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Oral Health in the Inka Heartland During the Late Horizon: a Tale of Two Sites

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Oral Health in the Inka Heartland During the Late Horizon: a Tale of Two Sites Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Anthropology Theses Department of Anthropology 8-2020 Oral Health in the Inka Heartland During the Late Horizon: A Tale of Two Sites Macie Orrand Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses Recommended Citation Orrand, Macie, "Oral Health in the Inka Heartland During the Late Horizon: A Tale of Two Sites." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2020. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/158 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORAL HEALTH IN THE INKA HEARTLAND DURING THE LATE HORIZON: A TALE OF TWO SITES by MACIE LOGAN ORRAND Under the Direction of Bethany L. Turner-Livermore, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This study is a comparative dental analysis of two sites in the Inka heartland during the Late Horizon (1476-1532 CE), where residents were likely servants. Reconstructing the life histories of servant groups is critical to understanding Inka statecraft and the lived experiences of Inka subjects. Oral pathological conditions compared from two contemporaneous sites (N=34, N=65) to infer diet and activity-related stress. The first site, Salapunku, is 15km southeast of Machu Picchu and was likely an administrative outpost. The second site, Saqsahuaman, overlooks the capital of Cusco and functioned as a ceremonial center. Results identify a greater number of antemortem tooth loss and edentulous individuals at Saqsahuaman compared to Salapunku. In addition, Sacsayhuaman exhibits heavy wear that suggests a variety of habitual activity and may reflect different subsistence or economic backgrounds prior to living at the site. The results point to varied diets and activity patterns between the two sites that may reflect their differing functions. INDEX WORDS: Peru, Biological identity, Life histories, Diet, Dental pathology, Inka, Habitual activity, Statecraft ORAL HEALTH IN THE INKA HEARTLAND DURING THE LATE HORIZON: A TALE OF TWO SITES by MACIE LOGAN ORRAND A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2020 Copyright by Macie Logan Orrand 2020 ORAL HEALTH IN THE INKA HEARTLAND DURING THE LATE HORIZON: A TALE OF TWO SITES by MACIE LOGAN ORRAND Committee Chair: Bethany L. Turner-Livermore Committee: Nicola O. Sharratt Molly K. Zuckerman Frank L’Engle Williams Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Services College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University June 2020 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my grandmother, Gladys Marie Phy, the strongest woman I know. Thank you for all of your support and love over the years. You are loved and missed. Rest in Peace. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank the loves of my life: my partner and daughter. I am forever grateful for your love and support. I know these last two years have been insane, but both of you have been the light at the end of this tunnel. Thank you for shining brightly for me to find my way out. Christian, you motivate me to be my very best self, and I love you more than a thousand galaxies. To my amazing friend and colleague Danielle, thank you for being my silly place; you always knew how to make me feel better about anything. I enjoyed our adventures in Peru and will never forget the day spent soaking in Machu Picchu. To my fellow cohort members – the friendships I have made with all of you will last a lifetime. Thank you for being a reliable support system – I only hope I have been a safe and encouraging place for all of you. I want to thank the Ministry of Culture in Cuzco, Peru, for allowing me to collect data while working on a project in their lab. To Elva and Carla, thank you for your support and kindness. To David, thank you for making me feel right at home in your beautiful country, Peru. To my past mentor Dr. Shannon Hodge – thank you for believing in me when I could not. Thank you for showing me my potential and pushing me towards my goals. I am where I am at today because of the opportunities and faith you placed in me. To Dr. Williams, thank you for serving as a committee member. I appreciate your time and guidance during the development of this thesis. To Dr. Nicola Sharratt, you have been such a fantastic supporter throughout my time here at GSU, and I cannot thank you enough for providing me with excellent feedback and advice on this project. To Dr. Molly Zuckerman, thank you for your guidance on my pathological analysis. You provided exceptional mentorship, and I am looking forward to working with you in the future. ii Finally, to my advisor Dr. Bethany L. Turner, you have continuously pushed me in the best ways and reminded me that I am fully capable of anything. Your support and guidance are much appreciated and valued. You have taught me how to be a better student, teacher, parent, and overall human being. I will never forget your mentorship and promise to pass on your lessons to the next generation. Thank you for allowing me to be a part of your research project and watching all the Ricky and Morty episodes with me in Peru – feeding into my addiction, which has now spread to you. Sorry not sorry. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... I LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... IX EDITOR’S NOTE ........................................................................................................................ X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Oral Health, Identity, & Lived Experience in an Ancient State .................................... 3 1.3 Overview of the Thesis ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Study Objectives ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Central Hypothesis: Comparing Two Sites ................................................................ 7 1.3.3 Overview of Chapters .................................................................................................. 7 1.4 A Note on Terminology ...................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL APPROACHES ................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Theorizing Stress in Antiquity ........................................................................................ 11 2.3 Oral Paleopathology in Biocultural Perspective ........................................................... 13 2.4 Life History Perspectives in Paleopathology ................................................................. 17 2.4 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 20 iv CHAPTER 3: METHODS IN DENTAL ANALYSIS ............................................................. 22 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Oral Health & Disease ..................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Caries ......................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Periodontal Disease ................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Antemortem Tooth Loss ............................................................................................ 24 3.3 Dental Wear ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Common Causes of Attrition ..................................................................................... 25 3.4 Inferences & Context: Diet & Nutrition ........................................................................ 26 3.5 Limitations of Interpreting Oral Health ........................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 4: CULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE CENTRAL ANDES ............................. 29 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 The Geography and Ecology of the Andes ..................................................................... 29 4.2 Andean Cultures before Expansive States ....................................................................
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