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Spring 2018 Undergraduate Law Journal
SPRING 2018 UNDERGRADUATE LAW JOURNAL The Final Frontier: Evolution of Space Law in a Global Society By: Garett Faulkender and Stephan Schneider Introduction “Space: the final frontier!” These are the famous introductory words spoken by William Shatner on every episode of Star Trek. This science-fiction TV show has gained a cult-following with its premise as a futuristic Space odyssey. Originally released in 1966, many saw the portrayed future filled with Space-travel, inter-planetary commerce and politics, and futuristic technology as merely a dream. However, today we are starting to explore this frontier. “We are entering an exciting era in [S]pace where we expect more advances in the next few decades than throughout human history.”1 Bank of America/Merrill Lynch has predicted that the Space industry will grow to over $2.7 trillion over the next three decades. Its report said, “a new raft of drivers is pushing the ‘Space Age 2.0’”.2 Indeed, this market has seen start-up investments in the range of $16 billion,3 helping fund impressive new companies like Virgin Galactic and SpaceX. There is certainly a market as Virgin Galactic says more than 600 customers have registered for a $250,000 suborbital trip, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Katy Perry, Ashton Kutcher, and physicist Stephen Hawking.4 Although Space-tourism is the exciting face of a future in Space, the Space industry has far more to offer. According to the Satellite Industries 1 Michael Sheetz, The Space Industry Will Be Worth Nearly $3 Trillion in 30 Years, Bank of America Predicts, CNBC, (last updated Oct. -
ILWS Report 137 Moon
Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Albury February 2020 © 2011, revised 2020. All rights reserved by the authors. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR & Murphy, Guy (2020). Returning to the Moon. Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 137. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. iv, 35 pp ISBN 978-1-86-467370-8 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected] Spennemann & Murphy (2020) Returning to the Moon: Heritage Issues Raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Page ii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. HUMAN ARTEFACTS ON THE MOON 3 What Have These Missions Left BehinD? 4 Impactor Missions 10 Lander Missions 11 Rover Missions 11 Sample Return Missions 11 Human Missions 11 The Lunar Environment & ImpLications for Artefact Preservation 13 Decay caused by ascent module 15 Decay by solar radiation 15 Human Interference 16 3. -
List of Private Spaceflight Companies - Wikipedia
6/18/2020 List of private spaceflight companies - Wikipedia List of private spaceflight companies This page is a list of non-governmental (privately owned) entities that currently offer—or are planning to offer—equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. List of abbreviations used in this article Contents Commercial astronauts LEO: Low Earth orbit GTO: Geostationary transfer Manufacturers of space vehicles orbit Cargo transport vehicles VTOL: Vertical take-off and Crew transport vehicles landing Orbital SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit Suborbital TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit Launch vehicle manufacturers SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub- Landers, rovers and orbiters orbit Research craft and tech demonstrators Propulsion manufacturers Satellite launchers Space-based economy Space manufacturing Space mining Space stations Space settlement Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers Spaceliner companies See also References External links Commercial astronauts Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3] Manufacturers of space vehicles Cargo transport vehicles Dry Launch Return Company Launch Length Payload Diameter Generated Automated Spacecraft mass mass Payload (kg) payload S name system (m) volume (m3) (m) power (W) docking (kg) (kg) (kg) 10.0 (pressurized), 3,310 plus 14 2,500 Falcon 9 pressurized or (unpressurized), Dragon 6.1 4,200[4] 10,200 capsule -
April 2019 5
The voice of the Southern African P e community s a in Israel c h 2 0 1 9 INNOVATION: Medical Marijuana | Israeli lunar launch | SA-roots shaping today's entrepreneurs Vol. 45 No. 1 | Distributed to over 5,000 households in Israel and abroad | Qassam creations & more Celebrate your family occasions in one of our 22 “zimmerim” by the sea. Full Israeli breakfast served to you in our dining room. DOLPHIN VILLAGE TheThe MagicMagic TouchTouch ofof DolphinDolphin VillageVillage ForFor thethe PerfectPerfect FamilyFamily HolidayHoliday onon thethe SeaSea ShaveiShavei ZionZion in the Western Galilee, 04-9531153 [email protected] I www.dolphinvillage.co.il Study in English at a Leading University in Israel! Bar-Ilan University, ranked among the leading universities in the world, offers an array of summer programs, B.A.,M.A., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in English. BIU is synonymous with Academic excellence coupled with Jewish tradition Internationally renowned faculty Cutting-edge research Awarded Israel's most beautiful campus Find out more! Come visit us at Aliya, Masa Israel and Higher Education Fair. To learn more and apply: Cape Town: May 22–24 +972-3-738-4245 | biuinternational.com | [email protected] Johannesburg: May 26-30 Visit us at: www.biuinternational.com or send an email: [email protected] to learn more and apply! 4 Telfed Israel Telfed Telfed Israel Telfed www.telfed.org.il Greetings from our Chairman Although we are approaching Pesach, the parasha that seems to be on everyone’s mind is Bereshit, thanks to the incredible space launch that took place on 22 February 2019. -
Sources of Extraterrestrial Rare Earth Elements: to the Moon and Beyond
resources Article Sources of Extraterrestrial Rare Earth Elements: To the Moon and Beyond Claire L. McLeod 1,* and Mark. P. S. Krekeler 2 1 Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Sciences, 203 Shideler Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA 2 Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University-Hamilton, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 513-529-9662; Fax: 513-529-1542 Received: 10 June 2017; Accepted: 18 August 2017; Published: 23 August 2017 Abstract: The resource budget of Earth is limited. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are used across the world by society on a daily basis yet several of these elements have <2500 years of reserves left, based on current demand, mining operations, and technologies. With an increasing population, exploration of potential extraterrestrial REE resources is inevitable, with the Earth’s Moon being a logical first target. Following lunar differentiation at ~4.50–4.45 Ga, a late-stage (after ~99% solidification) residual liquid enriched in Potassium (K), Rare-earth elements (REE), and Phosphorus (P), (or “KREEP”) formed. Today, the KREEP-rich region underlies the Oceanus Procellarum and Imbrium Basin region on the lunar near-side (the Procellarum KREEP Terrain, PKT) and has been tentatively estimated at preserving 2.2 × 108 km3 of KREEP-rich lithologies. The majority of lunar samples (Apollo, Luna, or meteoritic samples) contain REE-bearing minerals as trace phases, e.g., apatite and/or merrillite, with merrillite potentially contributing up to 3% of the PKT. Other lunar REE-bearing lunar phases include monazite, yittrobetafite (up to 94,500 ppm yttrium), and tranquillityite (up to 4.6 wt % yttrium, up to 0.25 wt % neodymium), however, lunar sample REE abundances are low compared to terrestrial ores. -
National Geographic Interactive
SELF-STYLED FASTEST SHARKS ARCHAEOLOGY MESSIAHS IN THE SEA BY SATELLITE THE SPACE ISSUE THE NEXT MOON SHOT | IN ORBIT WITH SCOTT KELLY | VOYAGER, 4 YEARS LATER | BEST ECLIPSE IN A CENTURY AUGUST 2017 Scientists, visionaries, evangelists, GUHDPHUV Team Hakuto, Japan Sorato, the rover built by the Japanese team competing for the Google Lunar XPrize, sits in a Tokyo clean room. A $20 million prize will go WRWKHƃUVWSULYDWHO\IXQGHGJURXSWRODQGDFUDIWWKDWWUDYHOVPHWHUVRQWKH PRRQDQGEHDPVLPDJHVDQGYLGHREDFNWR(DUWKŞDVPDOOVWHSWRZDUGSRWHQWLDOO\ JLDQWHFRQRPLFUHZDUGVEHFNRQLQJIURPWKHPRRQDQGEH\RQG LEFT: FROM FULL MOON%<0,&+$(//,*+7ǩDZDZDZ25,*,1$/%<1$6$3+272%<0$5.7+,(66(11*067$)) 31 Synergy Moon 7HFKQLFLDQ(ULN5HHG\SRQGHUVURFNHWGHVLJQDW,QWHURUELWDO6\VWHPV ,26 EDFNHURI WKLVLQWHUQDWLRQDOWHDP,26ŠVJRDOWREHWKHORZHVWFRVWODXQFKSURYLGHULQWKHSULYDWHVSDFHLQGXVWU\ Shoot for the moon. By Sam Howe Verhovek Photographs by Vincent Fournier Again. The youthful Indian engineers took their seats, a bit nervously, in a makeshift conference room inside a cavernous former car-battery warehouse in Bangalore. Arrayed in front of them were several much older men and women, many of them gray-haired luminaries of India’s robust space program. The first Asian space agency to send an orbiter to Mars, it also nearly tripled a previous world record by launching 104 satellites into orbit in a single mission this past February. The object of everyone’s attention was a small rolling device barely the size of a microwave oven. TeamIndus, India :HLJKLQJLQDWMXVWXQGHUSRXQGVŞEXWFDUU\LQJWKHSULGHDQGKRSHVRIDQDWLRQ RQLWVVSLQGO\IUDPHŞWKH,QGLDQWHDPŠVURYHUFRGHQDPHG(&$XQGHUJRHVWHVWLQJLQ%DQJDORUH $ODUJHKHOLXPEDOORRQDWWDFKHGWRLWVLPXODWHVWKHPRRQŠVJUDYLW\ZKLFKLVRQHVL[WKWKDWRI(DUWK 34 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC • AUGUST 2017 The members of the young crew explained traveling vehicle on the moon that can transmit their plans to blast the device into space aboard high-quality imagery back to Earth. -
2010 US Commercial Space Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration 2010 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies, and Spaceports January 2010 HQ-101068.INDD 2010 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments & Concepts • About FAA/AST About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation • ii • 2010 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments & Concepts • Contents Table of Contents Introduction . .1 Space competitionS . 1 expendable launch Vehicle induStry . 2 reuSable launch Vehicle induStry . 2 reentry VehicleS and in-Space technology . 3 enabling technologieS . 3 commercial human Spaceflight training . 4 SpaceportS . 4 regulatory and legiSlatiVe deVelopmentS . 4 Significant 2009 Events. -
Building Language Skills with the Seattle Times January 26, 2017
Building Language Skills with The Seattle Times January 26, 2017 Article: X Prize: 5 teams now racing to land on the moon in 2017 Wednesday, January 25, 2017 in the print replica of The Seattle Times, Main, page A2 Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.5.10 By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, at the high end of the grades 4-5 text complexity band independently and proficiently. Objective: Students will practice reading and using space related vocabulary. Pre-Reading: 1. Ask students write one fact they know about the moon, and moon exploration on their paper. 2. When students finish writing their fact, ask them to travel around the room or work in small groups to share their facts until they have at least four facts (including their original fact) written down. Vocabulary: As you read, look for the following vocabulary words that appear in today’s article. Write down what you think the words mean based on the “context,” or how the words are used in the sentence in which they appear. Next, look up the definitions in a dictionary and see how close your guess was for each word. aviation entrepreneurs eschewing extraterrestrial feats laser lucrative lunar niche slogans usher Comprehension: 1. What materials could be mined from the moon? 2. What organization is financing the prizes for the competition? 3. By what time are the teams aiming to get to the moon? 4. The competitions resemble which other competitions? 5. How far up could the first winner of the X Prize go? 6. -
Leveraging Allied and Commercial Capabilities for Resilience 1
December 2017 Leveraging Allied and Commercial Capabilities to Enhance Resilience A Virtual Think Tank (ViTTa)® Report Deeper Analyses Clarifying Insights Better Decisions Produced in support of the Strategic Multilayer Assessment www.NSIteam.com (SMA) Office (Joint Staff, J39) Leveraging Allied and Commercial Capabilities for Resilience 1 Author Dr. Belinda Bragg Please direct inquiries to Dr. Belinda Bragg at [email protected] ViTTa® Project Team Dr. Allison Astorino-Courtois Sarah Canna Nicole Peterson Executive VP Principal Analyst Associate Analyst Weston Aviles Dr. Larry Kuznar George Popp Analyst Chief Cultural Sciences Officer Senior Analyst Dr. Belinda Bragg Dr. Sabrina Pagano Dr. John A. Stevenson Principal Research Scientist Principal Research Scientist Principal Research Scientist Interview Team1 Weston Aviles Nicole Peterson Analyst Associate Analyst Sarah Canna George Popp Principal Analyst Senior Analyst What is ViTTa®? NSI’s Virtual Think Tank (ViTTa®) provides rapid response to critical information needs by pulsing our global network of subject matter experts (SMEs) to generate a wide range of expert insight. For this SMA Contested Space Operations project, ViTTa was used to address 23 unclassified questions submitted by the Joint Staff and US Air Force project sponsors. The ViTTa team received written and verbal input from over 111 experts from National Security Space, as well as civil, commercial, legal, think tank, and academic communities working space and space policy. Each Space ViTTa report contains two sections: 1) a summary response to the question asked; and 2) the full written and/or transcribed interview input received from each expert contributor organized alphabetically. Biographies for all expert contributors have been collated in a companion document. -
End-To-End GN&C for the Powered Descent and Safe, Precise Lunar Landing
End-to-end GN&C for the Powered Descent and Safe, Precise Lunar Landing João Ferreira, David Esteves, João Seabra. Tiago Hormigo (speaker) June 12, 2018 Spin.Works, S.A. Av. da Igreja 42, 6º 1700-239 Lisboa Tel. 21 012 8452 ● Fax. 21 012 8452 [email protected] ● www.spinworks.pt Agenda -Background and Motivation -Mission Analysis -Navigation -Guidance and Control -Monte Carlo Simulations -Conclusions www.spinworks.pt • June 12, 2018 IPPW 2018 2 Motivation & Background Background: Who we are -Spin.Works S.A. -Aerospace and Defence Company based in Lisbon, Portugal -Founded in 2006 Some Background Work -NEXT-Moon (2007-2010) - Part of Consortium led by OHB (Germany) - Elaboration of Hazard Avoidance Strategies for Lunar Landing - Initial Implementation of G&C, Data Fusion algorithms (CAM + Lidar) -FUSION (2011-2014) - Prime contractor - Development of Intelligent Decision Making for HDA - Fuzzy Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, Evidential Reasoning - Enhancement of original HDA, G&C, Data Fusion algorithms - Application to Mars + Phobos landings www.spinworks.pt • June 12, 2018 IPPW 2018 3 Motivation & Background Background Work (cont’d) -StarTiger Dropter (2013/2014) - Part of consortium led by Airbus D&S Germany - Implementation of Visual Navigation + HDA on RTSW - Construction of 40m x 40m Mars-representative terrain - Limited flight-testing using visual camera multi-copter -AVERT (2015-2018) - Prime contractor, supported by Uninova (PT), Ruag (SE), Irida (GR) - Hardware acceleration (w/ FPGA) of VN&HDA, impl. in space HW - Construction -
The Opportunity in Commercial Approaches for Future NASA Deep Space Exploration Elements
The Opportunity in Commercial Approaches for Future NASA Deep Space Exploration Elements Edgar Zapataa National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Kennedy Space Center, FL, 32899 In 2011, NASA released a report assessing the market for commercial crew and cargo services to low Earth orbit (LEO). The report stated that NASA had spent a few hundred million dollars in the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program on the portion related to the development of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Yet a NASA cost model predicted the cost would have been significantly more with a non-commercial cost-plus contracting approach.1 By 2016 a NASA request for information2 stated it must “maximize the efficiency and sustainability of the Exploration Systems development programs”, as “critical to free resources for re-investment…such as other required deep space exploration capabilities.” This work joins the previous two events, showing the potential for commercial, public private partnerships, modeled on programs like COTS, to reduce the cost to NASA significantly for “…other required deep space exploration capabilities.” These other capabilities include landers, stages and more. We mature the concept of “costed baseball cards”,3 adding cost estimates to NASA’s space systems “baseball cards.”4,5 We show some potential costs, including analysis, the basis of estimates, data sources and caveats to address a critical question – based on initial assessment, are significant agency resources justified for more detailed analysis and due diligence to understand and invest in public private partnerships for human deep space exploration systems? The cost analysis spans commercial to cost-plus contracting approaches, for smaller elements vs. -
1500-Milliron-Interorbital NEPTUNE 5.Pdf
Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com NEPTUNE 5: Interorbital Systems' Dedicated Small-Satellite Launcher Cal Poly San Luis Obispo CubeSat Workshop, April 22-24, 2015 Presenter: Randa Milliron, CEO/CoFounder, Interorbital Systems Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com ABOUT INTERORBITAL SYSTEMS Founded in 1995 by Roderick and Randa Milliron Location: Mojave Air and Space Port , Mojave, California R&D and manufacturing facilities Two rocket engine test sites Launch locations land/sea worldwide Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com PROTOTYPING & TESTINGPROTOTYPING & TESTING Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com LAUNCH & TEST FACILITIES Low-Altitude Flight Test Area: FA R / MTA Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com CANISTER OCEAN LAUNCH: MOBILE SELF-CONTAINED SPACE PORT Ocean Launch Flexibility Advantages Allows the customer to set the launch schedule Safer for manned launches Allows rocket to be positioned for any orbit Doesn’t set a limit on the size of a launch vehicle ReQuires only a minimum of launch support hardware Rapid-response; no waiting in a spaceport line The most cost-effective launch option New Launch Staging Area: Port of Los Angeles! Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com COMMON PROPULSION MODULE The CPM is the basic building-block of the N-Series modular orbital launchers Bi-propellant storable, high-density, hypergolic liquid rocket system Blowdown propellant feed CPMs clustered together in multiples to meet mission reQuirements for both small and large payloads Stand-alone sounding rocket SR145:145-kg