DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 324 269 SO 030 390

AUTHOR Snilling, James T. TITLE : An Exercise in Cooperltive Learning To Understand the Concept of . PUB DATE 9C NOTE 36p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; Cooperative Learning; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; Learning Activities; *Non Western Clvilization; Secondary Education; .4Wor1d Literature IDENTIFIMS *; *Ramayana

ABSTRACT Believed to have been written about the 4th century B.C., the "Ramayana" is one of the oldest epic poems in world literature. This exercise, which takes seven or eight days to complete, is intended to acquaint Westerners with the "Ramayana" in an informal format that may spark a desire to read further in the epic and to ber3me familiar with other works of Indian literature. There are fivsectiols to the lesson: (1) a preliminary vocabulary exercise; (2) a basic introduction to the life of (the central figure in the puem); (3) five readings from the "Ramayana," written by R. K. Narayan; (4) an opportunity for stl.lents to express themselves as storytellers; and (5) suggested discussion questions. (DB)

t** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. * RAMAYANA AN EXERCISE IN COOPERATIVE LEARNING TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF OHARMA

JAMES TAYLOR SHILLING

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,?) RAMAYANA: An Exercise In Cooperative Learing

TO THE TEACHER

India and Pakistan is the cradle of one of the oldest epic poems in world literature, the RAMAYANA. It is believed to be the first epic written in . Modern historians have placed the origin of the RAMAYANA at about the 4th century B.C.. T-aditionally authorship is attributed to the poet as narrated by the great sage Narada. The work is an impressive 24,000 stanzas which is divided into episodes that center around the birth and life of Rama. During the Axial Age [600 - 400 B.C.] philosophers tried to deal with the question of good versus evil. The RAMAYANA was a response that espoused the axiom of DHARMA (duty) and that good will be victorious over evil. The central figure in the RAMAYANA is Prince Rama. Rama is the god , from the pantheon of Hindu gods, reincarnated to destroy , the ten-headed demon king of . To achieve the proper grace Prince Rama is unaware of his holy identityand must develop the power and wisdom as a man to complete his mission. Test after test is placed before Rama until he achieves total perfection and becomes the ideal man, son, , husband, king, and warrior. The study of the RAMAYANA is essential to Indians of all walks of life, ages, and sex. It can be a simple story of mythology For children and foreigners or a serious study of philosophical thouohm for adults. As a result, practically every individual in India has thorough knowledoe of the RAMAYANA. Recently I was in India and witnessed the hold the RAMAYANA has on the population. A video adaptation was presented weekly on tional television. Wnenever possible schedules, appointments, .nd dinner.s were arranged so the family could be free to watch the enthralling scories oF Prince Rama and his wife Site. In the United States very few people have knowledge of the story of Rama or are even aware that the RAMAYANA exi.sts. The RAMAYANA is a rich legacy of Asia that should be read and appreciated in the West. Not many of us are going to sit down and read a volume of 24,000 stanzas, but the intent of this exercise is to acquaint Westerners with the RAMAYANA in an informal format that may spark a desire to read further and become familiar with other works of Indian literature.

This exercise is divided into five sections.

1. The unit begins with a preliminary vocabulary exercise. 2. A basic introduction to the life of Rama is included. 3. There are five READINGS from THE RAMAYANA, written by R.K. Narayan and published by Penguin Books, 1988. 4. An opportunity For the students to express themselves as storytellers is provided. 5. Finally, there are suggested questions For discussion.

4 ii

OBJECTIVES

After completing this exercise students should be able to:

1. Have a broader view of world literature. 2. Have a better understanding of Hindu tradition. 3. Understand the concept of dharma. 4. Utilize synthesis to arrive at solutions.

LESSON PLAN: 7-8 DAY PROJECT

PREPARATION: 1. Make copies oF the introduction and conclusiop For all the students in the class. 2. Make copies of the reading exercise For each of the cooperative groups. [Fir-AOING I F-r group A, READING II For group B, etcetera]

FIRST DAY 1. Oo t'le preliminary vocabulary exercise. 2. Exnlain the place the RAMAYANA has in world literature. (See the section entitled "TO THE TEACHFP." 3. Distribute copies of the "INTRODUCTION" to all the students in the claso. *HOME ASSIGNMENT: Read the INTRODUCTION.

SECONO DAY 1. Discus with the students the cultural influences expressed in the INTRODUCTION. [See page iiia For a guide.] 2. Divide the class into Five equal groups. 3. Distribute the "READINGS" co the Five separate groups. (READING I For group A, READING II For group 3, etcetera.) 4. Instruct the students NOT TO SHARE their "READINGS" with students oF the other groups. *HOME ASSIGNMENT: Read tFe "READINGS" and think how they would describe it in their own words.

THIRD DAY 1. Individually have the students rewrite their READINGS in their own words. *HOME ASSIGNMENT: Complete the written assignment.

FOURTH DAY----- 1. Divide the class into assigned groups. Have the students compare their revised versions of the story. Decide what should be included or excluded to keep the story Flowing. 2. The groups should decide who will be their "storyteller."

NOTE: An extra day can be included For this portion oF the assignment.

FIFTH ANO SIXTH DAYS 1. In the proper sequence the "storytellers" present their part of the epic. 2. If you wish, ot'len members of the group can make clarifications AFTER the storytellers complete their episodes.

SEVENTH DAY Debriefing: Have the students discuss how the story of Rama aids in the understanding of the Indian Hindu cultural tradition. Stress the concept of OHARAM as an essential seoment of an Indian's life. Example: Rama's dharma (duty) was to destroy the demon king Ravana. If he had followeda more vain avenue anc: actively souaht the kingship of Ayodha, which to some may appear to be his dharma, he would have failed his greater mission. All of us possess certain abilities and perform occupations in which if we explore our full potential dramatic results will be evident. In India the understanding of dharma is much easier to comprehend. The caste system aids to explain what a person's dharma should be. However, in modern India old barriers of rank and occupation are beginning.to erode in the industrial centers. This erosion is ooina to be a challenge to the India of tomorrow.

NOTE: The READINGS are taken IN TOTO from Mr. Narayan's book THE RAMAYANA, paoes 3E-64. Several words will have spellings unusual to American students. The words are not misprinted but are written as they appear in Mr. Narayan's book.

6 DISCUSSICN OF CULTURAL INFLUENCES EXPRESSED IN THE "INTRODUCTION"

1. POLYGAMY: [Paragraph 1 line 8; Paragraph 2 line 23]

MONOGAMY: [Paragraph 14 line 8; Paragraph 16 line 22]

NOTE: Today it is against the law to have more than one wife iF you are a Hindu. Moslems may have more than one wiFe.

2. PARENTAL RESPECT and RESPECT OF TEACHERS: [Paragraph 4 lines 7-12; Paragraph 5 lines 13-15; Paragraph 10 lines 16-19]

3. POLYTHEISM: [Paragraph 1 line 15; Paragraph 3 lines 35-38; Paragraph 7 lines 39-42; Paragraph 11 lines 27-30]

4. HOLY MEN (sages) INFLUENCE POLITICAL LEADERS: [Paragraph 1 lines 12-16; Paragraph 2 lines 32-34; Paragraph 6 Lines 20-27; Paragraph 11 lines 23-24]

5. FIRE "S A RELIGIOUS SYMBOL: [Paragraph 1 lines 14-17; 'aragraph 2 lines 29-30; Paragraph 8 lines 43-49; Paragraph 16 line 27]

6. SUPERSTITION: [Paragraph 1lines 9-13]

7. FORTUNE TELLING: [Paragraph 7 lines 39-42; Paragraph 10 lines 12-16]

8. DHARMA: [Paragraph 4 lines 4E through the next column line 12; Paragraph 5 lines 13-17; Paragraph 7 lines 33-36; Paragraph 13 lines 38 through the next column line 2] DEALS WITH RAMA'S DHARMA.

This is only a guide to aid you in the discussion of Indian culture as it is presented in the INTRODUCTION. Much more can be inferred but the above highlights the major points.

7 iv PRELIMINARY EXERCISE

To prepare the szudents to be receptive to new ideas, concepts, and the methods of this activity a one day preliminary exercise with vocabulary is recommended.

1. All of zhe terms used in this activity are from the READINGS sections.

2. Assian the terms to eight students. Request the students to find the words in a good dictionary.

3. After finding the words have each of the students write the word on the chalkboard and explain the definition to the class. The researchers are also to create a mental image for their classmates so the terms are meaningful.

4. When all the terms have been defined encourage the class to speculate how the terms could be used in a story about India. (Be careful not to give away any of the story line of the RAMAYANA.----The creativity of each class will vary. Se alnrt to keep the corversation moving in a productive and positive direction.)

OBJECTIVE OF THIS SHORT EXERCISE

The students will:

1. Listen to classmates to understand an idea or concept. 2. Use skills as storytellers. 3. Deal with an unfamiliar vocabulary. 4. Achieve an understanding of the vocabulary used to describe a portion of :he Indian culture.

V OC ABUL AR Y

1. INCARNATION 5. ASCETIC 2. IMMOLATE 6. ABLUTION 3. PYRE 7. AUSPICIOUS 4. CREMATION 8. DHARMA''

* This term may not be in your dictionary. The follnwina definition is from: INDIA A TEACHER'S GUIDE published by Th3 Asia Society, 1985, p.14. "An Indian corcept meaning moral duty, virtue, righteousness, social law, moral order, or the path a person should follow in accordance with his c her nature and stage of life." v

GLOSSARY FOR THE RAMAYANA

GENERAL TERMS USED IN THE RAMAYANA

1. ASHRAMA: [ashfraeme] A sanctuary, or nermitage generally in a rural area where one can meditate.

2. ASTHRAS: [asthrat] Spiritual weapons.

3. AXIAL AGE: The historical period between c.600 B.C. to c.300 B.C. which witnessed the development of new religious thoughts in India and China. (ie., Janism. Buddhism, , Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism.)

4. BRAHMANS: [bra.mans] Members of a priestly caste. The highest caste in India.

5. : [da ve].... A woman respected as a goddess.

B. DHARBHA: [dherbha] A strong thick grass used to weave beds that are stretched on wooden frames.

" .- 7. GURU: [guru] A spiritual teacher.

8. IKSHVAHU: [ikshva hu] A dynasty of ancient India (c.6th century B.C.) known as the Solar Oynasty.

9.JI: [A.] A suffix added to a man's name to show honor and respect.

10. KOPA GRUBA: [koopa gruba] A special room in the palace where a queen can go to work-out her stress.

11. RAMAYANA: [rah.mah./eh.nah] An Indian epic written in Sarskrit. The epic is composed of 24,000 stanzas.

12. VEOAS: [vadas] Four collections of sacred Hindu writings.

13. YAJNA: [yezna] A religious ceremony where certain mantras (chants) are said.

THE PEOPLE OF THE RAMAYANA

1. ASWAPATHI: [aswa.paoth3] King of and father of ('s grandfather).

2. BHARATA: [bh=fravta] Son of King Oasharatha and Queen Kaikeyi.

3. : [dashoeraotha] King of Ayodha and father of Rama, Bharata, Lakshamena, ond Shatrugna.

4.INDIRA: [] This is a god of the ancient . Also known as Agri the sun or fire god.

9 vi

5 JANAK: [jank] King of and father of .

B. KAIKEYI: [kiekaoye] Favorite wife (3rd) and queen of King Oasharatha and mother of Bharata.

7. KAUSHALYA: (kaushGl*yG] First wife and queen of King Oasharatha and mother of Rama. * 8. KOONI: [koofne] Favorite maid-servant of Queen Kaikeyi.

S. : [lax.manoi] Son of King Oasharatha and Queen Sumithra. Twin brother of .

10. NARAOA: [nG.ra .d 9 A sage of ancient India who is said to have told the story of the RAMAYANA to the Poet Valmiki.

11. RAMA: [r3.mG] Hero of the RAMAYANA and favorite son of Oasharatha. Mot'ner is Kaushalya. Rama is married to Sits. Rama is an incarnation the god Vishnu.

12. SHATRUGHNA: [shaterugh.na] Son of King Oasharatha and Queen Sumithra. Twin brother of Lakshmana.

13. : [shevG] The god of cr'eation and destruction. One oF the three major Hindu gods.

14. SITA: [sedtG] Wife of Rpma. Incarnation of Lakshml, wife of god Vishnu.

15. SUMANTHRA: [sudimerPthrG] Chief advisor to King Oasharatha.

16. SUMITHRA: [su,me.thre] Second wife and queen of King Oasharatha. Mother of Lakshamana and Shatrughoa. 17 17. : [ta.ta.ka] A fierce giant she-demon.

18. VALMIKI: [ve1,m.J.k.6] Ancient poet attributed with composing the RAMAYANA in Sanskrit language.

19. : [ve.seoshtha] The holy man and guru to King Oasharatha and his family.

20. VISHWAMITRA: [vish.weme.trG] Holy man; sage who was highly respected and honored in the story of the RAMAYANA.

PLACES IN THE RAMAYANA

1. AYOOHA: [a.yo.dho] The capital city of the Kingdom of Kaushal. Home of Rama.

2. CHITRAKUTA: [chit.ro.ku.tG] The Firgt permanent campsite of Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana in exile.

3. MITHILA: [me,the.lo] Kingdom of King Janak, located near the Kingdom of Kaushal. King of Keyaya

OASHARATHA wife KAIKEYI KAUSHALYA 1st wife King of Ayodhg---- 2nd wife SUMITHRA

JANAK King of Mithila LAKSHMANA SHATRUNGHNA (Twins)

RAMA wife S:LTA BHARATA

OTHER IMPORTANT PEOPLE

VASISHSTHA VISHWAMITRA TATAKA RAVANA Religious teacher Ascetic - Holy man She-demun Ten-headed demon to Gasharatha King oF Lanka

KOONI SUMANTHRA E'rvant of Queen Chief Minister to Kaikeyi King Oasharatha

1 INTRODUCTION 1

In northern India lay the kingdom that a king's responsibility is to care of his subjects and be of Kaushal. Along the river take welfare. stood the capital city Ayodha. concerned for their Prosperity and tranquility reigned Additionally he must be honest and throughaut the kingdom and city. The fair with his subjects regardless He can never king, Oasharath was known for his of their rank. Rama honesty and duty to his subjects. neglect the poor and needy. Although Dasharath had three wives he learned the lessons well and did not have a male heir. Concerned demonstrated his eagerness to serve that he may die without leaving a his teachers. father, and mothers manner they should heir to continue the legacy of this in whatever dynasty the king sought the advise of request. the family's holy man and priest. Each morning Rama would begin The holy man instructed Oasharth to his day by seeking the blessings of mothers' After pray to (the Fire cod) and his father and perform a particular ritual. During which he would perform his duties the ceremony the Fire god appeared as prince. cume and from his hands gave Desharath a Rama's First adventure prepalation of milk and rice. The while he was quite young and livi king rusheJ to the apartments of his at the palace. Vishwamitra, a queens in the palace and gave each a SAGE. requested of King Oasharath of Rama to drive demons portion of -he blessedmixture to the aid Dasharath eat. From his jungle ASHRAMA. As time past the three queens resisted and offered battle ready but finally gave birth to four sons. The kind armies to the sage the insistence of the was happy beyond description. He relented to ordered gifts to be distributed to sage to allow Rama and Laxmana to the people in honor of the births. accompany him to the ashrama. approached the The city was excited and alive with As the three that surrounded the ashrama festivities. Candles and incense jungle stopped by Tataka, a eurned in every room of the palace. they were The celebrations continued for a wicked she-demon, who threatened to month after the births. BRAHMANS kill and devour them. As she came from all over he country to wildly rushed toward the three Rama bless the four sons. calmly notched an arrow to his Soon it became obvious that the bow-string and took deliberate aim son born to Queen Kaushalya was at Tataka. Before the she-demon travelers Rama's 'bliss incarnate' and was given the could reach the name Rama. He quickly became the arrow struck and pierced her heart. favorite of the king, his queens, and Vishwamitra had no fear b cause he the court. The Bharata, knew Rama was the favored of the Shatrughna, and Laxmana too were cods and the proper choice to aid impressed with Rama's handsome him rid his ashrama of demons. countenance and cool temperment. Of At the ashrama Vishwamitra lit the three Laxmana was closest to and the holy fire and began to pray. most devoted to Rama. Buz no sooner had Vishwamitra began The education of the four then the demons came to desecrate princes included archery and the the sacred fires by throwing flesh teachings from the to develop and bones in an attempt to the ideals of their rank arl position xtinguish the purr flames. Ramd's first attempt was to shoot an arrow in society. The major points of instruction stressed humility, that would Fly around the YA.2NA ethics, and morality. They leernee altar encircling it with ever increasing spced creatirg an umbrella snapped under his strength and of protection From the demons. power with a deafening noise. However, the demons did not relax Everyone in the great hall was at their intrusions but increased their First dumb strucK oy the deed they numbers and continued to e4-tack the had witnessed t.hen just as suddenly holy Fires. began to shout and cheer joyfully Rama sensed the only ,,,ay to stop For Rama. the demons was to kill them. Laxmana The marriage of Rama and Sita eager to ficht joined Rama and was quickly arranged. Messengers together thel, killed and drove off were sent to to tell King all the demons Oasharath of the good news. Shortly after wards Vishwamitra Overjoyed the king ordered requestedRama and Laxmana to escort Sharata and Shatrughna to prepare nim to the kingdom of Mithila where the royal marriage party. he was to bless the marriage of the Everythind was set in motion king's daughter, Sits. Obeying Chariots, horses, and elephants Vishwamitra's request the two were denorated with bright and brot'lers accompaniedthe oreat sage Festive colors and designs. The on the journey. procession left Ayodhya amid the Kind Janak warmly welcomed cheers and shouts of all the Vishwamitra and his two young friends people. when they arrived at the kind's The marriage of Rama and Site court. King Janak soon confided ir was joined by the marriages of the old sage that he Feared he had Laxmana, Sharata, and Shatrughna to placed too difficult of a challenge the second dauahter of king on the man that would marry his and two of h:s nieces at the same daughter. He said, "Only the man who sacred fire. could lift SHIVA'S bow and notch the After the marriages the string could be worthy of my weddina party departed For Ayodhya. daughter's hand in marriage. I Fear As they approacheo the city's gates she may never marry since no man has the people rushed to greet them been abie to complete the task." with Flowers that were strewn in Vishwamitraasked if Rama could the path of Rama and Sitn and the attempt the feat. Janak amused others. Inside the city the thought Rama was too much a boy but buildings were gaily decorated with adreed to eIlow him a chance to beautiful flowers. The sounds of strind Shiva's bow. women's voices singing and bells Though Rama had the Features of ringingareeted their ears as the a bpy he grasped the bow like a man entourage moved toward the palace. and began to bend it to Fasten the The happiness the people poured out string to the ends. As Rama For Rama could be seen in the tears confidently bent the bow it suddenly that Filled their eyes. READING-I

In his busy life Dasaratha omitted?" perhapshad never studied his mirror "No. invite as many as you properly. He had had no occasion to can conveniently, an all our scrutinize himself too long in the citizens.' Messengers were mirror or engage himself in any dispatched in all directions. The introspection. Suddenly one day he assembly hall filled up. Dasaratha noticed the whitening hair and the ascended the steps to his seat and, wrinkles under his eyes--noticed the after the r-trtine ceremonials, slight ,remor of his hands, the gestured to all to resume their fatigue of his legs while enoaged in seats, and spoke: a game, and realized that age had I have performed my duties as come on. It was by no means King of this country long enough. inconsiderable. The original poet Now I have an irresistible feeling Valmiki mentiol.s that Dasaratha was that the burden must be shifted sixty thousand years old! In our over to younger shoulders. What do modern reckoning we may not agree you gentlemen think about it? with that figure, but put it at Under the white umbrella of the sixty, seventy, or eighty years° royal state, apparently there has whatever it was, ript-ness is been no change--but actually the indicated. body under it is withering. I have In the loneliness of his lived and functioned long enough. chamber, Oasaratha told hirself, "One If I still thought that I should must knuw when to cease, and not wait continue thusendlessly, it would For death or dotage. While my amount te avarice. The other day I Faculties are intact, let me seek realized that my signature on a retirement and rest. There is no document was hazy. My hand must sense in continuing and repeating the have trembled without my knowing same set of activities performed all it. The time has come for me to these several thousand years, as it sit back and rest--and anticipate seems to me now. Enough,I have lone the coming of grandchildren. If enough. I must now find the time to you will agree, I want to hand over stand baek and watch and lay aside the kinydom to Rama. He should ue the burden: of office." my successor, an embodiment of all He arrived at a drastic perfection. He is perfect and will decision. Pe summoned his aide to the be a perfect ruler. He has door, and told him to summon compassion, a sense of ji-7tice, and Sumanthra, his chief minister, courage, and he makes no immediately. "Send round an distinctions between human announcemen': 'or all our officers and beings--old or young, prince or public men. sages and wisemen, and peasant; he has the same all our allies and kings and consideration for everyone. In relatien1=, to gather at our hall of courage, valour, and all the assembly. Let as many as possible qualities--none to equal him. He arrive." will be your best protector from He added, while Sumanthra any hostileforce, be it human or waited, "No need to inform, among our subhuman or superhufflan. His relatives, Aswapathi." He was the ASTHRAS, acquired from his master father of his third wife, Kaikeyi. Viswamithra, have never been known Bharata, her son, was gone there to to mi-s their mark.... I hope I spend Few days with his shall have your support in grandfather. "No need to trouble anointing him immediately as the Janaka either. Mithila is too far Emperor of ." away, and he will not be able to come A joyous shout rang though the in time." assembly. Dw;aratha waited for it "Is there anyone else to be to subside and asked, "I note the the 4 zest with whicr you welcome my speech--there could be really no successor. Should I cake it that you limit to these virtues. There can do so because you have been bearing be no place in a king's heart For with me silently For any reason all lust, anger, or meanness." He went these years, although I had thought I on thus for some time and terminated had dedicated my life fully to the the meeting. When Rama was back in welfare of my subjects?" his palace, explaining the situation A spokesman rose and exnlained. to Site, Sumanthra was once again "Do not mistake us, Your Majesty. It knocking on his door. is our love for Rama that makes us to "Your father summons you." happy now. We have long looked "Again? I have just come from forward to this moment. To see him him." ride the Royal Elephant in full "He knows it, but wants you paraphernalia through the streets of again." our capital is a vision of the future When Rama presented himself, that we cherish, young and old alike, Dasaratha seated him and said, "You f,r we are lost in the splendour of may be surprised at being called Rama's personality. It is that again. I am seized with anxiety anticipation thet makes us applaud that you should be crowned without your proposal so unreservedly. It is any delay. I have pnemonitions not that we do not wish for the which are frightening. I dream of continuance of Your Majesty." comets, hear foul screeches from Dasaratha said, "I agree with nowhere. I am told that my stars you. I just wanted to know without a are not in a happy conjunction now. trace of doubt that you approve of my I dreamt that my star of nativity desire to make Rama your King. I had crashed and was on Fire. For desire that tomorrow when the one's proper birth, one owes a debt star is in combination with the moon, to the benediction of immortal and the time is auspicious, Rama be sages, to one's ancestors, and to crowned." the gods; these three debts have to He summoned his minister and the be discharged fully within the priest. "Let everything, every allotted span of one's life. I have little detail be ready For the no doubt that I have paid my debts ceremony of coronation tomorrow. Let fully by now. I have enjoyed my there be widespread decorations and life, I have ruled as King with have all items ready at the unquestioned authority and earned coronation hall. Let the streets be the love and confidence of my washed, cleaned, and decorated. Let subjects. There is nothing left for people feast and play and enjoy me to do. I have grown old, my themselves unlimitedly. Let there be physical body is ready for arrangements to serve a feast dissolution...." continuously in every corner of this He had said these things before capital...." and was now repeating himself. Rama He sent Par Rama. He watched his uoderstood that there must be some arrival from his balcony, received deep agitation within him. But out him warmly, took him aside, and said, of respect and graciousness, he "Tomorrow, you will be crowne-I as my listened to it all again as if for successor. I need rest from work." the first time. "My stars, Mars and Rama accepted the proposal with Jupiter, are aspectina the same a natural ease. Dasaratha cootinued. house, so say my astrologers, which "You know everything, but still I means death or near death or some feel it a duty to say a few words. catastrophe. And so I wont to You will have to pursue a policy of impress on you the urgency of the absolute justice under all matter. Tomorrow's star will be circumstances. Humility and soft PUSHYA, and the ceremony must be

1- 5 5 gone through, witnout doubts or Kaikeyi's mansion to view the city, impediments. Do not think For a and notice the festoons and lights, moment thot anything is postponable. and asked herself, "What are they Nothing should be put off, For we celebrating today?" cannotsay how Fickle the human mind When she went down, inquired, is, and what changes will occur and Found out the cause of the therein.... And so what is important celebrations, she became excited, is that we should go through the bit her lips, and muttered, "I 'All ceremonies without hesitation. stop it." She hurried to Kaikeyi's want you to be very careful tonight, chamber and shouted at her mistress, until the ceremony is over. Do not who was resting, "Is this the time come out without your bodyguard, and to sleep? Wake up before you are observe all the austerities and vows ruined." Kaikeyi opened her eyes to the last letter. Sita and and cried, "You! Where have you yourself should have ritual baths and been? What is troubling you?" avoid your bed and sleep lightly on a "Your Impending fate," replied mat of DHARBHA grass.... The Kooni. ceremonies will begin at dawn. Be Kaikeyi was curious, but still ready, and see that your robes are without rising she said, "Kooni, ready. You must Fast tonight. something seems to be the matter Caution Sita not to delay. In a with your hea'th. Won't you call ceremonial, the wife's presence and the physician and see that he sets timely participation are of the you right?" She laughed and said, utmost importanc;?...." "Now calm down, sit 'liar me, and Rama listened, promising to sing me a song." carry out every word of his Kooni said sharply, "Do you instructions Faithfully. Finally know that beauty and youth are your Dasaratha explained, "It is best to only source of strength? And you complete all this while Bharata is owe your position as the queen of a away at his grandfather's place. It world conqueror to your beauty?" is good that he is away. I know his "Do I?" asked Kaikeyi, still in devotion to you, but the human mind, a playful mood. you know, can be Fickle.... He may "But beauty and youth are Like question why he should not live been a wild stream, which, while rushing the king...after all. But if he down the mountainside, crushing learns of it as an accomplished fact, flowers and leaves, holds you in a I do not doubt that he will be spell. But how long does it last? extremely happy." Very soon it passes, and in its His Father's deviousness was place you have only the sandy rather startling, but if he noticed bed.... It's only a question of it, Rama did not show it. time. When you are uld and the This worry at the back of cheeks sag, you will be a nobody, Dasarath's mind about Bharata's claim pushed aside with the back of your turned out to be a valid one. Though lover's hand. You will be a.; other Bharata was away, his cause and claim peop3e's merr.y." were espoused by his mother Kaikeyi "Bring that mirror, let me see soenergetically that it brought on why you sneak thus. Have I grown disaster and changed the whole course old today?" And she laughed. of events in Rama's life. It came "Not old, but smug, and running about thus. Kooni, a freak and into danger. Doom hangs over your hunchoack (and nicknamed thus un head." account of her deformity), was the Now Kaikeyi felt disturbed. favourite of the King's favourite "If you cannot talk plainly, go wife, Kaikeyi. On this particular away; and come later. You are day she climbed to the top terrace of somehow bent upon irritatino me 6 today. "Don't waste your beauty, wildcat." which hold your husband in a spell. All this amount of talk Before that's lost, get your husband prepared Kaikeyi's mind to be to help you and save yourself. Get receptive to what Kooni said next: up and act before it's too late." "Your husband, the Emperor, is very Knikeyi now sat up anxiously. cunning; he is capable of great Satisfied with the effeut of her trickery, unsuspected by you; great remarks, Kooni declared, "The King depths of trickery 4ndeed, unbeknown has cheated you. Tomorrow he is to you, such depths as you cannot crowning Rama as the King of Ayodhya suspect even in your wildest dream. and retiring." You and he are unequals. He was oid Kaikeyi got up, exclaiming, enough to be your father when he "WJnderful! Wonderful! Here is your asked for your hand; and your father reward for the p-iod news you bear." refused the proposal, of course. She took off her necklace and threw But the old bridegroom was it on Kooni's lap. Kooni received it intoxicated with the spectacle of and laid it aside. 1;ow '(aikeyi said, your beauty and youth, and was "For the excellence of your news you prepared to promise anything. He deserve mors. Tel' me what you wish vowed to your father that he'd make and you shall have it." This really the son borne by you the heir to the provoked Koeni to cry out, "I said throne. I was the only one who Rama is becoming the king of Ayodhya, overheard it. No one else knows and you behave as if I had said your about it. Now when the time came, son Bharata..." the old man advised Bharata sweetly: I make no distinction between 'Why don't you cio and spend a few the two. It's all the same to me. days with your grandfather? He has Rama is the one who was born to it, been asking you so long.' And and as a mother it makes me proud and forthwith got him and his happy...." inseparable brother Sathruana out of "You, Rama's mother!" the way. He would have sent you "Yes, don't you know that one in away too--but for the fact that he Rama's positionshould count five can't survive even a single day mothers: The one who has borr. him, without your carEsses! Your charms a stepmother, a father's sister, an are still potent. l'ou will have to elder brother's wife. and the wife of save yourself with their r'd before the auru--all these have equal rank it's too late.... Rama should not as mothsr. You understand why I feel be enthroned tomorrow." happy about Rama? I adore him. I'm "Why not? The King may have his mother as well as Kausalyzi is. his own reasons; and I see no And so make no mistake that I'm ci difference between Rama and fool and do not understand things!" Bharata." At which Kooni beat her brow with "Do you know how people can here palms with such force that change overnight? Tomorrow this Kaikeyi ssid, "You have hurt time, he will be a different Rama. yourself--a contusion bit' as my His only aim will be to stay long thumb!" and strong in his seat, and to "I'd be happy if I Killed myself aehieve it he will remove all or had not been born at all, rather hurdles. The chief hurdle will be than see all the treachery that goes Bharata, who may assert his claim on in this world," wailed Kooni. any time and win it by publin "My sorrow, now, is for you,the doom support. Rama will banish him or that overhangs you. It rends my break him down or behead him. You heart to see the carefree innocence will no lonaer be a queen, but an of your heart--it reminds me of the ex-queell, of an ex-king, and will little dove flitting at the jaws of a probably be reduced to the status of

17 being the handmaid of the queen Leave alone his promise to your mother ." Father: You are not concerned with "Never! how would she dare!" it. But hold on to the two promises cried Kaikeyi involuntarily. "Let given to you. Demand First the her try!" banishment of Rama to the Forests "By this time tomorrow, it could For Fourteen years, and secondly the happen; it's bound to happen sooner crowning of Bharata in his place or later." Thus Kooni had brought immediately." Kaikeyi to the brink of panic, before "Impossible conditions; you spelling out the remedy: "Do you must be drunk." remember that Dasaratha was saved by "No, quite practical, only go you at one time, and there are about it this way...." ancient Promises to be Fulfilled?

ir , C5 II READING 8

Thus it happened that when joy." Oasaratha sought Kaikeyi's company, as Kaikeyi condescended to mutter, was his wont, he did not find her in "I knew it, I am not so stupid or here chamber or the garden. A maid deaf or blind as not to know what is told him, "She is in the KOPA GRUBA." going on." "Why, why there?" He had a tiring In that darkness and in the day. He had had meetings again and manner she had turned her face down, again with his chief spiritual mentor, he had no means of judging the mood Vasishtha, and his chief minister, in which she spoke. It was difficult Sumanthra, going into details of to be bending down so low, and he arrangements for the next day's pleaded, "Why don't you get up and ceremonials and festivities. 1-444 will sit on that couch, so that I may sit be the host for the whole city beside you comfortably and listen to tomorrow," he had said; "let no one you?" feel any want." Again and again he "You may seek all the comfort had mentioned how every home and you want. I need none of it. Oust street and building should be and rags are my lot hereafter." decorated and brightened; and how What makes you talk in this musicians, dancers, and entertainers manner? Get up and share the should be ready ..lt the assembly hall happiness oe the whole country. Let before dawn, and how the state us drive around in your chariot and elephant and horses and chariots see the joy that has seized the shouldmove in the procession of the people." newly crowned king; and named the "I want to be dead. That's all. street through which the procession If you could send me a bowl (:) should pass. "People would love to poison, that would be more welcome to see Rama on the throne and watch him me now." It was most awkward for him in a procession. Every man, woman, to crouch or sit on the floor trying and child must have a chance to look to appease her. His joints ached and at him. Tell those conducting the creaked. But she would mat budge. procession to move slowly but not so It was no time tc call up an slowly as to tire Rama...." He had attendant, and so he pushed a gone into every detail of the footstool beside her and lowered ceremonies. Exhausted, in the himself onto it. After a great deal evening, he sought Kaikeyi's company of cajoling, she announced: "Swear for relaxation. to me, by all that is holy, that you He did not like the idea of being will grant me what I ask for; received by Kaikeyi in the KOPA GRUHA; otherwise let me die in peace." and when he went in, he found her "I have never said no to you. sprawling on the floor in You shall have whatever you want." semidarkness, hair dishevelled, the "Will you swear by Rama?" she flowers she had been wearing torn off, askrd. here jewellery scattered, clad in He evaded a direct answer, as he indifferent clothes, and not noticing felt uneasy at the mention of Rama's his arrival. He stooped down to ask name. "Tell me what you want," he softly, "Are you unwell?" She gave no said clearly. answer to his question till he "You offeredme two boons long repeated it, and then answered dully, ago. You may have forgotten it, but "Oh, in perfect health, in every way. I haven't. May I mention it now?" No physical sickness of any kind." Now she had sat up, and it was less "I am sorry. I was delayed. I irksome to communicate with her. He waited because I wanted to bring you tried to reach out and touch her, but the news personally. I knew it would she pushed his nand off. "On that make you happy indeed, and wanted to battlefield when you went to the have the pleasure of watching your rescue of Indra and fainted, do you

9 9

remember who revived you?" said passionately, "You know how much "Yes," he said. "How can I I love you. Please, come out of this forget it? I have lived to see this room and.this mood." day because I was revived, otherwise "You have promised me the that evening any chariot wheel could granting of two boons, and you have have rolled over me." sworn to it in the name of "Great memory you possess. I am Rama----your darling son Rama. And glad you remember that far. And do now I'll speak out my mind. If you you remember also who nearly gave her reject my demand, you will be the life to nurse and revive you?" first of the IKSHVAHU race, proud "Yes." aescendents of the sun god himself, "What did you promise her in to go back on a promise for the sake return?" of convenience." She took breath and The king remained silent a demanded, "Banish Rama to the forest moment, then said, "I have not for fourteen years; and crown Bharata forgotten." and celebrate his enthronement with "Bear with me if I repeat some the arrangements you have already small details that might escape your made." recollection. Let me help you. You The King took time to understand said, 'Ask for two boons of your the import of this. He aot up to his choice and you shall have them.' And feet muttering, "Are you out of your then what did she do?" When he failed mind? Or joiking or testing me?" He to answer, she added, "I said Iwould moved away from her in search of the wait to take them, and you vowed, couch. He felt faint and blind, and "Whenever you like----evel if it is a groped about for a place to rest. He hundred years hence, you shall have reclined on the couch and shut his whatever you ask for.' " eyes. She went on. "Send a The King, who was becoming messenger to fetch Bharata at increasingly uneasy, simply said, "I once....He is quite far away. Give see that the time has come for you to him time to come back. Tell Rama to ask." There was no cheer in his take himself away." tone. He was seized with dismal "You are a demon," he whispered forebodings. with his eyes still shut. "Shculd I speak about it or "Don't curse me, great King. I not?" am not surprised that you find me 'Get Lip and put on your Festive less agreeable than Kausalya. Go on, clothes and jewellery so that you may go back to her and enjoy her company. shine like the resplendent star thpt I never asked you to come here and you are. Let us ao." curse me. I retreated here just to "Yes----in proper time----after avoid you." you have fulfilled your promise to The night continued in this kind me." He had completely lost all of talk. Dasaratha made a last courage to let her mention them. The effort at compromise: "Very well, as sound of words such as "promise," you please. Let Bharata be "vow," "fulfill," "boon" shook his crowned....But let Rama stay here. nerves. She looked up at him with You know him. He will not hurt no tears in her eyes. He dared not look one. Let Bharata be the king by all at her; he knew that he would be means----he is good. But please, overwhelmed by her charms, and when I'll touch your feet----I don't mind she said presently, "Leave me now. Go prostrating before you----but let back to your Kausalya and feast and Rama stay here in his own home and enjoy. Leave me to myself." It was not go away. How can he walk those not necessary for her to mention"bowl rough forest paths and go on livina of poison" again. He knew she meant in the open, unsheltered...?" it, and the prospect unnerved him. He "He can, he is not the soft 10 infant you make him out to be. For couch. No one interrupted them. It Fourteen years he must live away, wear was customary not to disturbwhen the Even the bark of trees, eat roots and King was with one of his wives. For leaves...." servants kept themselves out. "Do you want him to die...?" all that, it was inevitable that the Ah..." The King screamed. King should be sought out sooner or She merely said, "Don't create a later. There were many matters on scene. Either you keep your word or which he had to be consulted. His you don't, that's all." chief minister was at his wit's end. The night spent itself in dead "Where is the Kina? Where is the silence. Kaikeyi stay.d where she was Kina?" was the constant question. on the floor; the King lay on the READING - III 11

The assembly hall was growing Dasaratha cried out: "Rama!" and crowded with distinguished guests and lapsed into speechlessness. His the public who thronged in to watch appearance and behaviour made Rama the co...onation. Rama, clad in simple anxious. "Have I done something to silk robes after several ritual baths upset him? Any lapse in my duties and purification-eremonies ordained or performance?" by the chief priest, was also ready, Kaikeyi said, "I'll speak on waiting For the ceremonial dress. A his behalf; he Finds it difficult to little before the dawn, the holy Fire say it. Your coronation will not was lit in which offerings were to be take place today." And then she placed to please the gods in heaven. specified in unambiguous terms what The priestly groups were already she expected of him. She told all chanting the sacred mantras in unison. about the original vow and the Music From many sources Filled the circumstances that led to it. "It air. The babble of the crowd was is your duty to help your Father continuous. But in the inner ring Fulfil his promise. Otherwise he where the chief minister and other will be damning himself in this and immediate executives were assembled, other worlds. You owe him a duty as there was concern. 'The King should his son." have arrived by now. He must initiate Rama took in tne shock, the rites; he has to receive the absorbed it within himself, and rulers who will soon be arriving...." said, "I will sarry out his wishes The chief minister, Sumanthra, got up without question. Mother, be to Find out the reason For the delay. assured that I will not shirk. I Things had to go according to a have no interest in kingship, and no time-table in every detail so as to attachments to such offices, and no synchronize with the auspicious aversion to a Forest existence." movement of the stars. And any single "Fourteen years," she reminded item delayed would throw the entire him. ceremony out of gear. Sumanthra left "Yes. Fourteen years. My only the assembly hall and went in search regret is that I have not been told of the King. He hesitated For a this by my Father himself. I would moment at the door of the kopa gruha, have Felt honoured if he had but parted the curtains, opened the commanded me directly." door, and entered. The sight before "Never mind, you can still him, naturally, startled him. "Is His please him by your action. Now Majesty unwell?" asked the minister. leave at once, a.id he will Feel "Ask him yourself," replied Kaikeyi. happy that you have acted without "Are you also unwell? Has some embarrassing him." Food disagreed with you both?" asked "I want you to assure him that the minister anxiously. The queen I am not in the least pained by this gave him no answer. The minister order. I will take your word as softly approached the couch and his." He saw his Father's plight whispered, "They are waiting For you. and moved closer. Are you ready to Come to the Kaikeyi said, "I w;" attend tc assembly?" The King stirred lightly him. Don't waste your time. You and said, "Tell them all to go back. must leave without delay. That's It's all over. I have been trapped by his wish." a demon." Ksikeyi now interposed to "Yes, yes, I'll do so. I will explain: "The King as strained send a messenger to fetch Bharata himself and has become incoherent. Go without any delay." and send Rama." "No, no," said Kaikeyi. "Do Rama arrived, expecting his not concern yourself with Bharata. stepmother to bless him before the I'll arrange everything. You make ceremonies. At the sight oF him haste to depart First." She knew 12

Bharata's devotion to Rama and, "I cannot say, 'Disobey your uncertain as to how he would react, Father.' only let me go with you. I preferred to have Rama well out of the cannot live without you." your way before Bharata should arrive. "Your place is beside "I'll take leave of my mother, husband. You will have to comfort Kausalya, and leave at once," said and nurse him. You must see that he Rama. He threw another look at his is not sunk in sorrow by my exile. speechless Father and left. You cannot leave him now. Also, When Rama emerged From later, my Father may want to engage Oasaratha's palace, a Lrowd was himself in the performance of waiting to Follow him to the assembly religious rites For his own welfare, hall. Looking at his face, they Found and you will be needed at his side. no difference on it, but instead of After living in the Forests,I will ascending the chariot waiting For him, come back----after all, Fourteen he set out o Foot in the direction of years could pass like as many days. his mother's palace. They Followed IF you remember, my earlier stay in him. the Forests with Viswamithra brought Rama went up to his mother, me countless blessings; this could KaLsalya. She was weak with her Fasts be a similar opportunity again, For an.:1 austerities uldertaken car the me. So do not grieve." welfare of her son. She had been Kausalya now realized that Rama expecting him to arrive in Full could not be stopped. She thought, regalia but noted the ordinary silks "Let me at least beg my husband's which he wore and asked, "Why are you help to hold him back From this not dressed yet For the coronation?" resolve...." However, when she "My Father has decided to crown reached the King's chamber and saw Bharata as the King,"Rama said his condition, she realized the simply. hopelessness of her mission. As he "Oh, no! But why?' lay there stunned and silent, she Rama said, "For my own good, my understood that he must ue in some Father has another command; it is For dredful dilemma. Unable to bear the my progre 5 and spiritual welfare." spectacle of an inert, lifeless "What is it?What can it be?" husband, she uttered a loud wail. "Only that For twice seven years, Her cries were so loud that the he wants me to go away and dwell in guests in the assemaly hall were the Forests, in the company of saints, startled, and requested Sage and derive all the benefit therefrom." Vasishtha to go up immediately and Kausalya broke down and sobbed. Find out the cause. All kinds of She wrung her hands, she Felt Faint in music, chanting of hymns, prayers, the depth of her bowels, sighed, lauahter, and talk had Filled the started out to say things but air; but this sudden intrusion of swallowed back her words. She said wailing destroyed the atmosphwre of bitterly, "What a grand command From a joy. Vasishthahurried on. He Father to a son!" She asked, "When do Found the King looking almost dead, you have to go? What offence have you Kaikeyi sitting apart and watching committed?" the scene unperturbed, and Kausalyu Rama liftedhis mother with his in a state of complete desperation hands and said, "My Father's name is and wretchedness. He quickly tried renowned For the ste-Jfastness of his to estimate the situation. It would words. Would you rather that he spoke be no use questioning Kausalya. He False? ...I am thrice blessed, to turned to the calm and Firm-looking make my brother the King, to carry out Kaikeyi. "Madam, what has my Father's command, and to live in happened?" the Forests. Do not let your heart "Nothing to warrant all this grieve." hullaballoo," Kaikeyi said. "A 13 situation like this ought to be Kaikeyi, Kaikeyi..." ignored, a purelj domestic matter. Do Vasishtha said, "The Queen, not'be perturbed, sir. Go back to the Kaikeyi, is most considerate. She assembly and tell them to be calm. A will do nothing that goes against few changes in the arrangements, your wishes. I am sure she will be that's all. They will be told about obliging and helpful. There has it soon." been no opportunity to discuss these "T, want to know everything," said questions with her Majesty, our Vasishtha emphatically. immediate concern being your She hastened to say, "OF course, welfare." Kaikeyi listened you are our spiritual mentor and guide passively to this hopeful statement and you have every right to demard an by Vasishtha. explanation." While she spoke, Dasaratha, clutching at a straw Vasishtha saw Kausalya writhing and oF hope, asked, "Does she relent? squirming, and Oasaratha s,irring. If she does, Rama will be King; and Oasaratha was evidently aware of wha,, as to my promise, let her ask for was going on in the room though unable any other fulfillment she may think to take part in the conversation. of...." Lest eithf,r oF them should beoin to Relieved to find the King say thine- at cross-purposes with her, improving, Vasishtha turned to Kaikeyi said, "Your wisdom sustains Kaikeyi and appealed to her with all us, sir. You will realize that the humility he could muster in his noth ng untoward has happened. Before tone. "Everything is in your 1 had even spoken fully, Rama hands.... Please consider yourself understood and agreed. It's the as the benefactress of humanity. others who are making all this fuss. The whole world will be grateful to Rama understood and agreed. It's the you for your help. Please others who are making all this fuss. reconsider." 1.ama hes surrendered his right to the Kaikeyi became emotional: "IF tirone in favour oF Sha,..ata, and will one cannot depend on the promise of stay away in the forest for fourteen a famous king," she hissed, "life is years. It's a thing that concerns not worth living. After all,I have primarily himself, and he has accepted done nothing more than ask For the it without a word, with much grace. Fulfillment of his own voluntary But these ni-hers think..." She swept promise, and you talk a7 if I had her arm to indicate several hostile committed a crime!" persons. "You do not realize the evil Vasishtha understood, but still consequences of your act, nor are asked, "What is the cause oF this you willing to listen and understand change?" when we try to explain. Your Kaikeyi, whose good manners had obstinacy is inhuman," said reachedtheir limit, now said, "If my Vasishtha. When she appeared husband will speak, he unaffected, he went on: "The King's can----otherwise please wait. Just tongue never uttered the words of tell those assembled that there is a exile; you have passed this on as change in the programme." his own command, knowing that Rama "That we will see later," said would never question the truth of Vasishtha. "First we must revive the it. You have used your position as King." He stooped over the King lying his Favourite queen." on the couch, gently lifted his head, No matter how he argued and and helped him to sit up. "We need persuaded, Kaikeyi held her ground you, Your Majesty. You are our lord with cynical calm. "Oh, GURUJI, you and captain. What is to happen IF you too talk like these ignorant, are withdrawn liKe this?" self-centeredpeople who find fault The King went on mumbling, with me without understanding." 14

Finally the King burst out, "Oh, weakened in will that he clung to devilish one, you ordered him into this hope when he saw the sage exile! Is he gone? In seeking you ab depart. Kausalya comforted the King a mate, I sought my death. Those by saying, "It i quite likely cherry-red lips I thought sustained me, Vasishtha will come back with Rama." but they have only been a source of the She tenderly lifted him, nursed him, deadliestpoison to Finish me off now. and stroked his head and shoulder. This sage be my witness. You are no He kept repea';ing, "Will Rama come? longer my wife, and your son shall not When? How terrible that Kaikeyi, be entitled to cremate me when I die." whom I loved so much, should Kausalya, when she saw her contrive my death so that she they husband's plight, was most movad and place Sharata on the throne!" tried to comforthim in her own way. Silence For a while, but once again Concealing her own misery at the all his lamentations and Fears would prospect of Rama's exile. she told here teturn redoubled. husband clearly, "IF you do not "Kousalya, my dearest wife, maintain the integrity and truth of listen. Rama will net change his your own words, and now try to hold aim, but definitely go away, and my Rama back, the world will not accept life will end. You know why? It's it. Try anu now try to hold Rama back, en old story. the world will not accept it. Try to "Once while I was hunting in a lessen your attachment to Rama and calm Forest, I heard the gurgling oF yourself." water----the noise an elephant makes The King was not appeased by her when drinking water. I shot an advice. "The holy water From arrow in that dircction, and at once brought For ablution during the heard a human cry in agony. I went coronation will now serve me For my up and Found that I had soot at a last drink; the holy Fire raised will young boy. He had been Filling his serN,e to light my Funeral pyre. Rama, pitcher; and aater rushing into it Rama, don't lg.). I take back my word to had created the noise. The boy was Kaikeyi.... How can I bear to see you dying and told me that his old go? I will not survive your depa-ture. parents, eyeless, were not Far awpy. IF I lived after your departure, what He had tended them, carrying them would be the oifference between me and about on his back. They died on that monszer in wife's hearing of this tragedy, after shape----Kaikeyi?" Thus and in many cursing the man who had killed their other ways, Oasaretha lamented. son to suffer a similar Fate. And Vasishtha said, "Oo not arieve.... so that is going to be Ty Fate...." I will see that your son is persuaded to stay back." Oasaratha had become so READING - IV 15

When Rama's ixile became known, head. This I'll azhieve this very the kings and commoners assembled at day, this very day." Seeino his the hall broke down and wept; so did Fiery eyes and hearing his the religious heads and ascetics. Men stentor-an challenges, people and women wept aloud; the parrots in withdrew From his proximity. "IF their cages wept, the cats in people's all the gJds in heaven, all the homes; the infants in their cradles, demons, all the good people of the the cows and calves. Flowers that had earth, and bad----if the whole world just bloomed wilted away. The water oppose me, I'll not relent or y;eld birds, the elephants, the chargers that to the desire of a mere Female... " drew chariots----all broke down and Hi, challenges and the ratt'ing lamented like Oasaratha himself, unable of his arms and the twanging ra,his tc bear the pang of separation From bow-string reached the ears of Rama, Rama. What a moment ago had been a who was just on his way to take world of Festivities had become one of leave of his stepmother Sumithra, mournina. Crowds thronaed hither and Lakshmana's mother, and he thither, stood in knots at street immediately turned back and corners, watched the portals of the confronted Lakshmana. "What makes palace, speculating and commentina. you wear all this battle-dress, and "Kaikeyi----the red-lipped prostitute,- against whom are you utterino your they said, "We never suspected that our challenges?And why are you so wild King was so lost in infatuation.... We and angry?" thought that the red-lipped woman was Lakshmana said, "If this is not our Queen, but she has shown her true the occasion For anger, when else nature----using her Flesh to bait a is it? After having promised you senilemale, who has sought his own your riahtful place----to deny it ruin and thereby the ruin oF our now! I can'ttolerate it. The country. Let Kaikeyi try and rule this vicious dreams of that black-hearted country with her son----there will be woman shall not be fulfilled. I'll none left to rule over; we will all not let my senses watch this kill ourselves or move out with Rama. injustice passively. I'll resist it Ah, unfortunate earth not destined ta till I perish." have Rama as your overlord! What is "It was my mistake," said Lakshmana doing? How will he stand Rama. "I have only myself to blame this separation? What justification For acceptingmy Father's offer of can there be For breaking a promise the throne so readily without made to Rama? Strange act cF justice thinking of the consequences. Your this! The world has suddenly gone tongue, learned in the recital of mad!" Vedas and all the truths of godly Lakshmana, on hearing of the life, should not be allowed to utter developments, was roused like the Fire whatever it likes so irresponsibly. starting to consumethe earth on the Your charaes not stand the last day. "Food kept For the lion is scrutiny of judicicus and serene sought to be Fed to the streEt ,...nflperaments. You must not utter puppy----so plans that doe-eyed suL-h bitter remarks about people who Kaikeyi," commented Lakshmana. He afts,r all are none other than your picked up his sword and bow, put on his Father and mother." (Rama makes no battle dress, and aggressively roamed distinction between mother and the streets swearing, "Rama shall be stapmother). "Calm yourself. crowned, and whoever comes in the way Sometimes a river runs dry, and then will be annihilated. Let the whole it cannot be said to be the Fault of world come, I'll destroy everyone who the ri%,er----it's dry because the opposes, and pile up their carcasses heavens are dry. So also, our sky high. I'll seize the crown and Father's change of mind, or the will not rest tillI place it on Rama's apparent hardheartedness of Kaikeyi, 16 who has been so loving and kind, or untiringly, Rama expressed his Bharata's chance of succession.... determination to go and his joy at These are really not our own doing, being able to fulfill his father's but some higher powers have decreed terms. While they were talking, a them. Fate...." servant maid sent by Kaikeyi came "I'll be the fate to overpower bearing in her arms garments made of fate itself," said Lakshmana, with tree barks, a reminder for Rama to martial arrogance. Rama argued with change quickly and depart. him further. "I'll change and alter Lakshmana ordered another set for fate itself, if necessary," repeated himself, shed the finery he was Lakshmana and concluded his sentence wearing, and changed into coarse with the refrain, "Whoever dares to bark. Presently Rama, dressed like oppose my aim will be destroyed. an ASCETIC or penitent was ready to "I know no father and no mother, leave. At the sight of his other than you," said Lakshmana, departure, the women wept. Rama still unsoftened. "You are everything made one last attempt to leave to me. And there is no meaning in my Lakshmana behind but Lakshmana existence, and in the possession of my followed him stubbornly. He then limbs and sense intact, unless I went into Site's chamber and found establish you on the throne as your her already dressed in the rough richt, irrespective of what a female tree fibre----her finery and jewels serpenthas tried to do. My blood discarded and laid aside, although boils and will not calm down----you she had decorated and dressed will now see what my bow can do...." herself as befitting a queen a At this Rama held his hand back. little while ago. Rama, though he He said, "I am firmly convinced that had been of so firm a mind for our mother Kaikeyi is the one who himself, felt disturbed at the sight deserves to inherit this kinodom, of her----the change being so having saved our father's life and sudden. He said, "It was never my being assured of his gratitude; it is father's intention to send you along Bharata's privilege----being the one with me. This is not the life for chosen by Kaikeyi; and my priviieg;" is you. I have only come to take your renunciation and association of leave, not to take you with me...." enlightened hermits of the forest. Oo "I'm dressed and ready, as you you want to let your anger rage until see...." you have vanquished an innocent "If it is your wish to discard '_.., :ther who has no part is this, a fine clothes because I wear none, mother who has nursed us, and a father you may do so, though it's not who was the greatest ruler on earth? necessary." Is that victoryworth all this? Is "I'm coming with you; my place thi anger, which seeks to destroy all is at your side wherever you may Firm relationships, worth nurturing? be...." Control yourself, and take your hand Rama saw the determination in off your bow." her eyes and made one last plea. Lakshmana relaxed, muttering, "You have your duties to perform "What's all this strength of my arm here, my Father and mother being worth! Mere burden, if it cannot be here. I'll be with you again." employed to destroy evil when I see "After fourteen years! What it; and my anger itself has now proved would be the meaning of my futile." existence? I could as well be dead. Rama went up with Lakshmana to It will be living death for me bid farewell to his stepmother without you. I am alive only when I Sumithra. As had happened with the am with you; a Forest or a marble others, Sumithra also bewailed Rama's palace is all the same to me." exile and tried to stop him. Once When he realized that she could 17 not be deflected from 'ler purpose, someone nearest him, "Now, I'll take Rama said, "If it is your wish, so let leFve of you all," and brought his it be. May the gods protact you." p.alms together in a salutation. A large crowd had gathered They returned the salutation, but outside the palace when Rama, moved when he moved, showing not the Lakshmana, and Sita emerged in their least sign of staying back. They austere garb, as decreed by Kaikeyi. surrounded Rama, Sita, and Many wept at the sight of them, and Lakshmana. The crowd was cursed Kaikeyi again and again among suffocating. After they had themselves. A silence ensued as proceeded along for some distance, Vasi.shtha arrived with every sign of the crowd made way for a chariot urgency. The crowd watched which pulled up. Sumanthra got out expectanly, a spurt of hope welling up of it and said, "Get into the in their hearts of a last-minute chariot. Sita Devi may not be able development which could transform the to walk through this crowd...." scene magically. For the first time Rama smi:ed to himself. "She people saw the sage Vasishtna looking has undertaken to keep me company forlorn and tired. Stepping up before and may have to go a long way on Rama, he said, "Do not go. The King foot yet." desires you to stay and come back to "Still, when a chariot is the palace." available, please come. At least "It is his desire I should be you can leave the crowd behind and away...." oet ahead...." "Not his. He never said it,it Rama helped Sita up into the is your stepmother's order. She chariot. The horses started to has...." gallop, but not too far----to no Rama did not want him to continue purpose actually, as the crowd made his comment on Kaikeyi and it difficult for the vehicle to interrupted. "Forgive ma. It is my proceed except at a walking pace. duty to obey her also, since she Rama said, "Let us go slowly; no derivesher authority from my father, harm." Lakshmana added, "Our and he has given her his word. How stepmother has a- least refrained can it be different now?" from specifying how fast you should "Your father is deeply grieving get away!" that you are leaving him. He may not They reached the banks of the survive the separation, in his present river Sarayu end camped there for state...." the night. The citizens who hao Rama said, "Ycu are our teacher followed also spread themselves out in all matt-rs. Please comfort my on the sand, not in the least father, see that he -ealizes the minding the discomfort. Past nature of our present situation----of midnight, fatigued by the trekking, my duty as his son in keeping his the whole gathering had aone off to word. A word given is like an arrow, sleep. Rama said softly to it goes Forward. You cannot recall it Sumanthra, "This is the time to midway...." He made a deep bow to leave. You may go back to the indicate that he had nothing more to palace and tell rir, father that I am say. Vasishtha turned back without a safe." While the followers slept, word, and withdrew, unwilling to be Rama, Site, and Lakshmana rode out

seen with tears in his eyes. '...o a farther point on the river, When Rama took a step, the whole crossed it, and went up the crowd stepped forward, and it stopped embankment. Sumanthra watched them when he stopped. No ane spoke. go and then turned back, following Considering the v.7.stness of the crowd, Rama's suagestion that he should the silencewas overwhelming. There reach the capital by another route were tears in several eyes. Rama told without waking the crowd. 18

Oasaratha lay inert, motionless, Sita and Lakshmana crossed the with his eyes closed----except when a river, went up the bank, and then footstep sounded outside, at which along a foot track that wound its time his lips moved as he whispered, way through a cluster of "Has Rama come?" When Vasishtha or bamboos...." Kausalya aave some soothing answer, he "Oh!" groanea the King. "How, lapsed into his drowsy state again. how...When?" He could not complete "Who is gone to fetch him?" the sentence. Sumanthra tried to "Sumanthra," Vasishtha replied. say, "Rama wanted to escape the Finally a footstep did sound, loudly crowd...." enough to rouse the drowsy King. The The thought of Rama and Sita on door opened, and the King alo opened the rough forest track beyond bamboo his eyes and exclaimed, "Ah, clusters was too unbearable for Sumanthra? Where is Rama?" !Before Oasaratha. He fell into a swoon and Vasishtha or Kausalya could prevent never recovered from the shock. his reply, Sumanthra explained, "Rama, ("He died even as Sumanthra was speaking," says the poet.)

09, V READING - 19

The King's death left the country illumination." without a ruler for the time being. "No sound of music----no happy Vasishtha convened an urgent council voices or songs or instruments.... of the ministers and officials of the What oppressive silence! So few to court and decided, "The first thing to be seen in the streets, and even the do is to preserve the King's body one or two we meet look up with such until Bharata can come back and unsmiling faces! What is wrong with perform the funeral." They kept the them?" body embalmed in a cauldron of oil. Bharata drove straight to Two messengers were dispatched Dasaratha's palace, went up, and with a sealed packet for Bharata, burst into his chamber with words of advising him to return to the capital greeting on his lips. Not finding urgently. The messengers were to keep the King in his usual place, he their horses continously at a gallop, paused, wondering where he should and were not to explain anything or seek him. Just then an inner door convey any information. They were opened, a maid appeared and said, trusted men, experienced in the task "Your mother summons you." of carrying royal dispatches, and Immediately he left for Kaikeyi's could be depended upon not to exceed apartment. He made a deep obeisance their orders. Within eight days, they to her, touched her feet, and drew up at the portals of Aswapathi's Kaikeyi asked, "Are my father, palace at Kekaya and declared, "We brothers, and the others safe and carry an impc,rtant message for happy in Kekaya?" BhErata." Bharata replied that all was Bharata was overjoyed, and well in her father's home. He then ordered, "Bring them up with the least asked, "I want to touch the lotus delay." He received them in his feet of my father. Where is he chamber and asked at once, "Is my gone? Where can I seek him?" father happy and in good health?" The "The great King has been messengers murmured a polite answer, received by resplendent heavenly and Bharata, "How is my brother, beings in the next world. He is Rama?" And they r,L,peated their polite happy and at peace. Do not murmuring again, and said, "We bear an grieve," replied Kaikeyi calmly. epistle for Your Highness." Bharata When he took in the full import received the sealed messaoe (written of her news and found his tongue on palm leaf and wrapped in silk), again, Bharatasaid, "None but you opened it, and read: "Your return to could have uttered these terrible Ayodhya is urgently required in words in this manner.. Is your heart connection with state affairs." He made of stone? I should never have ordered that the message bearers be left his side. My misfortune, my rewarded liberally and began immediate mistake. The world has not seen a preparations for his return to greater ruler; no son has had a Ayodhya, without having the patience nobler father. I was not fated to even to consult the palace astrologer be with him, to hear his voice, to as to thc propitious time for starting feel his glorious on a long journey. presence----enjoying my holiday When they reached the outskirts indeed! What a time to have chosen of Ayodhya, Bharata asked his brother for relaxation!" He recounted again Sathrugna, "Do you notice any change and again his father's exploits as a in the atmosphere?" warrior, and this in some meEsure "No traffic of chariots or mitigated his anguish. After a long horse-riders, no spectacle of people brooding silence he sa:d, "Until I moving about ir public squares and see Rama and listen to hi> voice, my highways..." grief will not abate." "Streets and homes without any At this point, Kaikeyi said in

lb 30 20 a matter-of-fact voice, "With hiswife ...If I do not snuff your wretched and brother, he left to live in the life out with my own hand, do not forests." pride yourself that it is because "What a time to have chosen for you are my mother, but you are forest-going! When will he be back? spared because Rama would despise me What made him go? Oid he go there for my deed." before the King's death or after? Has Hn lpi:t her without another word he committed a wrong? What could be and went off sobbing to the palace the cause of his exile, if it is an of Kausalya, Rama's mother. She exile? Oid the gods decree it or the received him with all courtesy and King? Oid he gc before or after the affection, although she could not be King's death? Oh, impossible quite clear in her mind about thought----did he commit a wrono? But Bharata's innocence. Bharata threw if Rama committed a seemingly wrong himself befoe her and lamented, "In act, it would still be something to which world shall I seek my father? benefit humanity, like a mother Where can I see my brother again? forcibly administering a medicine to Have the fates kept me away in my her child." grandfather's house so that I may "It's none of what you think. He suffer this pang?" went away with the full knowledge cf After he had gone on thus for ycur father." some time expressing his sorrow and "My father dies, my brother is his determination to destroy himself exiled.... What has happened? What rather than bear the burden of both is all this mystery? What is behind separation and ill-repute, Kausalya all this?" realized that Bharata was innocent. "Now attend to what..I am going to She asked at the end of his speech, say, calmly and with good sense. Of "So you were unaware of the evil course, it would have been splendid if designs of your mother?" your father had lived. But it was not At this Bharata was so incensed in our hands. You will have to accept that he burst into self-damnation: things as they come and not let your "If I had the slightest knowledge of Feelings overpower and weaken your what my mother was planning, may I mind. Through your father's be condemned to dwell in the darkest irrevocable prolise to grant me two hell reservedfor...." And he wishes, you are today lord of this listed a series of the blackest sins earth, and Rama has willingly removed For which people were committed to himselF frcm your path. After he gave hell. me his promise, your father became Vasishtha arri%ed. Bharata rather weak in mind...." asked, "Where is my father?" He was Bharata understood now. He taken to where the King's body was ground his teeth, glared at her and kept. thundered, "You are a serpent. You Vasishtha said, "It is time to are heartless. You have had the go through the funeral rites." When unning, the deviousness, to trap the Bharata was ready For the King into a promise, and not cared cPremonies. Oasaratha's body was that it meant death to him. How am I carried in a procession on elephant to prove to the world that I have no back to the accompaniment of hand in this? How can anyone help mournful drums and trumpets, to the thinkino that I have manoeuvered it bank of the Sarayu River, where a all through? ...You have earned me Funeral pyre had been erected. the blackest reputation for anyone Oasaratha's body was laid on it with since the beginning of our solar elaborate prayers and rituals. When race." the time came to light the pyre, He concluded with regret, "You Bharata approached it with a flame deserve to die for your perfidy. in his hand; suddenly, at the last

21 21 moment, Vasishtha stopped him, Bharata flung himself down at remembering Dasaratha's last Rama's feet. Rama lifted him up injunction disowningKaikeyi and her with many kind words. son. He explained it delicatrly and When Rama learned of his with profound sorrow: "Th k. most father's death, he broke down. painful cuty that the gods have left After a while, when he recovered, he me to perform." set about performing on the river Bharata understood. He withdrew, bank the rites required of the son leaving his brother Sathrugna to of the departed King. When they continue the performance, with the settled down after the ceremonies, bitter reflection, "This again my Bharata opened the subject. "I have mother's gift to me, not even to be come with all these people to beg able to touch my fathers's funeral you to return home and be our King." pyre!" Rama shook his head and said, At the end of the day, Bharata "Yes, Fourteen years hence. That retired to his palace and shut himself was our father's wish. You are the in. After five days of mourning, the King by his nuthority." ministers am Vasishtha conferred, "If you think I should be the approached Bhareta, and requested him King, so be it, but I abdicate this to become their King, as the country instant, and crown you." needed a ruler. Bharata refused the The argument went on at a suggestion and announced, "I am highly academic and philosophical determined to seek Rama ard beg him to lovel, the entire assembly watched return." He ordered that all citizens with respect. and the army should be ready to In a world where we are accompany him to the forest. A vast accustomed to rivalries over throng of citizens, army, horses, possession, authority, and borders, elephants, women, and children, set and people clashing over the issue, forth in the direction oF Chitrakuta, "Ours," or "Mine, not yours," it is where Rama was camping. Bharata wore rather strange to find two people a garment made of tree bark, and debating whose the kingdom is NOT, insisted on cccomplishino the journey and asserting: "Yours, not mine." on Foot as a penance, Following Rama's "So be it; if I have the own example. When they crossed the authority----then I confer it on you Ganges and came within sight of as the ruler," said Bharata at one Chitrakuta, Lakshmana, who had set stage. "On my command as the ruler, himself as Rama's bodyguard, noticed if yr.1 desire to think so, you shall the crowd at a distance and cried out, be the King." It went on thus. "There he comes, with an -rmy----to Rama went on repeating that there make sure that you don't return to could be no word higher than that of claim his ill-gotten kingdom. I'll a father; no conduct other than destroy the whole lot. I have enough obedience to it. Throughout he power in my quiver." referred to Kaikeyi in the gentlest While Vey stood watching, terms and always as "mother." Bharata left his Followers behind and Vasishtha, watching the debate, came forward alone in his tree-bark burst out: "I have been your GURU; garb, his arms held aloft in there can be no higher authority supplication, with tears in his eyes, than a guru----you must returr, to praying, "Rama, Rama, forgive me." Ayodhya as King." Rama said, "It's Rama whispered to Lakshmana, "Do you not right to give me that command. note his martial air, and the My parents, who have oiven wc my battle-dress he has put on?" body and mind, are higher than a Lakshmana hung his head and guru." confessed, "I had misjudged him." Bharata declared, "This is my vow. I don't care what happens. I ....._\.`

shall renounce everything and live in years, I shall immolate myself. the forest with Rama for fourteen Give me your sandals, please. They years." will be your symbol, and I shall The gods watched this argument, rule on behalF oF that symbol. I afraid that if Rama returned to the will not re-enter Ayodhya until y ou kingdom, overwhelmed by the needs of come back, but stay outside the the country, the purpose of his city." incarnation would be defeated [to Bearing Rama's sandals in his defeat RAVANA, the ten-headed demon hands, with all reverence, Bharata King of Lanka] and proclaimed: turned back. He established himself "Bharata, go back and rule on Rama's in a little village called, behalf for fourteen years." Nandigram, on the outskirts of There was nothing more to it. Ayodhya, installed Rama's sandals on Bharata said, "I have nothing more to the throne, and ruled the country as say. I shall rule for Fourteen years. a regent. But not a day longer. If you, Rama, do not appear at the end of fourteen

- , 23

DISCUSSION AFTER THE STORY-TELLING HAS CONCLUDED

The following questions will lead the students to synthesize the information,they have read and heard. The process will allow the students to arrive at an understanding of dharama.

[Recommend projecting the chart "RAMAYANA GENEALOGY" or writing it on the blackboard to allow the students to follow the questioning.]

1. WHAT WAS DASHARATHA'S OHARMA?

Possible answer should include:

a. To be truthful, b. To be honest. c. To keep his word. d. To make decisions for the best interests of his people. e. To defend those who cannot defend themselves.

2. WHAT TEMPTATIONS WERE PLACED IN DASHARATHA's PATH THAT DETRACTED HIM FROM ACHIEVING DHARMA?

Possible answer should include:

a. Decision to make Rama king. b. Dishonesty of why he wanted Rama's coronation to take place immediately. c. Renouncing his marriage to Kaikeyi and disowning Bharata.

3. DID OASHARATHA ACHIEVE HIS DHARMA?HOW?

Possible answer should include:

a. Gave respect to all three of his wives. b. Dasharatha wanted to protect his sons from harm and encouraged their education. c. He willingly effered assistance to Viswamithra. d. The king felt that Rama would be best for the people. u. Kaikeyi forced the king to keep his word and make Bharata king.

4 WHAT IS RAMA'S DHARMA?

Possible answer should include:

a. To achieve human and spiritual perfection. b. Honored and obeyed his parents and teachers. c. Lived a just and honest life in hisdealings with ALL people. d. Rama knew and understood his duties as son, prince, brother, and husband.

24 24

S. WHAT TESTS OM RAMA HAVE TO FAC:?

Possible answers should include:

a. The experience at Vismaithra's aswrama. b. The stringing of Shiva's bow at the wedding. c. Obedience of Oasharatha's wish to be king. d. The obedience of Kaikeyi's wish that he go into exile. e. Temptation of using his popularity with the people to gain the throne.

6. 00ES IT APPEAR THAT RAMA WILL ACHIEVE OHARMA? (YES)

Possible answers should include:

[Use question #5 to defend position.]

7. WHAT IS KAIKEYI'S OHARMA?

Possible answers should include:

a. To serve her husband. b. To help her 'Iusband achieve dharma. c. To be a good mother to all her sons.

8. 00ES IT APPEAR AS IF KAIKEYT WILL ACHIEVE OHARMA?

a. Possible answers should include:

a. Yes, to have her husband achieve hi dharma she must make him keep his word given to Aswapathi.

b. No, she uses methods that are adharmic (goes against her dharma) to force the king to keep his word. c. Kaikeyi is trapped by the sin of self-importance(ego) d. As a queen she loses sight of what is best for all the people. e. As a mother she stops isentifying herself as mother to all the king's sons. F. Kaikeyi begins to identify herself as mother only to her natural son, Bharata.

9. WHAT IS KAUSHALYA'S OHARMA?

[Same as Kaikeyi's dharna in question #7]

10. 00ES IT APPEAR AS IF KAUSHALYA WILL ACHIEVE OHARMA?

Possible answer should include:

a. Yes, Volunteers to be with her son in exile. b. Obeys the wishes of her son to remain in Ayodha and take care of the king.

q5 25

c. Does not undermine the authority of the king or Queen Kaikeyi. d. She encourages what is best for all the people. e. Recognizes that the honor of the king must be maintained.

ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS ABOUT DHARMA....

,,.... Whenevcr you are in doubt or when the self becomes too much with you, apply the following test:

Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen and ask yourself if the step youcontemplate is going to be of any use to him. Will he gain anything by it? Will it restore him to control over his own life and destiny?" TALISMAN Mahatma Gandhi

AN ANALOGY....

Read the first part to students and ask them to respond. After a few minutes of discussion read the second part. Ask the students if they agree. After a short evaluation go to question #11. FIRST PART

Oharma is like a many faceted precious jewel. Each facet adds beauty and dimension to the gem. To mar or destroy eten one facet renders the stone worthless. The skilled cutter creates and polishes the facets into a valuable gem.

SECOND PART

So it is wi:h a human being. To live a good life and to neglect even the smallest aspect will damage the total person. However, if the individual strives to work toward perfection, as was the case of Rama, they aill be as priceless as thevaluable jewel.

11. WHAT IS YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF DHARMA?

Answers will vary----points to stress:

a. Dharma is more than obedience to parents orteachers or simpl3 duty. b. Dharma is to extend one's abilities and talents to the highest degree. (Goal setting and achieving ---- duty to one's self.) c. Dharma is consideration of others and personal conduct. d. Dharma is respecting nature and the universe. e. Oharma is following the positive values of asociety that embraces moral laws of man.

* Review the definition of dharma on p,je iv. '6 Appendix 16

END

U.S. Dept.of Education

Office of Education Research and Improvement (OERI)

ERIC

Date Fi1mirsd

March 21,1991