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HISPANIC NOTES & MONOGRAPHS 3 2934 0107 7242 6 PORTUGUESE SERIES HISPANIC LA TROBE UNiVERSITY I THE BORCHARDT LI BR AR •> HISPANIC SOCIETY PORTUGUESE SERIES OF AMERICA HISPANIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS ESSAYS, STUDIES, AND BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES ISSUED BY THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA A GRAMMAR OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE BY JOSEPH DUNN Professor of Celtic in the Catholic University of America NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS WASHINGTON, D. G. 1928 A GRAMMAR OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE BY JOSEPH DUNN Professor o£ Celtic in the Catholic University of America NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS WASHINGTON, D. C. 1928 W\-5 ut>(r COPYRIGHT, 1928, BY THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA Reprimed 1970. 1977. The Hispanic Society of America UTT2?!£ UN,VERSITY THE BORCHARDT L1BRARY TO HENRY ROSEMAN LANG, PH.D. IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS ENCOURAGEMENT AND ASSISTANCE V "Floreça,fale, cante, ouça-se e viva A Portugueza língua; ejâ ondefôr, Senhora vá de si, soberba e altiva." Antônio Ferreira, Carta I. VI PREFACE THE purpose of this book is to provide a rather com­ plete descriptive grammar for such as may desire an intelligent acquaintance with the Portuguese language. It contains ali the grammar needed by the ordinary student of modem Portuguese and, in addition, enough of the obsolete forms to enable him to read the poets of the classic period. The standard speech of Portugal has been taken as the norm, but Brazilian, dialectic, and colloquial usages have been noted whenever necessary. It is hoped that the book will be found useful by two different classes of learners. The grammar abso- lutely necessary for those interested in the practical use of the language only, or which may be taken on a first perusal, is prínted in a larger type, while the matter in smaller type may be left for subsequent study and will interest more serious and advanced students. I have endeavored to make the book useful as a work of reference, by arranging the material in the order of a systematic grammar and by means of a detailed index. The illustrative sentences, for the most part, have been taken directly from the best texts and the best criticai authorities of the language. In some vii cases, however, standard grammars and lexical sources have been drawn on for examples. The pronunciation of Portuguese, "sans doute la plus délicate et la plus compliquée de n'importe quelle langue romane" (Viana), can, of course, be learnt only from the lips of the teacher, but it is hoped that the detailed table of vowel and consonant sounds, the marking throughout of the quality of accented a, e, and o, and the pages in phonetic spelling will be of considerable assistance. In order to retain the charac- ters of the ordinary alphabet as far as possible for phonetic purposes, the system of translíteration whích I have employed departs slightly from that recognized by the International Phonetic Association. The spell­ ing is in absolute conformity with the orthography recommended by the Commission appointed in 1911 by the Portuguese Government to fix the bases of the official orthography, conformed to by Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana, in his Vocabulário ortográfico e remissivo da Língua Portuguesa, 4a edição, Lisboa, 1920, including the modifications introduced by the Commission in 1927. I have consulted practically ali the numerous Portu­ guese grammars and ali the studies on the Portuguese language that have appeared in modem times and have not hesitated to avail myself of their best features. I desire to acknowledge in the most cordial terms my indebtedness to my colleagues, Dr. Manoel Oliveira Lima and Dr. J. de Siqueira Coutinho, Professors in the Catholic University of America, to Dr. José Joaquim Nunes, Professor in the University of Lisbon, and viii to Drs. Ferrand d'Almeida and Oliveira Guimarães, Professors in the University of Coimbra. My special thanks are due to Dr. Henry R. Lang, Emeritus Professor in Yale University, to whom this book is dedicated, for the admirable and generous help which his coõperation has given me. For the errors, however, which the book contains, the author is alone to be held responsible. JOSEPH DUNN. IX CONTENTS Page I. TheAlphabet 1 II. Phonetic Introduction ^2L. III. Accent (3 IV. Division of Syllables ^4 V. Orthography 66 VI. Capitalization and Punctuation 69 VII. Points of Interrogation and Exclamation 71 VIII. Accent Marks 72 IX. Homonymous Words 78 X. History and Dialects of Portuguese 81 XI. Exercise in Pronunciation 92 XII. TheArticle 101 XIII. The Noun 131 XIV. TheAdjective 186 XV. The Numerai 217 XVI. ThePronoun 241 XVII. TheVerb 332 XVIII. TheAdverb 539 XIX. The Preposition 570 XX. The Conjunction 603 XXI. The Interjection 612 XXII. Orderof Words 614 XXIII. Portuguese Proverbs 620 XXIV. Portuguese Abbreviations 631 Index 636 Map of Portugal 80 xi I. THE ALPHABET 1. (a) The Portuguese alphabet consists of twenty- six letters, including k, w, and y, which do not properly belong to it. (b) K is used chiefly in derivatives of foreign proper names, as kantiano, kantismo, kantista, kepleriano, kneipista, and may also be used in foreign words which have not yet been naturalized, as kaiser, kermesse, kírie(s), ukase, as well as in the word kilo (abbreviated K.) which has an international value. Otherwise c is written before a, o, u, or a consonant, and qu before e and i : alcali, niquel, quedive, quimono, quiosque. (c) W and y are used in a few foreign, chiefly English, words and proper names: Byron, byroniano, byronismo, poney, York. W is sometimes substituted by u or v, according to the pronunciation: vagom (also written vagão and, less correctly, vagon), whig, wkist, Darwin, darwinismo, sandwick (also written sanduíche), trâm- way (or tramuei), Venceslau. 1 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Z. LETTERS PORTUGUESE NAMES PRONUNCIATION a á ak, (q) b bê bay* (be) c cê say,* (se) d dê day* (de) e é ay,* (?) f éfe effe, (ef) g gê Fr.fai, (st) h agá agak, (t>gq) i i ee, (i) j jota jota, (sota) k ká kah, (kq) 1 ele elle, (ei) m éme emme, (?m) n éne enne, (en) 0 ó o,(9) P pê pay,* (pe) q quê kay* (ke) r erre erre, (gr) s esse esse, (es) t tê tay* (te) u u oo, (u) v vê vay* (ve) w vê dobrqdo vay* dobrqdo X xis sheesh, (fif) y i grego or ípsilon ípislon z zê zay,* (ze) rnnS°UVhe aU?Íhl? °?~SMe, which, it is important to observe, does not exist in Portuguese. II. PHONETIC INTRODUCTION 3. The pronunciation of Portuguese differs very much from that of Spanish, in having fewer gutturals and a distinctive and strongly marked nasalization of vowels and diphthongs, in the breaking of vowels, and in the weakening and elimination of mediai and final consonants. The normal national pronunciation adopt- ed as a standard in this grammar is commonly heard in educated circles not only in Lisbon and Coimbra but throughout Portugal. But even in the Capital and in the ancient university city certain phonetic peculiari- ties and localisms are met with, the most conspicuous of which will be pointed out later (47 ff.). LIST OF SYMBOLS 4. In the standard orthography (36 ff.) the only graphic signs employed are the acute (to denote an open vowel), the circumflex (to denote a close vowel), the grave (to denote an unaccented open vowel), and the til (to denote nasality). These are placed over vowels and indicate the quality of the vowel. The acute and circumflex also mark at the same time the accented syllable. Wherever necessary throughout this book, the following additional symbols will be used: A dot under a stressed a, e, or o signifies that the vowel is 'close.' A hook to the right signifies that the vowel is 'open.' In the body of the book the quality of unstressed (or reduced) vowels is left unmarked; likewise of diph- 3 4 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR thongs and nasal vowels and diphthongs, unless they already bear a graphic accent. Except in the case of a, q, a, e, ?, ç, ç, í, u, ü, ü, Ih, and nh, the symbols employed are those of the International Phonetic Association. The English values cited in the following lists as containing equivalents of Portuguese sounds are only approximate, for few people pronounce ali these English words exactly in the same way. Additional Portuguese illustrations will be found under the respective letters and symbols in the detailed treatment of the pro­ nunciation. The tendency of foreigners, especially English and American, is to pronounce too open and too distinct the vowel of an initial unaccented syllable: Portugal. But, generally speaking, the mouth is more open and the action of the tongue more vigorous in Portuguese than in English. 5. PHONETIC SYMBOLS OF TYPICAL VOWEL SOUNDS v as in 'above,' 'attend,' 'mother;' much more open than Fr. le, me, te; sometimes a mere whisper; usually in atonic position: pqrta 'door.' ÇÍ identical with v, but stronger, as in 'path;' in tonic position: cama 'bed.' q as in 'pot,' 'what,' between Fr. pâte and patte; slightly more open than Span. q: cqsa 'house.' p, almost the same as â in Fr. pâte, but slightly gutturalized. It occurs only before l and ü: mal 'badly,' mç,u 'bad.' ã lã 'wool,' ânsia [ãsiv] 'anxiety.1 e as in 'fate,' 'bake,' 'gate,' without the brief off- glide; Fr. été, attaché, Germ. See: sede 'thirst.' PHONETIC INTRODUCTION 5 g more open than in 'pet,' 'bet,' 'yet;' more open than Fr. dette and less so than Eng. 'bad' or Ital. bello: pedra 'stone.' d an obscure vowel, as in villa; not so open as v\ mçrte 'death.' 3 a whispered a, in connection with voiceless consonants: tapetar [tvpdtqx] 'to carpet.' è crença [kxêsv] 'belief.' i close, as in 'bee: vi 'I have seen.' í open, as in 'fj't,' 'sit,' Germ.

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