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Rediscovery of the Elements — a Historical Sketch of the Discoveries
REDISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENTS — A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE DISCOVERIES TABLE OF CONTENTS incantations. The ancient Greeks were the first to Introduction ........................1 address the question of what these principles 1. The Ancients .....................3 might be. Water was the obvious basic 2. The Alchemists ...................9 essence, and Aristotle expanded the Greek 3. The Miners ......................14 philosophy to encompass a obscure mixture of 4. Lavoisier and Phlogiston ...........23 four elements — fire, earth, water, and air — 5. Halogens from Salts ...............30 as being responsible for the makeup of all 6. Humphry Davy and the Voltaic Pile ..35 materials of the earth. As late as 1777, scien- 7. Using Davy's Metals ..............41 tific texts embraced these four elements, even 8. Platinum and the Noble Metals ......46 though a over-whelming body of evidence 9. The Periodic Table ................52 pointed out many contradictions. It was taking 10. The Bunsen Burner Shows its Colors 57 thousands of years for mankind to evolve his 11. The Rare Earths .................61 thinking from Principles — which were 12. The Inert Gases .................68 ethereal notions describing the perceptions of 13. The Radioactive Elements .........73 this material world — to Elements — real, 14. Moseley and Atomic Numbers .....81 concrete basic stuff of this universe. 15. The Artificial Elements ...........85 The alchemists, who devoted untold Epilogue ..........................94 grueling hours to transmute metals into gold, Figs. 1-3. Mendeleev's Periodic Tables 95-97 believed that in addition to the four Aristo- Fig. 4. Brauner's 1902 Periodic Table ...98 telian elements, two principles gave rise to all Fig. 5. Periodic Table, 1925 ...........99 natural substances: mercury and sulfur. -
Arcana & Curiosa
ARCANA & CURIOSA MY PERSONAL LIBRARY * Notes: * The data listed here have been exported from an .fp5 file and they may contain some formatting glitch. Any ambiguities however may be solved by consulting the websites quoted in the records of downloaded materials and/or the main online OPACs, especially the University of Manchester’s COPAC (http://copac.ac.uk/) and OPALE, the online catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (http://catalogue.bnf.fr/). * This catalogue included printed materials as well as electronic resources published online; there is no separation of the two in sections, but all are recorded in the same database for quick reference, because I don’t always remember whether my copy of a certain work is printed or electronic. * The records are listed A-Z by surname of first author and first word in the title (articles included). * A passage to the Afterworld, http://www.knowth.com/newgrange.htm, download aprile 2003, ripubblicato da «The World of Hibernia», Cultura materiale e archeologia A Proper newe Booke of Cokerye (mid-16th c.), http://www.staff.uni- marburg.de/~gloning/bookecok.htm, download maggio 2004, Cultura materiale e archeologia Ad fontes: gnostic sources in the BPH, J.R. Ritman Library -- Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica. The Library of Hermetic Philosophy in Amsterdam, http://www.xs4all.nl/~bph/, download agosto 2002, Alchimia Aesch-Mezareph, traduzione inglese di W. Wynn Westcott, The Alchemy Web, http://www.levity.com/alchemy, download ottobre 2001, Adam McLean, Alchimia Alchemical and chemical -
2008 Board of Governors Report
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Board of Governors Meeting Le Centre Sheraton Montréal Hotel Montréal, Quebec, Canada 23 July 2008 Maureen A. Donnelly Secretary Florida International University Biological Sciences 11200 SW 8th St. - OE 167 Miami, FL 33199 [email protected] 305.348.1235 31 May 2008 The ASIH Board of Governor's is scheduled to meet on Wednesday, 23 July 2008 from 1700- 1900 h in Salon A&B in the Le Centre Sheraton, Montréal Hotel. President Mushinsky plans to move blanket acceptance of all reports included in this book. Items that a governor wishes to discuss will be exempted from the motion for blanket acceptance and will be acted upon individually. We will cover the proposed consititutional changes following discussion of reports. Please remember to bring this booklet with you to the meeting. I will bring a few extra copies to Montreal. Please contact me directly (email is best - [email protected]) with any questions you may have. Please notify me if you will not be able to attend the meeting so I can share your regrets with the Governors. I will leave for Montréal on 20 July 2008 so try to contact me before that date if possible. I will arrive late on the afternoon of 22 July 2008. The Annual Business Meeting will be held on Sunday 27 July 2005 from 1800-2000 h in Salon A&C. Please plan to attend the BOG meeting and Annual Business Meeting. I look forward to seeing you in Montréal. Sincerely, Maureen A. Donnelly ASIH Secretary 1 ASIH BOARD OF GOVERNORS 2008 Past Presidents Executive Elected Officers Committee (not on EXEC) Atz, J.W. -
Bibliography
Bibliography Unpublished Sources The Military Archives, Stockholm (Krigsarkivet, KrA) Artilleribok, Artilleriet. Laro-¨ och handbocker.¨ XVI:47. Benzelstierna, Jesper Albrecht, En dehl Hrr volontairers af Fortificationen examen pro anno 1737, Fortifikationen, Chefsexpeditionen, Examenshandlingar 1737, F2:1. Fyra stycken projecterofwer ¨ sluyser af tr¨a¨a wedh Trollh¨attan. Kungsboken 16:1. Journalerofwer ¨ arbetet p˚a dockan. ifr˚an den 2: ianuary 1717. till den 1: october 1720. d˚a entreprenaden begynttes, Militierakningar¨ 1717:1. Rappe, Niklas, Atta˚ b¨ocker om artilleriet, uti den moskovitiska f˚angenskapen sammandragna och till slut bragta, av generalmajor Niklas Rappe (1714), Artilleriet. Laro-¨ och handbocker,¨ XVI:18a–b. The Royal Library, Stockholm (Kungliga Biblioteket, KB) Bromell, Magnus von, Doctoris Magni Bromelii prælectiones privatæ in regnum minerale Upsaliæ habito in martio etc anno 1713, copy by J. Troilius, X 601. Buschenfelt, Samuel, Denaldre ¨ fadren Buschenfelts marchscheider Relation 1694. tilh¨orige Ritningar, L 70:54:2. Nordberg, Joran,¨ Anecdotes, eller Noter till kyrckoherdens doctor J¨oran Norbergs Historia, om konung Carl den XIIte, glorwyrdigst iaminnelse, ˚ wid censureringen uteslutne, D 809. Nordberg, Joran,¨ Anecdotes, eller Noter till kyrkioherdens doctor J¨oran Nordbergs Historia om konung Carl den XIIte, hwilka wid censureringen blifwit uteslutne, part one, D 812. Nordberg, Joran,¨ Kyrckoherden doctor J¨oran Nordbergs Anedoter til des Historia om konung Carl den XII. glorwordigst iaminnelse, ˚ hwilcka blifwit uteslutne wid censurerandet, D 814. Polhem, Christopher, Anteckningar och utkast r¨orande ett af honom uppfunnet ‘Universalspr˚ak’, :::, N 60. Polhem, Christopher, Filosofiska uppsatser, P 20:1–2. Polhem, Christopher, Mindre uppsatser och fragment i praktisk mekanik, X 267:1. Polhem, Christopher, Uppsatser i allm¨ant naturvetenskapligaamnen ¨ , X 517:1. -
A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball
Mott T. Greene and Sharon Kingsland Series Editors Transforming Matter A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball Trevor H. Levere © 2001 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2001 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 987654321 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levere, Trevor Harvey. Transforming matter : a history of chemistry from alchemy to the buckyball / Trevor H. Levere. p. cm. — (Johns Hopkins introductory studies in the history of science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8018-6609-X (acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-8018-6610-3 (pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Chemistry—History. I. Title. II. Series. QD11 .L45 2001 540´.9—dc21 00-011487 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix 1 First Steps: From Alchemy to Chemistry? 1 2 Robert Boyle: Chemistry and Experiment 14 3 A German Story: What Burns, and How 28 4 An Enlightened Discipline: Chemistry as Science and Craft 39 5 Different Kinds of Air 51 6 Theory and Practice: The Tools of Revolution 66 7 Atoms and Elements 80 8 The Rise of Organic Chemistry 94 9 Atomic Weights Revisited 107 10 The Birth of the Teaching-Research Laboratory 121 11 Atoms in Space 136 12 Physical Chemistry: A Discipline Comes of Age 152 13 The Nature of the Chemical Bond 165 14 Where Now, and Where Next? New Frontiers 182 Suggested Further Reading 201 Index 209 Acknowledgments This book owes much to the undergraduate and graduate students in lecture courses on the history of science and in seminars on the history of chemistry at the University of Toronto over many years of teaching. -
3. 18C Chemistry
History of Chemistry Organisch-chemisches Institut Universität Zürich Professor Ramberg Early Eighteenth Century Chymistry In 1700, chemistry continued its explicit emphasis on the corpuscular nature of matter, but there was a reaction, particularly in the German States, to the purely mechanical chemistry of Boyle and Newton’s concept of attractions and repulsions between particles. By the middle of the century, chemists had both dropped transmutional alchemy, and reorganized their work around the concept of chemical composition, determined by analysis and synthesis. I. Limitations of Mechanical Chymistry 1. Robert Boyle 2. Isaac Newton II. Chymistry at the Paris Academy of Sciences 1. Nicolas Lemery (1645-1715) 2. Wilhelm Homberg (1652-1715) 3. Guilliame Francois Geoffroy (1672-1731) III. Reaction to Mechanical Chymistry 1. Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1738) 2. Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734) a. Set of five corpuscular principles: Air, water, earth (vitrifiable, inflammable, mercurial) b. Hierarchical matter theory c. Aggregates vs mixts IV. Atoms or Elements? 1. Wilhelm Homberg, “Essay de l’analyse du souffre commun,” (1703) The word ‘principle’ has two significations in chemistry. ... [First] we have still been unable to determine anything uncontestable about the shape arrangement, and the movements of the primary matter. ... [Chemically, principles] are the simplest matters into which a mixt is reduced by chemical analysis. 2. Georg Ernst Stahl, Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry (1704) [A] difference, at present, prevails between the physical and chemical principles of mix’d bodies. Those are called physical principles whereof a mixt is really composed; but they are not hitherto settled.... And those are usually termed chemical principles, into which all bodies are found reducible by the chemical operations hitherto known. -
Final Copy 2020 05 12 Leen
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Leendertz-Ford, Anna S T Title: Anatomy of Seventeenth-Century Alchemy and Chemistry General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. ANATOMY OF SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY ANNA STELLA THEODORA LEENDERTZ-FORD A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, School of Philosophy. -
L'assoluto ISSN 2036-5020
CENTRO INTERDIPARTIMENTALE DI STUDI SU DESCARTES E IL SEICENTO UNIVERSITÀ DEL SALENTO DIPARTIMENTO DI STUDI UMANISTICI Titolo Anno 8 - Numero 8 Dicembre 2015 L'ASSOLUTO ISSN 2036-5020 DIREZIONE: Jean-Robert Armogathe Saggi di: Giulia Belgioioso Carlo Borghero • Michele Abbate CONSIGLIO SCIENTIFICO: Enrico Berti • Filippo Mignini Giuliano Campioni Vincent Carraud • Lucia Ziglioli Jean-François Courtine Costantino Esposito • Marcello Mustè Dan Garber Hiroaki Yamada Jean-Luc Marion Steven Nadler Pasquale Porro Christoph Rapp REDAZIONE: Igor Agostini Siegrid Agostini Chiara Catalano Maria Cristina Fornari Francesco Fronterotta Emanuele Mariani Fabio Sulpizio Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 Alvearium è una rivista internazionale di storia della filosofia nata nel 2008, esce annualmente e pubblica i propri con- tenuti in full open access. Dal 2012 tutti gli articoli inviati alla redazione sono sistematicamente sottoposti al blind peer reviewing. Per i numeri dal 4 (2012) al presente i referees sono stati: Michele Abbate Nadia Bray Luc Brisson Giuliano Campioni Hervé Cavallera Virgilio Cesarone Jean-François Courtine Antonella Del Prete Carla Maria Fabiani Adriano Fabris Franco Ferrari Andrea Sangiacomo Alvearium è distribuita gratuitamente sul sito www.cartesius.net Per tutelare gli autori e la rivista, il testo è distribuito in formato pdf non modificabile. Eventuali contributi o richieste di informazioni potranno essere inviati a: [email protected] 2 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 INDICE EDITORIALE ................................................................................................................... -
Bonn Zoological Bulletin - Früher Bonner Zoologische Beiträge
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Bonn zoological Bulletin - früher Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. Jahr/Year: 2012 Band/Volume: 61 Autor(en)/Author(s): Wagner Philipp, Bauer Aaron M., Böhme Wolfgang Artikel/Article: Amphibians and reptiles collected by Moritz Wagner, with a focus on the ZFMK collection 216-240 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at Bonn zoological Bulletin 61 (2): 216-240 December 2012 Amphibians and reptiles collected by Moritz Wagner, with a focus on the ZFMK collection ^ Philipp Wagner , Aaron M. Bauer' & Wolfgang Bohme^ Department ofBiology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA. Zoologisches Forschungsmiiseum A. Koenig, Adenaiierallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. 'Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract. Moritz Wagner (1813-1887) is one of the least poorly-known German explorers, geographers and biologists of the 19"' century. Between 1836 and 1860, expeditions led him to Algeria, the Caucasus Region, as well as to North-, Central- and South-America. Beside his important scientific contributions to biology, geography and ethnogra- phy he also collected large numbers of plant and animal specimens. The collected material is scattered among several European museums and university collections because Wagner only obtained a permanent position after his last voyage. Prior to this he donated his material to experts, flinding societies or the institutions where he was a student or in whose collections he worked. The present article is a first contribution towards a review of the herpetological collections made by Moritz Wagner, which includes type material of several amphibians and reptiles. -
Nascimentojunior Af Dr Bauru.Pdf (2.346Mb)
FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS – CAMPUS BAURU PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA ANTÔNIO FERNANDES NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTATUTOS DE CIÊNCIA PARA A BIOLOGIA NUMA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICO- FILOSÓFICA: UMA ABORDAGEM ESTRUTURANTE PARA SEU ENSINO BAURU 2010 ANTÔNIO FERNANDES NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTATUTOS DE CIÊNCIA PARA A BIOLOGIA NUMA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICO- FILOSÓFICA: UMA ABORDAGEM ESTRUTURANTE PARA SEU ENSINO Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Estadual Paulista ―Júlio de Mesquita Filho‖, Campus de Bauru, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Educação para a Ciência. Orientador Prof° Drº. Marcelo Carbone Carneiro BAURU 2010 Nascimento Júnior, Antônio Fernandes. Construção de Estatutos de Ciência para a Biologia Numa Perspectiva Histórico-Filosófica: uma Abordagem Estruturante para seu Ensino / Antônio Fernandes Nascimento Júnior, 2010. 437 f.: il. Orientador: Marcelo Carbone Carneiro Tese (Doutorado)–Universidade Estadual Paulista. Faculdade de Ciências, Bauru, 2010 1.Documentos curriculares. 2.Ensino de Biologia. 3.Estatutos da Ciência. 4.História e Filosofia da Biologia. I. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Faculdade de Ciências. II. Título. ANTÔNIO FERNANDES NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTATUTOS DE CIÊNCIA PARA A BIOLOGIA NUMA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICO- FILOSÓFICA: UMA ABORDAGEM ESTRUTURANTE PARA SEU ENSINO Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciên cias da Universidade Estadual Paulista ―Júlio de Mesquita Filho‖, Campus de Bauru, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Educação para a Ciência. Data Aprovação: 30/07/2010 BAURU 2010 Dedico este trabalho ao meu filho Ícaro, à minha companheira Daniele, aos meus pais Edith e Antônio, ao meu irmão e cunhada Arnaldo e Cecília, às minhas sobrinhas Letícia e Fernanda e ao meu sobrinho Luciano AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço todos aqueles que me auxiliaram a contornar os meus delírios nestes últimos anos, a começar pela minha companheira Daniele. -
1 Curriculum Vitae (2017) Lawrence M. Principe Office Address: Department of the History of Science and Technology, 301 Gilman H
1 Curriculum Vitae (2017) Lawrence M. Principe Office Address: Department of the History of Science and Technology, 301 Gilman Hall, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA or Chemistry Department, Remsen Hall, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Education: 1996 Ph.D.; History of Science, Johns Hopkins University. 1988 Ph.D.; Organic Chemistry, Indiana University. 1983 B.S.; Chemistry, University of Delaware. 1983 Honors B.A.; Liberal Studies, University of Delaware. Positions Held: 2011- Director, Singleton Center for the Study of Premodern Europe, JHU 2006- Drew Professor of the Humanities, Department of the History of Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University. 2010 F. C. Donders Professor, Universiteit te Utrecht 2002-06 Professor, HST and Chemistry, JHU 2005 Francis Bacon Visiting Professor of History, California Institute of Technology 1999-02 Associate Professor, HST and Chemistry, JHU 1997-99 Assistant Professor, HST and Chemistry, JHU 1996-97 Associate Research Scientist, Chemistry Department, JHU 1994-97 Senior Lecturer of Chemistry, Chemistry Department, JHU 1989-94 Lecturer of Chemistry and Laboratory Instructor, Chemistry Department, JHU. 1988-93 Instructor of Chemistry, School of Continuing Studies, JHU Publications: Books: The Secrets of Alchemy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013). The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). [Spanish ed.: La revolución cientifica: Una breve introducción (Madrid: Alianza, 2013); Swedish ed.: Den Vetenskapliga Revolutionen (Stockholm: Fri Tanke, 2013); Chinese ed.:(Yilin Press, 2013); Arabic ed.: Al-thūrah al-`alamiyyah (Cairo: Hindawi Publishing, 2014); Japanese ed. (Tokyo: Maruzen, 2014); Korean ed. (Munhakdongne, 2017).] The Accademia del Cimento and Its European Context, ed. -
Chemiegeschichtliche Daten Anorganischer Substanzen
Chemiegeschichtliche Daten anorganischer Substanzen Rudolf Werner Soukup 09.07.2016 Titel: Franciscus Petrarca, Sebastian Brandt, Von der Artzney bayder Glück, Vonn Alchemey, Augspurg MDXXXII Stibnit: Wikimedia Commons, DSCF0504.jpg Kristallstruktur des Stibnits: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibnit#/media/File:Kristallstruktur_Stibnit.png (9.7.2016) 2 Vorwort Unmittelbarer Anlass mit der Arbeit an einem chemiehistorischen Lexikon anorganischer Substanzen zu beginnen war eine Diskussion über lexikgrafische und terminologische Probleme zur Erfassung von Fachtermini an der Herzog August-Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel im Sommer 2015. Kurz danach wurde mir die Aufgabe gestellt, all die in einer bislang unpublizierten chemischen Dissertation aus dem Jahre 1817 auftauchenden Namen in die heute gebräuchlichen zu „übersetzen“. Erneut wurde mir schmerzhaft das Fehlen von diesbezüglichen Nachschlagewerken oder Datenbanken bewusst. Wie hießen die gleichen Substanzen im 19., wie im 18., wie im 16. Jahrhundert? Wie verhält es sich mit Synonymen? Was ist von Decknamen zu halten? In diesem Zusammenhang ist es auch wichtig folgende Fragen zu klären: Wer hat welche Substanz als Erster hergestellt und charakterisiert? Wer hat welchen Namen vergeben? Wer hat als Erster eine Formel aufgestellt bzw. die Struktur festgelegt? Während es verhältnismäßig leicht ist chemiehistorische Angaben über die nicht viel mehr als 100 Elemente des Periodensystems zu erhalten, wird es bei den Millionen von Verbindungen schwierig und mühsam. Ein wenig abgemildert wird die Situation heute dadurch, dass relativ viele Publikationen früherer Jahrhunderte, die bis vor wenigen Jahren noch schwer zugänglich, oft genug in Kellerräumem von Bibliotheken verbannt auf hohen Bücherregalen verstaubten, online zugänglich gemacht und nach Stichworten zu durchsuchen sind. Ein großes chemiehistorisches Problem, das elegant nicht zu lösen ist, besteht darin, dass die Möglichkeiten Stoffe zu reinigen und auch diese Reinheit zu messen so richtig erst im Verlauf des 19.