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L'assoluto ISSN 2036-5020 CENTRO INTERDIPARTIMENTALE DI STUDI SU DESCARTES E IL SEICENTO UNIVERSITÀ DEL SALENTO DIPARTIMENTO DI STUDI UMANISTICI Titolo Anno 8 - Numero 8 Dicembre 2015 L'ASSOLUTO ISSN 2036-5020 DIREZIONE: Jean-Robert Armogathe Saggi di: Giulia Belgioioso Carlo Borghero • Michele Abbate CONSIGLIO SCIENTIFICO: Enrico Berti • Filippo Mignini Giuliano Campioni Vincent Carraud • Lucia Ziglioli Jean-François Courtine Costantino Esposito • Marcello Mustè Dan Garber Hiroaki Yamada Jean-Luc Marion Steven Nadler Pasquale Porro Christoph Rapp REDAZIONE: Igor Agostini Siegrid Agostini Chiara Catalano Maria Cristina Fornari Francesco Fronterotta Emanuele Mariani Fabio Sulpizio Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 Alvearium è una rivista internazionale di storia della filosofia nata nel 2008, esce annualmente e pubblica i propri con- tenuti in full open access. Dal 2012 tutti gli articoli inviati alla redazione sono sistematicamente sottoposti al blind peer reviewing. Per i numeri dal 4 (2012) al presente i referees sono stati: Michele Abbate Nadia Bray Luc Brisson Giuliano Campioni Hervé Cavallera Virgilio Cesarone Jean-François Courtine Antonella Del Prete Carla Maria Fabiani Adriano Fabris Franco Ferrari Andrea Sangiacomo Alvearium è distribuita gratuitamente sul sito www.cartesius.net Per tutelare gli autori e la rivista, il testo è distribuito in formato pdf non modificabile. Eventuali contributi o richieste di informazioni potranno essere inviati a: [email protected] 2 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 INDICE EDITORIALE .................................................................................................................... pag. 5 SAGGI Michele Abbate Principio Primo come «Assoluto» nella tradizione neoplatonica ....................................pag. 7 Filippo Mignini L’assoluto in Spinoza ..........................................................................................................pag. 25 Lucia Ziglioli Hegel’s Transformation of Metaphysics: The Function of Subjective Knowing in the Affirmation of the Absolute ...................................................................................pag. 53 Marcello Mustè Fingit creditque. Principio assoluto e teoria della storia nella filosofia di Giovanni Gentile .....................................................................................pag. 73 3 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 DISCUSSIONI E RASSEGNE Rethinking the Absolute: Recent Enquiries into German Idealism (Gualtiero Lorini) .............................................................................................................pag. 89 Un dizionario è un dizionario. Considerazioni a margine del Dictionnaire des philosophes français du XVIIe siècle. Acteurs et réseaux du savoir, sous la direction de Luc Foisneau, avec la coll. de E. Dutartre-Michaut et Ch. Bachelier Paris, Garnier, 2015, 2144 p. (Franco Aurelio Meschini) ..............................................................................................pag. 119 4 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 Editoriale Il presente numero di Alvearium, seguendo una linea editoriale ormai consolidata, conserva un profilo tematico che si propone d’illustrare alcuni momenti, autori o opere di particolare rilievo nella storia della filosofia, con l’ambizione di fornire ai lettori, specialisti e non specialisti, contributi collocati in un contesto storico, critico e storiografico. Dopo aver affrontato nei numeri precedenti temi di indubbia rilevanza nel dibattito attuale, come il “corpo” e la “corporeità” (nr. 5, anno 2012), i “mostri” e il “mostruoso” (nr. 6, anno 2013) e il “nulla” e il “non essere” (nr. 7, anno 2014), vengono presentati qui alcuni saggi dedicati alla questione dell’“Assoluto”, nelle sue diverse accezioni e declinazioni storiche e filosofiche. Il saggio di Michele Abbate fornisce un quadro della costituzione della nozione di “Assoluto” nell’ambito del neoplatonismo, con particolare riferimento al tardo neoplatonismo e a Proclo; Filippo Mignini, a partire da un esame ricco e accurato della trama testuale del corpus spinoziano, suggerisce una ricostruzione originale di come tale nozione s’inserisca nella riflessione di Spinoza; Lucia Ziglioli indaga alcuni aspetti della metafisica di Hegel, ossia, nello specifico, il ruolo che questi assegna alla conoscenza soggettiva nella posizione dell’Assoluto; infine, Marcello Mustè incentra la sua analisi sul problema del rapporto fra Assoluto e teoria della storia nel pensiero di Giovanni Gentile e sulla sua evoluzione, sottolineandone gli elementi di continuità e di discontinuità. Il fascicolo è completato da un essay review di Gualtiero Lorini, che presenta e discute alcuni lavori recenti sul tema dell’Assoluto nell’ambito dell’idealismo tedesco e da una presentazione, di Franco A. Meschini, del recente Dictionnaire des philosophes français du XVIIe siècle. La Direzione e la Redazione di Alvearium auspicano che, come per i numeri precedenti, anche questo possa rappresentare un utile strumento di studio e di ricerca per la comunità degli storici della filosofia. La Direzione e la Redazione 5 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 6 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 Michele Abbate* Il Principio Primo come «Assoluto» nella tradizione neoplatonica Abstract. Il concetto di “Assoluto”, inteso come principio autentico e originario di ogni cosa e di ogni forma di determinazione, è fondamentale nell’intera tradizione neoplatonica. La nozione di “Principio Primo” è, in effetti, perfettamente riconducibile al concetto di “Assoluto”: esso, in quanto posto la di là della totalità dell’essere, risulta trascendente rispetto ad ogni realtà. Il carattere dell’assolutezza del Principio Primo è a più riprese ribadito dai principali autori neoplatonici, con una sempre più marcata accentuazione della sua radicale trascendenza. Per comprendere in che modo nel Neoplatonismo il Principio Primo si configuri come “l’Assoluto”, è necessario prendere in considerazione le concezioni di quegli autori che hanno caratterizzato e determinato in misura maggiore l’intera riflessione neoplatonica: Plotino, Proclo e Damascio. Abstract. The concept of “Absolute”, as truly original principle of all things and of every kind of determination, is fundamental in the whole Neoplatonic tradition. The notion of “First Principle” is indeed perfectly referable to the concept of “Absolute”: it is transcending every kind of reality, since it is beyond the totality of being. The “absolute” nature of the First Principle is reasserted by the Neoplatonic thinkers on several occasions with an ever more marked accentuation of its radical transcendence. In order to understand in what extent the First Principle is depicted as “the Absolute” in the Neoplatonic tradition, it is necessary to take in account what the main representatives of this school of thought – Plotinus, Proclus and Damascius – affirmed about its transcending nature. Parole chiave: Neoplatonismo / Assoluto / Principio Primo / Identità-Differenza / Ineffabilità Keywords: Neoplatonism / Absolute / First Principle / Identity-Difference / Ineffability La riflessione sulla natura dell’Assoluto, inteso come principio di ogni cosa e dimensione originaria anteriore ad ogni forma di determinazione, è una componente centrale dell’intera tradizione neoplatonica. In essa il concetto di Principio Primo può venire ricondotto a quello di Assoluto, in considerazione del fatto che esso, in quanto ulteriore alla totalità delle cose1, risulta trascendente rispetto ad ogni realtà. Il * Università di Salerno. 1 Gli autori neoplatonici, a partire dallo stesso Plotino, per indicare l’assoluta ulteriorità del Principio rispetto a tutto il reale, ricor- rono spesso alle espressioni ἐπέκεινα (τῶν) πάντων e πρὸ (τῶν) πάντων, vale a dire «al di là di tutte le cose» e «prima di tutte le cose». Su ciò cfr. ad esempio Plotino, Enn. V 3 (49), 13, 2 e V 4 (7), 2, 39-40 [Editio Minor Henry-Schwyzer] per ἐπέκεινα (τῶν) πάντων e V 3, 11, 19 segg. per πρὸ (τῶν) πάντων. 7 Anno VIII, n. 8 - dicembre 2015 MICHELE ABBATE carattere dell’assolutezza del Principio è a più riprese ribadito dai principali autori neoplatonici, in forme contrassegnate, nelle diverse fasi e forme di tale tradizione filosofica2, da una sempre più marcata e spiccata trascendenza radicale ed assoluta. Per comprendere in che modo nel Neoplatonismo il Principio Primo si delinei nei termini dell’Assoluto, è opportuno prendere in considerazione quanto a tale proposito affermano gli autori che più hanno caratterizzato e determinato l’intera riflessione neoplatonica: Plotino, Proclo e Damascio. 1. Plotino: il Primo Principio come assoluta identità al di là dell’essere e del pensiero Già a partire da Plotino, che può essere considerato, a tutti gli effetti, l’iniziatore della tradizione neoplatonica, la riflessione sulla natura del Prinicipio Primo, Uno-in-sé (αὐτοέν) ed anche Uno-Bene (ἕν come τἀγαθόν), è interamente incentrata sul carattere della sua assoluta originarietà. Esso, per risultare autenticamente tale, ovvero autentica ed unica dell’ἀρχὴ (τῶν) πάντων 3 – «Principio della totalità del reale» – deve venire concepito come al di là di tutto ciò che è. Proprio per via della sua originarietà, il Principio viene così inteso come «assolutamente semplice» (τὸ ἁπλούστατον)4, in quanto trascendente rispetto ad ogni possibile forma di determinazione. Tale concetto, quindi, appare a tutti gli effetti riconducibile alla nozione moderna di «Assoluto», come ciò che è totalmente svincolato da tutto ciò che è in un qualunque modo determinato. L’assoluta trascendenza
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