Gènes Et Mythes Littéraires : Pour Un Modèle Biologique Du Dynamisme Mythique Abolghasem Ghiasizarch

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gènes Et Mythes Littéraires : Pour Un Modèle Biologique Du Dynamisme Mythique Abolghasem Ghiasizarch Gènes et mythes littéraires : pour un modèle biologique du dynamisme mythique Abolghasem Ghiasizarch To cite this version: Abolghasem Ghiasizarch. Gènes et mythes littéraires : pour un modèle biologique du dynamisme mythique. Littératures. Université de Grenoble, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011GRENL001. tel- 00596834 HAL Id: tel-00596834 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596834 Submitted on 30 May 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Imaginaire Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par « Abol Ghasem / GHIASIZARCH » Thèse dirigée par « Philippe / WALTER » préparée au sein du Laboratoire CRI – Centre de Recherche sur l’Imaginaire (EA 610) dans l'École Doctorale Langues, Littératures et Sciences Humaines GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE Thèse soutenue publiquement le « 14 janvier 2011», devant le jury composé de : M. Jean Bruno RENARD Professeur à l’Université Montpellier 3, Président M. Claude THOMASSET Professeur à l’Université Paris IV Sorbonne, Rapporteur M. Philippe WALTER Professeur à l’Université Grenoble 3, Membre GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 2 REMERCIEMENT Qui ne remercie pas le peuple, ne remercie pas Dieu non plus. Je remercie Dr. Philippe Walter qui est pour moi une bibliothèque vivante. J’ai trouvé chez lui tout ce dont j’ai eu besoin. Je salue aussi sa souplesse et son ouverture d’esprit qui m’a laissé une large marge de liberté pour mener à bien ce travail de recherche. GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 3 Table des Matières Introduction 6 Majles I : Le mythe en littérature selon Pierre Brunel et 12 Philippe Sellier Critiques 16 1. Une définition issue du mythe ethno-religieux 17 2. Une définition régionale, locale 20 La présentation des périodes de la mythologie de Perse 23 1. La mythologie Perse l’ère avant Sassanide 24 2. La période mythologique de Perse l’ère post-Sassanide 26 3. La période mythologique l’ère post-Sassanide shi’ite 29 Présentation de la mythologie shi’ite 30 Origine de la mythologie littéraire shi’ite 31 La fondation de la civilisation shi’ite 36 Le temps 42 1. La période du passé : avant les Ahloul Bayt (sa) 42 2. La période du présent 46 2-1. Le jour de Ghadir 47 2-2. Les jours de Fatemieh 48 2-3. Le jour de Ashoura 50 2-4. Les jours de Sha’bân 51 3. La période du futur : Au-delà 52 L’espace 53 L’action 54 Conclusion 55 Majles II : Gènes et Mythe Littéraires 59 1. Qu’est-ce qu’un archétype ? 64 1.1. Les définitions de l’archétype 66 1.2. Des contenus de l’inconscient collectif (notre modèle 73 génétique) 1.2.1. La soupe originelle 74 1.2.2. Les contenus de la soupe originelle Les réplicateurs: 75 (les gènes (ADN) les mèmes) GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 4 1.2.3. Les machines à survie 77 1.2.4. La stabilité (la longévité, la fécondité, la fidélité de 78 copie) 1.2.5. L’évolution (la compétition, la sélection naturelle) 79 2. Le mythe littéraire 82 La notion de « Littéraire » 86 Majles III : Les Gènes littéraires et leurs fonctions 95 I. La frontière dans le réel et l’imaginaire 97 I.I. La frontière dans le rêve 101 I.II. La frontière dans l’imaginaire 104 II. Le Big Bang ou l’origine de l’imaginaire 106 III. Le tableau des gènes et mèmes littéraires (LMG) 112 Le tableau des gènes et les mèmes littéraires «LMG » 117 Le premier groupe : A’qâed (Groupe A) 119 Le deuxième groupe : Ahkâm (Groupe B) 120 Le troisième groupe : Akhlâq (Groupe D) 120 Le groupe Moshtarak (Groupe C) 122 Repérage des gènes littéraires dans un récit 129 1. La présence de certains gènes littéraires 129 2. Le rôle du fractal d’une séquence de l’ADN littéraire 152 Majles IV : Méthode de repérage du mythe : exemples 157 La méthode de repérage du mythe 162 1. Le texte I. Le mémorial des saints de Farid-u-Din 'Attar 166 2. Les Livres I. L’Amant de la Chine du Nord de Marguerite Duras 176 II. La Peste d’Albert Camus 185 Conclusion 194 Références bibliographiques 198 GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 5 Annexes 213 La Carte de l’Iran en 1814 III Le Sermon de Fatemah Az-Zahrâ (AS) IV Traduction de la ziyârat Achourâ XXI Types de gènes et vocabulaire technique XXVII Le sermon de l’Imam Ali (as) sur les Attributs de Dieu et La XXXIII Création des Cieux, de la Terre, des Anges et de l'Homme Les thèmes des mythes LXIV Les mythes et leurs thèmes LXXII Hadith al-Kissah [L’Evénement de la Couverture] LXXIX Doua’ Ahd [L’engagement] LXXXIII Récit d’Esfandiyar LXXXVI Qu’est-ce qu’une fractale ? LXXXVIII GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 6 INTRODUCTION GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 7 « Il a créé l'homme. Il lui apprit à s'exprimer clairement. » (Coran, Surate 55, versets 1-4, traduit en français par Hamidullah) En 1981, l’anthropologue et mythologue Claude Lévi-Strauss écrivit un compte rendu sur l’ouvrage du biologiste François Jacob Le jeu des possibles1. Il voyait dans la biologie, la science des structures en mouvement. A bien des égards, le mythe appartient à la même espèce des structures en mouvement. Selon Jacob : « mythes et sciences remplissent une même fonction. Ils fournissent tous deux à l’esprit humain une certaine représentation du monde et des forces qui l’animent. Ils délimitent tous deux le champ possible. » (Jacob, 1981 : 25) Mais avant François Jacob, il y avait un autre biologiste qui s’appelle Richard Dawkins2. Il a écrit en 1976 Le Gène égoïste, dans lequel il explique que «toute vie évolue en fonction des chances de survie des entités répliquées». Selon lui, le gène est la principale unité de sélection 1 JACOB, François, (1981), Le jeu des possibles, Paris : Fayard. 2 Richard Dawkins, né le 26 mars 1941 à Nairobi, est un biologiste et éthologiste britannique, vulgarisateur et théoricien de l'évolution, membre de la Royal Society. Professeur à l'Université d'Oxford, Richard Dawkins est l'un des académiciens britanniques les plus célèbres. Il acquiert la consécration avec son livre de 1976 intitulé The Selfish Gene (français : Le Gène égoïste), qui popularise la théorie de l'évolution centrée sur les gènes et introduit le terme de «mème». En 1982, il développe cette théorie dans son ouvrage Phénotype étendu puis publie en 2006 The God Delusion (français : Pour en finir avec Dieu), vendu à plus d'un million d'exemplaires. (Encyclopedia libre de wikipédia : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins) GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 8 dans l'évolution. Dawkins invente aussi le concept de « mème » comme étant l'unité de l'évolution culturelle par analogie avec le gène. Donc, il estime qu’il y a un rapport très fort entre la génétique et la culture humaine, autrement dit, entre le monde physique, le cerveau humain et l’imaginaire. Dès 1938, Roger Caillois dans Le Mythe et l’homme, déclarait : «Il y a donc une sorte de conditionnement biologique de l’imagination, venu de déterminations fondamentales susceptibles d’intervenir chaque fois que l’intelligence ne dirige pas son libre jeu vers un but précis. Aussi agissent-elles également dans les mythes et les délires, pour prendre les pôles extrêmes de l’affabulation. » (Caillois, 1938 : 83) Dans Le champ des signes, Caillois essaie de trouver un « aperçu sur l’unité et la continuité du monde physique intellectuel et imaginaire ou premiers éléments d’une poétique généralisée ». Dans cette tentative, il constate que « l’imaginaire n’est rien de plus qu’un prolongement de la matière. » (Caillois, 1986 : 71) Roger Caillois avait posé l’hypothèse que, au fond, il n’y a pas de différence fondamentale entre la manière que l’esprit fonctionne et la manière que la nature crée les formes différentes. Il cherchait un modèle capable d’expliquer son hypothèse : « Un modèle permanent, à une extrémité contraint la matière ; à l’autre, il inspire la fable. » (Ibid. : 72) Donc, selon lui, il n’y a pas de différences entre, des règles du fonctionnement de l’imaginaire humain et le monde physique, les pierres, la biologie et la botanique. Il y a les mêmes règles du fonctionnement général dans toute la nature. GÈNES ET MYTHES LITTÉRAIRES : POUR UN MODÈLE BIOLOGIQUE DU DYNAMISME MYTHIQUE 9 Dans l’introduction des structures anthropologiques de l’imaginaire, Gilbert Durand en étudiant la réflexologie betcherevienne, constate qu’il y a une convergence du symbolique et du biologique chez l’homme et qui est la seule possibilité d’étudier le « système fonctionnel » du cerveau humain. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roger Caillois, Gilbert Durand et Richard Dawkins voyaient une liaison forte entre l’imaginaire et la biologie. Mais, leurs recherches n’aboutissent pas à présenter un modèle concret. Ce que nous essayerons de présenter dans notre recherche, est un nouveau parcours vers ce but avec le nouvel outil de la génétique.
Recommended publications
  • US, Missile Defence and the Iran Threat
    IDSA Monograph Series No. 9 December 2012 In Pursuit of a Shield: US, Missile Defence and the Iran Threat S. Samuel C. Rajiv US, MISSILE DEFENCE AND THE IRAN THREAT | 1 IDSA Monograph Series No. 9 December 2012 In Pursuit of a Shield: US, Missile Defence and the Iran Threat S. Samuel C. Rajiv 2 | IDSA MONOGRAPH SERIES Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-08-6 Disclaimer: It is certified that views expressed and suggestions made in this Monograph have been made by the author in his personal capacity and do not have any official endorsement. First Published: December 2012 Price: Rs. 299/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Cover & Layout by: Geeta Kumari Printed by: Omega Offset 83, DSIDC Complex, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase I New Delhi-110 020 Mob. 8826709969, 8802887604 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.omegaoffset.co.nr US, MISSILE DEFENCE AND THE IRAN THREAT | 3 Contents Acknolwedgement.......................................................................................5 I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................7 II. US AND IRAN: THREE DECADES OF CONTENTIOUS RELATIONS..................................................10 III. US STRATEGIC ASSESSMENTS AND IRAN.....................16 Missile Threat Nuclear Threat IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369
    Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369, Fravardin & l FEZAN A IN S I D E T HJ S I S S U E Federation of Zoroastrian • Summer 2000, Tabestal1 1369 YZ • Associations of North America http://www.fezana.org PRESIDENT: Framroze K. Patel 3 Editorial - Pallan R. Ichaporia 9 South Circle, Woodbridge, NJ 07095 (732) 634-8585, (732) 636-5957 (F) 4 From the President - Framroze K. Patel president@ fezana. org 5 FEZANA Update 6 On the North American Scene FEZ ANA 10 Coming Events (World Congress 2000) Jr ([]) UJIR<J~ AIL '14 Interfaith PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF '15 Around the World NORTH AMERICA 20 A Millennium Gift - Four New Agiaries in Mumbai CHAIRPERSON: Khorshed Jungalwala Rohinton M. Rivetna 53 Firecut Lane, Sudbury, MA 01776 Cover Story: (978) 443-6858, (978) 440-8370 (F) 22 kayj@ ziplink.net Honoring our Past: History of Iran, from Legendary Times EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Roshan Rivetna 5750 S. Jackson St. Hinsdale, IL 60521 through the Sasanian Empire (630) 325-5383, (630) 734-1579 (F) Guest Editor Pallan R. Ichaporia ri vetna@ lucent. com 23 A Place in World History MILESTONES/ ANNOUNCEMENTS Roshan Rivetna with Pallan R. Ichaporia Mahrukh Motafram 33 Legendary History of the Peshdadians - Pallan R. Ichaporia 2390 Chanticleer, Brookfield, WI 53045 (414) 821-5296, [email protected] 35 Jamshid, History or Myth? - Pen1in J. Mist1y EDITORS 37 The Kayanian Dynasty - Pallan R. Ichaporia Adel Engineer, Dolly Malva, Jamshed Udvadia 40 The Persian Empire of the Achaemenians Pallan R. Ichaporia YOUTHFULLY SPEAKING: Nenshad Bardoliwalla 47 The Parthian Empire - Rashna P.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Signatories Family Members of the Victims and Former Political
    List of Signatories Family Members of the Victims and Former Political Prisoners 1 Abani, Ali Former Political Prisoner, Political Activist and University Professor 2 Alavi, Dr. Hossain Physician and brother of the victim Mehdi Alavi Shushtari 3 Alavi, Edina M. Family member of the victim Mehdi Alavi Shushtari 4 Alavi, Laleh Sister of the victim Mehdi Alavi Shushtari 5 Alavi, Mark M. Brother of the victim Mehdi Alavi Shushtari 6 Alavi, Ramin Nephew of the victims Mehdi Alavi Shushtari 7 Alizadeh, Solmaz Daughter of the victim Mahmoud Alizadeh 8 Bakian, Hasti Niece of the victim Bijan Bazargan 9 Bakian, Kayhan Nephew of the victim Bijan Bazargan 10 BaniAsad, Hanna Niece of the victim Bijan Bazargan 11 BaniAsad, Leila Niece of the victim Bijan Bazargan 12 Bazargan, Babak Brother of the victim Bijan Bazargan 13 Bazargan, Banafsheh Sister of the victim Bijan Bazargan 14 Bazargan, Dr. Niloofar Physician and sister of the victim Bijan Bazargan 15 Bazargan, Laleh Sister of the victim Bijan Bazargan 16 Bazargan, Lawdan Former Political Prisoner & Sister of the victim Bijan Bazargan & Political & Human Rights Activist 17 Behkish, Mansureh Former Political Prisoner & Sister of the Victims Zahra Behkish, Mohammad Reza Behkish, Mohsen Behkish, Mohammad Ali Behkish, Mahmoud Behkish and Sister- in-Law of victim Siamak Asadian 18 Boroumand, Dr. Ladan Co-founder of the Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation; Daughter of the Victim Abdorrahman Boroumand 19 Boroumand, Dr. Roya Executive Director of the Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation; Daughter of the Victim Abdorrahman Boroumand 20 Damavandi, Ali Brother of the victim Mohammad Seyed Mohesen Damavandi 21 Damghani, Saman Family Member of one of the Victims of 1988 22 Ebrahim Zadeh, Bagher Brother of the victim Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer/June 2014
    AMORDAD – SHEHREVER- MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL. 28, No 2 SUMMER/JUNE 2014 ● SUMMER/JUNE 2014 Tir–Amordad–ShehreverJOUR 1383 AY (Fasli) • Behman–Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin 1384 (Shenshai) •N Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin–ArdibeheshtAL 1384 AY (Kadimi) Zoroastrians of Central Asia PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Copyright ©2014 Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America • • With 'Best Compfiments from rrhe Incorporated fJTustees of the Zoroastrian Charity :Funds of :J{ongl(pnffi Canton & Macao • • PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Vol 28 No 2 June / Summer 2014, Tabestan 1383 AY 3752 Z 92 Zoroastrianism and 90 The Death of Iranian Religions in Yazdegerd III at Merv Ancient Armenia 15 Was Central Asia the Ancient Home of 74 Letters from Sogdian the Aryan Nation & Zoroastrians at the Zoroastrian Religion ? Eastern Crosssroads 02 Editorials 42 Some Reflections on Furniture Of Sogdians And Zoroastrianism in Sogdiana Other Central Asians In 11 FEZANA AGM 2014 - Seattle and Bactria China 13 Zoroastrians of Central 49 Understanding Central 78 Kazakhstan Interfaith Asia Genesis of This Issue Asian Zoroastrianism Activities: Zoroastrian Through Sogdian Art Forms 22 Evidence from Archeology Participation and Art 55 Iranian Themes in the 80 Balkh: The Holy Land Afrasyab Paintings in the 31 Parthian Zoroastrians at Hall of Ambassadors 87 Is There A Zoroastrian Nisa Revival In Present Day 61 The Zoroastrain Bone Tajikistan? 34 "Zoroastrian Traces" In Boxes of Chorasmia and Two Ancient Sites In Sogdiana 98 Treasures of the Silk Road Bactria And Sogdiana: Takhti Sangin And Sarazm 66 Zoroastrian Funerary 102 Personal Profile Beliefs And Practices As Shown On The Tomb 104 Books and Arts Editor in Chief: Dolly Dastoor, editor(@)fezana.org AMORDAD SHEHREVER MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA Technical Assistant: Coomi Gazdar TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Rostam As a Pre-Historic Iranian Hero Or the Shi'itic Missionary?
    When Literature and Religion Intertwine: Rostam as a Pre-Historic Iranian Hero or the Shi’itic Missionary? Farzad Ghaemi Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Khorasan Province 9177948883, Iran Email: [email protected] Azra Ghandeharion* (Corresponding Author) Department of English Studies, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Khorasan Province 9177948883, Iran Email: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to show how Rostam, the legendary hero of Iranian mythology, have witnessed ideological alterations in the formation of Persian epic, Shahnameh. Among different oral and written Shahnamehs, this paper focuses on Asadi Shahnameh written during the 14th or 15th century. Though he is a pre- Islamic hero, Rostam and his tasks are changed to fit the ideological purposes of the poet’s time and place. A century later, under the influence of the state religion of Safavid Dynasty (1501–1736), Iranian pre-Islamic values underwent the process of Shi’itization. Scarcity of literature regarding the interpretation of Asadi Shahnameh and the unique position of this text in the realm of Persian epic are the reasons for our choice of scrutiny. In Asadi Shahnameh Rostam is both a national hero and a Shi’ite missionary. By meticulous textual and historical analysis, this article shows how Asadi unites seemingly rival subjects like Islam with Zoroastrianism, philosophy with religion, and heroism with mysticism. It is concluded that Asadi’s Rostam is the Shi’ite-Mystic version of Iranians’ popular hero who helps the cause of Shi’itic messianism and performs missionary tasks in both philosophic and practical levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
    Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride.
    [Show full text]
  • The Second After the King and Achaemenid Bactria on Classical Sources
    The Second after the King and Achaemenid Bactria on Classical Sources MANEL GARCÍA SÁNCHEZ Universidad de Barcelona–CEIPAC* ABSTRACT The government of the Achaemenid Satrapy of Bactria is frequently associated in Classical sources with the Second after the King. Although this relationship did not happen in all the cases of succession to the Achaemenid throne, there is no doubt that the Bactrian government considered it valuable and important both for the stability of the Empire and as a reward for the loser in the succession struggle to the Achaemenid throne. KEYWORDS Achaemenid succession – Achaemenid Bactria – Achaemenid Kingship Crown Princes – porphyrogenesis Beyond the tradition that made of Zoroaster the and harem royal intrigues among the successors King of the Bactrians, Rege Bactrianorum, qui to the throne in the Achaemenid Empire primus dicitur artes magicas invenisse (Justinus (Shahbazi 1993; García Sánchez 2005; 2009, 1.1.9), Classical sources sometimes relate the 155–175). It is in this context where we might Satrapy of Bactria –the Persian Satrapy included find some explicit references to the reward for Sogdiana as well (Briant 1984, 71; Briant 1996, the prince who lost the succession dispute: the 403 s.)– along with the princes of the offer of the government of Bactria as a Achaemenid royal family and especially with compensation for the damage done after not the ruled out prince in the succession, the having been chosen as a successor of the Great second in line to the throne, sometimes King (Sancisi–Weerdenburg 1980, 122–139; appointed in the sources as “the second after the Briant 1984, 69–80).
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Religions J.N.K
    A Comparative Study of Religions J.N.K. Mugambi Published by African Books Collective Mugambi, J.N.K. A Comparative Study of Religions: Second Edition. African Books Collective, 2010. Project MUSE.muse.jhu.edu/book/39862. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/39862 [ Access provided at 12 Apr 2020 15:12 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] 28 D.W. Waruta In the next two chapters we are going to study Zoroastrianism. Of the four near-eastern religions which we shall consider in this unit, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Zoroastrianism is the second oldest, next to Judaism. It has had an important influence on the other three religions. Zoroastrianism originated in Iran or Ancient Persia. Ling describes ancient Persia as: “the true Middle East…., the meeting ground of East and West, the bridge between the culture of the Mediterranean world and that of India, the link between two widely differing civilizations” (Ling, p.76). However, the inhabitants of ancient Persia (Iran) were closely related to the Aryan invaders of India and the early settlers of Greece and Rome. It is thought highly likely that they all had a common origin. This is suggested by the correspondence of the names Iran and Aryan, by the similarity of their gods, and similarities in their languages. The pre-Zoroastrian Iranian religion was very much like the religion of the Aryans who invaded India in the second millennium B.C. and which is reflected in the Vedas. The religion was basically polytheistic. There were also numerous spirits both good and evil.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian-Thessalian Relations in the Late Fifth Century BC
    The Prince and the Pancratiast: Persian-Thessalian Relations in the Late Fifth Century B.C. John O. Hyland EAR THE END of the fifth century B.C. the famous Thes- salian pancratiast Poulydamas of Skotoussa traveled to Nthe Achaemenid court at the invitation of Darius II. Scholars have noted the visit as an instance of cultural inter- action, but Persia’s simultaneous involvement in the Pelopon- nesian War suggests the possibility of diplomatic overtones. A political purpose for Poulydamas’ travel would be especially at- tractive given the subsequent cooperation between Darius’ son, Cyrus the Younger, and a cabal of Thessalian guest-friends. These episodes may be linked as successive steps in the restora- tion of the old xenia between Xerxes and Thessalian leaders, dormant since 479. By examining what Persian and Thessalian elites stood to gain from renewing their old partnership, we can shed new light on an under-appreciated dimension of Graeco- Persian political relations. The pancratiast’s visit: Poulydamas, Darius II, and Cyrus Poulydamas’ victory at the Olympic games of 408 made him a living legend in Greece, a strongman comparable to Herakles (Paus. 6.5.1–9).1 Plato’s Republic testifies to his fame outside of Thessaly in the first half of the fourth century, citing him as the 1 For the date see Luigi Moretti, Olympionikai: i vincitori negli antichi agoni Olympici (Rome 1957), no. 348. For Poulydamas’ emulation of Herakles, and similar associations for Milo and other Olympic victors see David Lunt, “The Heroic Athlete in Ancient Greece,” Journal of Sport History 36 (2009) 380–383.
    [Show full text]
  • Nss Fights Covid-19 "Stay Informed Stay Safe"
    Office of the Programme Coordinator National Service Scheme (NSS) Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, Government of India University of Kashmir (NAAC ACCREDITED GRADE “A +") Not Me But You NSS FIGHTS COVID-19 "STAY INFORMED STAY SAFE" LIST OF NSS VOLUNTEERS S. NO. VOLUNTEER INSTITUTION DISTRICT MOB. NO. 1 Muneera Ali University of Kashmir Srinagar 6005580083 2 Mariya Chishti University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006155919 3 Khushboo Akhoon University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006863318 4 Seerat Ul Ayoub University of Kashmir Srinagar 9541652933 5 Syed Rukhsana University of Kashmir Srinagar 9622844594 6 Bisma Yousuf Wani University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006594616 7 Ienan Niyaz University of Kashmir Srinagar 9541699866 8 Eshan University of Kashmir Srinagar 9622643282 9 Badil Showkat University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006909119 10 Noffal Majeed University of Kashmir Srinagar 9906521083 11 Amer Ahmad Bhat University of Kashmir Srinagar 7889746683 12 Arif Ahmed Bhat University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006304986 13 Saiqa Nazir University of Kashmir Srinagar 6005301900 14 Nowsheeba Latief University of Kashmir Srinagar 9541624070 15 Insha Aziz University of Kashmir Srinagar 6005128198 16 Shaziya Murtaza University of Kashmir Srinagar 8082287499 17 Aksa Bashir University of Kashmir Srinagar 8803423468 18 Urba Javaid University of Kashmir Srinagar 8493071148 19 Umair University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006297317 20 Arzaana Lateef University of Kashmir Srinagar 7006054551 21 Rizwana Rehman University of Kashmir Srinagar 9149644414 22 Irshad Hussain Wani University
    [Show full text]
  • Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
    Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices General Editor: John R. Hinnells The University, Manchester In the series: The Sikhs W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices MaryBoyce ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL London, Boston and Henley HARVARD UNIVERSITY, UBRARY.: DEe 1 81979 First published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd 39 Store Street, London WC1E 7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG9 1EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Set in 10 on 12pt Garamond and printed in Great Britain by Lowe & BrydonePrinters Ltd Thetford, Norfolk © Mary Boyce 1979 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Boyce, Mary Zoroastrians. - (Libraryof religious beliefs and practices). I. Zoroastrianism - History I. Title II. Series ISBN 0 7100 0121 5 Dedicated in gratitude to the memory of HECTOR MUNRO CHADWICK Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge 1912-4 1 Contents Preface XJ1l Glossary xv Signs and abbreviations XIX \/ I The background I Introduction I The Indo-Iranians 2 The old religion 3 cult The J The gods 6 the 12 Death and hereafter Conclusion 16 2 Zoroaster and his teaching 17 Introduction 17 Zoroaster and his mission 18 Ahura Mazda and his Adversary 19 The heptad and the seven creations 21 .. vu Contents Creation and the Three Times 25 Death and the hereafter 27 3 The establishing of Mazda
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical
    ROLE OF PERSIANS AT THE MUGHAL COURT: A HISTORICAL STUDY, DURING 1526 A.D. TO 1707 A.D. PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED BY, MUHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMED BALOCH IN THE AREA STUDY CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EAST & ARAB COUNTRIES UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA, PAKISTAN. FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY 2005 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I, Muhammad Ziauddin, do solemnly declare that the Research Work Titled “Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A.D to 1707 A.D” is hereby submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any Degree. The said research work was carried out by the undersigned under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch, Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Muhammad Ziauddin CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Ziauddin has worked under my supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His research work is original. He fulfills all the requirements to submit the accompanying thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Research Supervisor & Director Area Study Centre For Middle East & Arab Countries University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi Dean Faculty of State Sciences University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. d DEDICATED TO THE UNFORGETABLE MEMORIES OF LATE PROF. MUHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH OF HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN e ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I must thank to Almighty Allah, who is so merciful and beneficent to all of us, and without His will we can not do anything; it is He who guide us to the right path, and give us sufficient knowledge and strength to perform our assigned duties.
    [Show full text]