiyanin 2016, 192 sayfa iii ABSTRACT Ph.D. Thesis THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GROWING SYSTEMS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF CURRANT CULTIVATION Volkan OKATAN Süleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences Department of Horticulture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atilla AŞKIN In this study, two different currants (Rosenthal, Red Lake) row spacing of different types, different number of branches and pruning practices in terms of their effects on yield and quality varieties were investigated. For this purpose, three different applications to currant varieties were performed during the three-year period (2014-2016). Three different distance over spacings were used as 2×1.2 m, 2×1.5 m and 2×2 m. The number of branches of plants were arranged in 1, 3 and 5 branches. Apart from this applications, the pruning was performed in some parts of plants by withholding some portions without pruning and leaving the old shoots. Currant seedlings of the cultivars were planted in April. Chemical and phytochemicals phenological, pomological, some properties have been investigated in blackcurrant fruit grown
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