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A Comparative Analysis of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

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A Comparative Analysis of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-19-2015 A Comparative Analysis of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Stable Isotopes in Assessing Ancient Coastal Peruvian Diets Theresa Jane Gilbertson University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Gilbertson, Theresa Jane, "A Comparative Analysis of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Stable Isotopes in Assessing Ancient Coastal Peruvian Diets" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5951 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Comparative Analysis of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Stable Isotopes in Assessing Ancient Coastal Peruvian Diets by Theresa Jane Gilbertson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Anthropology Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. John Arthur, Ph.D. Arlene Fradkin, Ph.D. David Himmelgreen, Ph.D. Erin Kimmerle, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 17, 2015 Keywords: Nasca, Lima, Moche, cultures, marine, terrestrial Copyright © 2015, Theresa Jane Gilbertson DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of both my mother, Betty Asher Smith and father, Lewis J. Smith, with love and profound admiration for instilling in me the belief that a dream can be fulfilled at any age. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many years ago as an undergraduate student, I had the profound experience of studying under the tutelage of Robert Barylski at USF Sarasota-Manatee. He pushed me towards pursuing a degree in that which I loved rather than that which was particularly practical at the time. The late Amy Sparks, remembered fondly, became my friend and adviser as I finished a Master’s Degree in the Department of Humanities and American Studies. She encouraged me to continue along my path towards a doctorate with a focus remaining on Peru. James Strange, biblical archaeologist, drew me back into archaeology, dabbled in when I had earlier lived in Peru, although when a doctoral program with an archaeology track was launched in the Anthropology Department, he encouraged me to pursue my love. Victor Manuel Olivera and his business partner, Leo Little, Margot Beyersdorff, Lynn Meisch, and many other anthropologists and archaeologists who passed through Cuzco when I lived there in the early 1980s, as well as the Bolivian researchers who befriended me, including Laurie Adelson, Arthur Tracht, Roger and Amparo Yorke, and William Siegel, are all remembered in gratitude for their encouragement. Robert Tykot, who I first studied with on the Mediterranean archipelago of Malta, drew me into bioarchaeology and worked with me through my mother’s eight year plus fight with Alzheimer’s disease, through which I was her primary caregiver. Michael Gilbertson and Antonio Zas helped me juggle caregiving, teaching as an adjunct instructor, and continuing slowly on my pursuit of this degree. Christian Wells guided me through SPSS statistics. I am especially grateful to David Himmelgreen, John Arthur, and Erin Kimmerle, who agreed to serve on my committee, as well as Arlene Fradkin, the zooarchaeologist with whom I had the pleasure of working with while under the direction of James Strange in Israel during both the 1996 and 1999 excavation seasons. Ryan Williams of The Field Museum holds a place of honor in this dedication for being the first to finally accept my request for samples for destructive analysis in order for this dissertation to proceed. Christopher Philipp, Collections Manager at The Field, also was instrumental in allowing me access to that which I needed on two sampling trips to their halls. In the Smithsonian Museum, it was David Hunt who granted me the permission for the pXRF non- destructive analysis that allowed me to include a portion of the Hrdlicka collection of Moche crania in this report from at least the perspective of an elemental analysis. My host family while working at The Field Museum in Chicago was that of Eileen and James Ross, and while working in Suitland, Maryland, at the Smithsonian Research Center, I thank Karen-Ann Lichtenstein and her husband, James Luceno. I am grateful to Ethan Goddard, the Lab Director at USF St. Petersburg who processed my samples. Fawn Ngo and Richard Reiche, professors of criminology and psychology, respectively, friends and coworkers at USF Sarasota-Manatee, and Rheta Lanehart, Tampa campus, all helped to refresh my memory of SPSS as I worked through the data. I also want to thank Mike Sutherland, Professor Emeritus from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and currently with New College of Florida, for being a reader and one who kindly checked my statistics. My final thanks are to Michael Gilbertson for his time and expertise in editing, and to Antonio Zas, who is responsible for drawing, or redrawing from Kroeber’s original maps, all of the maps used in this paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iii List of Figures v Abstract ix Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Two Methods and a Theory 1 1.2 The Present Study 3 1.3 The Bioarchaeological Approach 6 1.4 Structure of the Study 9 Chapter Two: History of the Collections 12 2.1 The Smithsonian Museum Collection 12 2.2 The Field Museum Collection 16 2.3 Andean Chronology 26 Chapter Three: Archaeological Background of the Coastal Regions 31 3.1 Review of the Literature 31 3.2 The Moche Culture 38 3.3 The Lima Culture 54 3.4 The Cañete Valley 58 3.5 The Nasca Culture 60 3.6 Theoretical Models of Resource Utilization 67 3.7 El Nino/Southern Oscillation Events 71 3.8 Hypotheses Addressed in the Study 73 Chapter Four: Introducing Stable Isotopes and pXRF 78 4.1 Background Data: Stable Isotopes 78 4.2 Background Data: Trace elements and pXRF 93 Chapter Five: The Bioarchaeology of Coastal Peru, First Millennium BC through First Millennium AD 97 5.1 Review of the Literature 97 Chapter Six: Materials and Methods 120 6.1 Method of Data Collection: pXRF Spectrometry 120 6.2 Method of Data Collection: Stable Isotope Sampling 126 i 6.3 Bone Collagen Preparation 128 6.4 Bone Apatite Preparation 130 6.5 Tooth Enamel Apatite Preparation 132 6.6 The Sample Tested 133 6.7 Sampling Strategy 134 6.8 Sampling Challenges 136 Chapter Seven: Statistical Results of the Data 139 7.1 Analysis 139 Chapter Eight: Discussion 217 8.1 Introduction to Case Studies 217 8.2 Nasca Skeletal Remains 218 8.3 Cañete Skeletal Remains 242 8.4 Lima Skeletal Remains 250 8.5 Chicama Skeletal Remains 251 Chapter Nine: Conclusion and Considerations for Future Studies 254 References 271 Appendix A: Skull Specimens 306 Appendix B: Raw Data 515 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Andean chronology (following Rowe & Menzel 1967) 27 Table 2.2: Andean chronology for included valleys (following Lumbreras 1974) 29 Table 3.1: Hypotheses regarding pXRF trace element data compared to IRMS data and ancient diets 74 Table 3.2: Hypotheses regarding diet/age in Central/ South Coastal EIP/MH Cultures 74 Table 3.3: Hypotheses regarding diet/sex in Central/ South Coastal EIP/MH Cultures 75 Table 3.4: Hypotheses regarding Cañete affiliation to either Lima or Nasca Cultures 75 Table 3.5: Hypotheses regarding trace elements and status potential 76 Table 4.1: Isotope values of Peruvian animals from comparative studies 82 Table 4.2: Isotope values of Peruvian plants from comparative studies 84 Table 7.1: Frequency of individuals in isotope data by valley 140 Table 7.2: Descriptive statistics for collagen isotope data by valley 144 Table 7.3: Descriptive statistics for apatite isotope data by valley 146 Table 7.4: Frequency of individuals in isotope data by sex 152 Table 7.5: Nonparametric correlation of collagen C:N of valley for dietary preference by sex 153 Table 7.6: Parametric correlation of collagen C:N of valley for dietary preference by sex 153 Table 7.7: Descriptive statistics for apatite isotope data by sex 154 iii Table 7.8: Descriptive statistics for collagen isotope data by sex 157 Table 7.9: Collagen statistics 163 Table 7.10: Frequency of individuals in collagen isotope data by age 163 Table 7.11: Apatite statistics 164 Table 7.12: Frequency of individuals in apatite isotope data by age 164 Table 7.13: Descriptive statistics for bone apatite isotope data by age 165 Table 7.14: Descriptive statistics for bone collagen isotope data by age 169 Table 7.15: Frequency of individuals in isotope data by cemetery 175 Table 7.16: Descriptive statistics by cemetery 176 13 Table 7.17: Bivariate correlation between Sr and δ Ccol 207 13 Table 7.18: Descriptive statics for the variables Sr and δ Ccol 208 13 Table 7:19: Bivariate correlation between Sr and δ Cap 208 Table 7.20: All regression data using δ13C (dependent variable) to pXRF elements 208 Table 7.21: Parametric Correlation using δ15N (dependent variable) to Sr 209 Table 7.22 Nonparametric Correlations using δ15N (dependent variable) to Sr 210 Table 7.23: ANOVA testing correlation between Sr and δ15N 210 Table 7.24: ANOVA testing correlation between δ15N and
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