DOCSLIB.ORG

Super Grids in Africa - Could They Release the Economic Potential of Concentrating Solar Power?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Super Grids in Africa - Could They Release the Economic Potential of Concentrating Solar Power? Super Grids in Africa - Could they release the economic potential of concentrating solar power? M AST E R T HESIS M E RC È L ABORDENA September 2013 Thesis supervisors: Prof. Anthony Patt, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Prof. Mark Howells, Royal Institute of Technology Department of Energy Technology Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Abstract Abstract The way its future power systems are designed will have significant impact on sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA) aspirations to move from low electricity consumption rates to enhance life quality and further increase economic opportunity. At present, Africa is experiencing higher economic growth rates than other continents (including Asia). And so is its need for electric power. However, all too often the options that are chosen are the ones with lowest risk and that require little coordination. In part, this is because region-wide planning, coordination and institutions are in their infancy. “Low risk” power plants typically include oil generators that can be sited close to loads, other fossil fuel power plants, and hydro plants that can easily be connected to the continent’s grid. However, hydropower production has been limited due to changes in weather and climate and socio-economic impacts (Collier, 2011). Additionally, its potential has also not been reached as large sites are far from adequate grids. A restructuring of the energy system that considers both the potential for increased geographical integration while moving gradually towards more sustainable electricity generation may hold significant promise. This work considers the potential of another renewable technology namely concentrating solar power (CSP) and connecting supply and demand centers via high voltage direct current (HVDC) power lines. Specifically, the focus is on utility-scale solar power generation to supply the needs of growing urban centers of demand. It develops a Geographic Information System-based (GIS) model with a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds to calculate the cost evolution of the electricity produced by different technologies of CSP plants and the costs of grid development to selected centers of demand. The results show that major SSA metropolis can benefit from distant CSP economically attractive to compete with inlaid coal-based generation. In 2010, total imports of coal exceeded 1.4 million short tons with consequent economic and environmental costs. Solar towers plants endowed with thermal storage may become a leading technology for smoothing purposes with zero fuel costs. Furthermore, Africa’s vast solar resources are far from urban centers of demand and a transmission system capable to integrate high levels of renewable energy while improving reliability of supply is required. The results of this study point to the importance of SSA centers to rely on a Super Grid approach to take advantage from CSP least-cost potential and to discontinue expensive traditional sources. Overall, solar corridors can integrate with geographically-wide wind and hydro potentials to create clean energy corridors and encourage a transition towards more sustainable energy systems. Key words: Concentrating solar power, HVDC, Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Preamble Preamble Acknowledgements The completion of this master thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Anthony Patt for his trust, warm welcome and his most valuable advice. My special thanks go to Prof. Mark Howells for sharing his long-term experience in African energy systems and for the devotion to his students. Additionally, I would like to thank his colleagues Mr. Sebastian Hermann and Mr. Dimitrios Mentis for their comments and technical review. It is a pleasure to thank Dr. Morgan Bazilian and Dr. Holger Rogner for giving an expert’s opinion on this thesis. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. It was a profound pleasure to work with them and to participate in their inspiring and knowledgeable discussions. 3 Preamble Notations and Conventions Country names and the composition of geographical areas follow those presented in “Standard country or area codes for statistical use”, available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm. Names of cities or urban agglomerations are presented following the names used by National Statistical Offices or the United Nations Demographic Yearbook. When necessary, the administrative subdivision to which a city belongs is added to the city name to identify it unambiguously. Data collection This study is based on current and public accessible documents. When required, data was collected through requests and personal communication with relevant specialists. The following procedure was used to decide which data use when competing data was found: Where possible, international databases were used, such as EIA, OCDE Factbook, the World Bank and the African Development Bank Group. For electricity access and energy access targets, country data reported in IRENA was used. For electricity consumption and electricity shares, data reported in the EIA was used as it is the most transparent and complete in terms of accessible country time-series data. For population and development figures, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Population Division) data from the United Nations was used. When country data was not available from international or national statistical sources, data was obtained from government websites, regional intergovernmental bodies, policy documents and other reports. Most of the African sub-regions have carried out energy forecasts with projections normally based on studies conducted at national level. Regardless of forecasting methods that may vary considerably among countries, the regional plans and related documents entail a wealth of information that was utilized in this study. 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract 2 Preamble 3 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 3 Notations and Conventions .............................................................................................................. 4 Data collection ................................................................................................................................. 4 Table of Contents 5 List of Figures 7 List of Tables 9 1 Introduction 11 2 Energy problem in sub-Saharan Africa 14 2.1 Energy demand and consumption patterns .......................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Investment to improve electricity access ..................................................................... 15 2.2 High costs of electricity generation ..................................................................................... 17 3 Energy sector in sub-Saharan Africa 20 3.1 Overview of the energy sector in SSA countries ................................................................. 20 3.1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa unexploited renewable resources ................................................ 22 3.2 Power sector reform in progress .......................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 The promise of regional power trade .......................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Potential benefits and constraints of expanded regional power trade ......................... 25 4 Evolving electricity system 26 4.1 Electricity system needs ...................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Rationale for Super Grid technology ................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 HVDC for long transmission distance......................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Super Grid – Global approach ..................................................................................... 30 4.3 Rationale for Smart Grid technology .................................................................................. 31 4.3.1 Smart Grid – South Africa approach ........................................................................... 31 5 Concentrating solar power technologies 33 5.1 Technology selection ........................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Parabolic Trough technology .............................................................................................. 35 5.3 Solar Tower technology ...................................................................................................... 36 6 Spatial analysis of potential solar fields 38 6.1 Irradiation potential in Africa .............................................................................................. 38 6.2 Identification of potential solar fields.................................................................................. 40 6.2.1 Evaluation of the suitability of land for solar fields .................................................... 40 6.2.2 Suitability parameters .................................................................................................. 41 6.3 Solar power production sites ............................................................................................... 46 7 Spatial analysis of import corridors 49 7.1 Sub-Saharan Africa energy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asia Pacific Super Grid – Solar Electricity Generation, Storage and Distribution
    DOI 10.1515/green-2012-0013 Green 2012; 2(4): 189–202 Andrew Blakers*, Joachim Luther and Anna Nadolny Asia Pacific Super Grid – Solar electricity generation, storage and distribution Abstract: This paper explores the large scale transmission tries have rapidly growing economies leading to rapidly of solar electricity to Southeast Asia from Australia. growing energy demand (2). The continent of Australia Despite the expense and losses incurred in long distance has a population of 23 million people and an average pop- transmission of Australian solar electricity, it appears to ulation density of 3 people per square kilometer. Australia be competitive with locally produced solar electricity is well endowed with indigenous energy resources. In par- because of high insolation levels in Australia. Supplemen- ticular, Australia has immense solar energy resources in tation of locally produced electricity (both from renewable the centre and northwest (3). and conventional sources) with power from Australia, to- A glance at the South East Asian page of a world atlas gether with substantial integrated energy storage, would shows a long and narrow chain of islands between Austra- allow a high solar electricity fraction to be achieved in lia and the Malay Peninsula. Major desert regions exist to Southeast Asia. the north (central China) and south (central and north west Australia). This dipole suggests the possibility of Keywords: solar energy, HVDC, photovoltaics, energy storage, transporting large quantities of solar electricity to South renewable energy East Asia via high voltage cables from large solar farms located in Australia, and solar and wind farms in China. PACS® (2010). 88.05.Lg The latitudes are 20°S and 40°N respectively, which would provide seasonal balance to the solar resource from each region.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Grid Connection and Its Technical Issues
    Power Grid Connection and its Technical Issues The fourth in a 2020 series of webinars from the Clean Energy Ministerial Regional and Global Energy Interconnection Initiative May 26, 2020 1200(GMT)/2000(GMT+8, Beijing Time) Duration: 1 hour Event Link: https://meeting.tencent.com/s/5WUWiqfd9c1a(Conference ID: 950 855 652) Speaker: Prof. Ryuichi Yokoyama (Waseda University) The webinar will address: ➢ What are the current status and challenges of power grid connection in Japan and the rest of the world? ➢ Which technical performance is better in High Voltage Direct Current transmission regarding Line Commuted Converter (LCC) or Voltage Source Converter(VSC) ? ➢ What impacts does the COV-19 have on the development of energy interconnection in future? Ryuichi Yokoyama is a Professor Emeritus of Waseda University, a Life Fellow of IEEE, a Senior Life Member of IEE of Japan, a member of CIGRE. He is also Chairman of Standardization Commissions of Electric Apparatus in METI Japan. He received the degrees of B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1968, 1970, and 1974 respectively. After working in Mitsubishi Research Institute, from 1978 through 2007, he was a professor in the Faculty of Technology of Tokyo Metropolitan University. Since 2007, he had been a professor of the Graduate School of Environment and Energy Engineering in Waseda University. His fields of interests include planning, operation, control and optimization of large-scale environment and energy systems, and economic analysis and risk management of deregulated power markets. About the Regional and Global Energy Interconnection (RGEI) Initiative The RGEI Initiative was established at the 9th Clean Energy Ministerial meeting in Copenhagen/Malmö in May 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • From Super Grid Transformers to Supercars
    Young Freight Forwarder 2018 From Super Grid Transformers to Supercars 28th April 2018 From Super Grid Transformers to Supercars Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Import Case Study – 180 tonne Super Grid Transformer .............................................................. 5 Project Description ........................................................................................................................... 5 Cargo Details and Dimensions ....................................................................................................... 6 Key Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 6 Areas of Consideration When Tailoring Our Solution ................................................................. 7 Port Selection and Route Restrictions .......................................................................................... 8 To Crane or Not to Crane ............................................................................................................... 8 Specialist Road Haulage ............................................................................................................... 10 Delivery Site Restrictions and Installation .................................................................................. 11 Delivery of the Project ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 100% Renewable Electricity: a Roadmap to 2050 for Europe
    100% renewable electricity A roadmap to 2050 for Europe and North Africa Available online at: www.pwc.com/sustainability Acknowledgements This report was written by a team comprising individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the European Climate Forum (ECF). During the development of the report, the authors were provided with information and comments from a wide range of individuals working in the renewable energy industry and other experts. These individuals are too numerous to mention, however the project team would like to thank all of them for their support and input throughout the writing of this report. Contents 1. Foreword 1 2. Executive summary 5 3. 2010 to 2050: Today’s situation, tomorrow’s vision 13 3.1. Electricity demand 15 3.2. Power grids 15 3.3. Electricity supply 18 3.4. Policy 26 3.5. Market 30 3.6. Costs 32 4. Getting there: The 2050 roadmap 39 4.1. The Europe - North Africa power market model 39 4.2. Roadmap planning horizons 41 4.3. Introducing the roadmap 43 4.4. Roadmap enabling area 1: Policy 46 4.5. Roadmap enabling area 2: Market structure 51 4.6. Roadmap enabling area 3: Investment and finance 54 4.7. Roadmap enabling area 4: Infrastructure 58 5. Opportunities and consequences 65 5.1. Security of supply 65 5.2. Costs 67 5.3. Environmental concerns 69 5.4. Sustainable development 70 5.5. Addressing the global climate problem 71 6. Conclusions and next steps 75 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Appendices Appendix 1: Acronyms and Glossary 79 Appendix 2: The 2050 roadmap in detail 83 Appendix 3: Cost calculations and assumptions 114 Appendix 4: Case studies 117 Appendix 5: Taking the roadmap forward – additional study areas 131 Appendix 6: References 133 Appendix 7: Contact information 138 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLPP Chapter one: Foreword 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Supergrid
    PROTECTING EUROPEAN CIVILISATION: EUROPE’S SUPERGRID Eddie O’Connor Marcos Byrne Introduction 1. What Europe will look like in 2050. I. What will our electrical demand be? II. How influential will rooftop solar and storage be? III. What effect will electric vehicles have on this demand? IV. How will the demand be met by renewables? 2. What Resources are available to meet this demand. I. Where will the main sources of generation be located? II. How can we access the areas of great potential? 3. How we can distribute this renewable energy. I. How do we interconnect countries with great wind and/or solar resources with those with weaker renewable resources? II. What are the challenges involved? Hemispheric Temperature Change – Annual Mean Hemispheric Temperature Change - 5-Year Running Mean 1.4 1.2 Northern Hemishpere 5-Year Running Mean 1 Southern Hemisphere 5-Year Running Mean 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 Hemispheric Temperature Change (C) Change Temperature Hemispheric -0.4 -0.6 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 EU 2020 Strategy and the Paris Climate Agreement • 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels). • 20% of EU energy from renewables • This target varies between countries depending on their starting points. • 20% increase in energy efficiency. • The 2020 strategy feeds into future targets such as reducing EU emissions by 40% by 2040. • All EU countries are also part of the Paris Climate Agreement. Source: UNEP What does European demand look like now? EU Electricity Generation by Fuel Type 4,000 3,500 3,335 3,269
    [Show full text]
  • A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings
    A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings Summary The concept of a ‘smart grid’ involves the combination of instrumentation, communications and analytics that allows power network infrastructure to be operated in a dynamic and efficient manner as opposed to the ‘passive’ operational approach which is currently the norm in the UK. There exists general consensus that the challenges of climate change and system security, in particular the ability to accommodate significant volumes of decentralised and renewable generation, requires that the network infrastructure must be upgraded to enable smart operation. Failure to do so will act as a major obstacle in the transition to a low carbon economy. A second important aspect of network development involves the construction of a number of strategic interconnections across the North Sea to create a new off-shore grid. This opens up the opportunity to more fully exploit the vast untapped potential of off-shore wind energy. However, there are a series of obstacles which have hitherto hindered progress in upgrading the network. In particular, the current regulatory regime is not well designed to encourage network operators to embrace new technological opportunities and this is exacerbated by the extent of the risk and uncertainty involved. The government has a key role to play in injecting the necessary momentum by providing strong direction to the regulator on the outcomes that must be delivered. In addition, the government needs to ensure the appropriate financing routes are in place that will enable Ofgem to set a regulatory framework that leads to a low cost of capital for investors whilst retaining the necessary management incentives on network operators to deliver the required outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • National Grid Electricity Transmission Nationalgrid Annual Summary 2014/15 Network Innovation Allowance
    National Grid Electricity Transmission nationalgrid Annual Summary 2014/15 Network Innovation Allowance Click here to enter Welcome 02 This is the second Annual Summary of National Grid Electricity Transmission’s Welcome(NGET) projects under the Network Innovation Allowance (NIA). 2014/15 has been a year of enhanced focus on innovation in Electricity Transmission, with a Strategy number of successful initiatives implemented into our ways of working. update We have further enhanced our innovation our organisational design review for capabilities and partnerships, delivering innovation. This will provide enhanced a balanced consumer-value focused clarity of responsibilities and accountabilities portfolio of projects through our Network for selecting, prioritising and delivering Innovation Allowance (NIA). We have also innovation projects and implementing Our portfolio of innovation projects been successful in securing funding for our successful outcomes into day-to-day covers the full spectrum of our strategic Smart Frequency Control (EFCC) Network business operations. A panel of Directors priorities, with work progressing on Innovation Competition (NIC) project. from all of National Grid’s UK RIIO-regulated opportunities reflecting long-term and Innovation can be summed up as the business has been established with short-term potential. To leverage the best act of matching what is needed with what accountability for our UK technology and value for GB consumers we have been is possible, to deliver a better outcome. innovation strategy. The energy systems in Great Britain (GB) proactively sharing the knowledge gained are undergoing fundamental changes. from our research and innovation activities This, coupled with the changing ways in with other network owners. This has been which consumers use energy, means that We have done some done through a knowledge sharing forum what is needed to maintain safe, reliable fantastic work in innovation for the Onshore and Offshore Transmission and affordable energy is rapidly evolving.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and Climate Security: the Role of Europe
    TRIBUNA DEL AGUA EXPO ZARAGOZA 2008 Energy and Climate Security The role of Europe Large water supply risks projected SRESA1B: 3.3°C above 1860-1890 2.8°C above 1990 Changes in runoff (% of 1990) IPCC AR4 SYR Figure 3.5. Yearly average oil prices (WTI) in real terms [$2007/bbl] 1869­2008 Source: Inflationdata 2008; WTRG 2008; Bloomberg 2008 "Global emissions must peak soon and then approximately halve by mid­ century. This means that emissions per capita must average 2T by then." “The technologies and the policy mechanisms required are known and within reach at a manageable cost.“ Source: Nick Stern, Key elements of a global deals EU CLIMATE TARGETS UNTIL 2020 ­20% CO2 < 2°C UNTIL 2050 ­80% CO2 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 Efficiency BAU TWh/a 800 Potential 600 400 200 0 Italy Italy France France Benelux Benelux Germany BritishIsles BritishIsles Alpineregion EasternMed. Nordicregion EasternEurope EasternEurope IberianPeninsula IberianPeninsula Efficiency consumption in 2030 as 2005, BAU increase 1,5%, Potential mid to long term electricity production Sources: BMU 2005:56; BMU 2006:43; EIE 2006:29ff; Eurostat 2006:16; IEA 2007. The SuperGrid Wide­area renewable electricity supply from 19 regions: • Wind • Solar thermal • Biomass Transport via HVDC Using hydro­storage for managing fluctuating supply Cost at reference point Kassel: 4.6 Eurocent/kWh (G. Czisch) The Smart Grid • Combining a multitude of small, decentralised power producing units – Cogeneration, Small Hydro, Biogas, Wind, PV. • Demand and load management systems – using flexibility of demand. • Operating an intelligent grid and control system (central or decentral). EU ­ DG Research Sustainable Energy Systems The SuperSmart Grid • Synergy of the SuperGrid and the Smart Grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Galloper Wind Farm Eastern Super Grid Transformer Project Environmental Statement – Chapter 3 Project Details February 2014 Document Reference – GWF/25/02/2014
    Galloper Wind Farm Eastern Super Grid Transformer Project Environmental Statement – Chapter 3 Project Details February 2014 Document Reference – GWF/25/02/2014 Galloper Wind Farm Limited CONTENTS Page 3 PROJECT DETAILS 3.1 Introduction 1 3.2 Outline Project Description 2 3.3 Alternatives Considered 2 3.4 Onshore Substation 3 3.5 Items to be Constructed under the DCO 4 3.6 Cabling 7 3.7 Sealing End Compound, Gantries, and Overhead Lines 7 3.8 Changes to the Galloper Wind Farm Onshore Site 7 3.9 Project Programme 8 3.10 Pre-Construction Site Investigations 8 3.11 Onshore Construction 9 3.12 Environmental Management during Construction 9 3.13 Commissioning 10 3.14 Substation Overview 10 3.15 Decommissioning 11 3.16 Local Community Relations 11 3.17 References 11 Figures Figure 3.1 Plan and elevation of Eastern Super Grid Transformer 5 Figure 3.2 Galloper Layout showing proposed redundant elements 6 Appendices 3.1 Galloper Wind Farm Construction Code of Practice Galloper Wind Farm – Eastern Super Grid Transformer Project Environmental Statement – Chapter 3 Project Details Final February 2014 3 PROJECT DETAILS 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 This chapter of the Environmental Statement (ES) presents the details of the Galloper Wind Farm (GWF) Eastern Super Grid Transformer (ESGT) scheme and describes the construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning components of the project, which would primarily comprise: • Securely fenced ESGT compound containing the following plant (see Figure 3.1): o One 400/132kVsuper grid transformer including cooling
    [Show full text]
  • Using of HVDC Technology in Super Grids Ines Bula University for Business and Technology, [email protected]
    University of Business and Technology in Kosovo UBT Knowledge Center UBT International Conference 2017 UBT International Conference Oct 27th, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Using of HVDC Technology in Super Grids Ines Bula University for Business and Technology, [email protected] Valmira Hoxha University for Business and Technology, [email protected] Edin Bula University for Business and Technology, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference Part of the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Bula, Ines; Hoxha, Valmira; and Bula, Edin, "Using of HVDC Technology in Super Grids" (2017). UBT International Conference. 142. https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2017/all-events/142 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Publication and Journals at UBT Knowledge Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in UBT International Conference by an authorized administrator of UBT Knowledge Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Using of HVDC Technology in Super Grids Ines Bula1, Valmir Hoxha2, Edin Bula 3 1,2,3 UBT – Higher Education Institution, Lagjja Kalabria, 10000 p.n., Prishtine, Kosovo {ines.bula, valmir.hoxha}@ubt-uni.net; [email protected], Abstract. This paper describes the HVDC system, its organization, as well as advantages over the AC system. Implementation of this system will help to make Europe sustainable energy independent which will require a renewable generation portfolio where much of this portfolio will be fueled by wind and will be developed offshore as it is presented in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions for Smart and Super Grids with HVDC and FACTS
    Technical article ■ Authors: M. Claus, D. Retzmann, D. Sörangr, K. Uecker Solutions for Smart and Super Grids with HVDC and FACTS Answers for energy. Content 0. Abstract 3 I. Introduction 3 II. HVDC and FACTS Technologies 3 A HVDC Developments 4 B FACTS Developments 5 III. Security and Sustainability of Power Supply with HVDC and FACTS 5 A Neptune HVDC Project – USA 5 B Basslink HVDC – Australia 6 C Prospects of HVDC in India 6 D Prospects of HVDC in China 7 E HVDC and FACTS in parallel Operation 8 F Prospects of VSC HVDC 9 IV. Conclusions 9 V. References 12 2 17th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry 27 - 31 October 2008 Solutions for Smart and Super Grids with HVDC and FACTS M. Claus, D. Retzmann1, D. Sörangr, K. Uecker Siemens AG Erlangen, Germany [email protected] Abstract— Deregulation and privatization are posing new grid of the future must be secure, cost-effective and challenges to high-voltage transmission systems. High-voltage environmentally compatible [2]. The combination of these power electronics, such as HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) three tasks can be tackled with the help of ideas, intelligent and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems), provide the solutions as well as innovative technologies. The combination necessary features to avoid technical problems in heavily loaded of these three tasks can be solved with the help of ideas, power systems; they increase the transmission capacity and system stability very efficiently and assist in preventing intelligent solutions as well as innovative technologies. cascading disturbances. Environmental constraints, such as Innovative solutions with HVDC and FACTS have the energy saving, loss minimization and CO2 reduction, will also potential to cope with the new challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of Power System and Issues on International Connection in Japan
    Features of Power System and Issues on International Connection in Japan Ryuichi YOKOYAMA 横山 隆一 Waseda University 早稲田大学 名誉教授 1 Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan Outline of Presentation ・ Future Electric Power Grids for Effective Use of Sustainable Energy ・ Super Grid for Cross-Reginal Electricity Transfer ・ Features of Power System and Issues on International Connection in Japan 2 Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan Future Electric Power Grids for Effective Use of Sustainable Energy 3 Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan Paradigm Shift toward Best Energy Mix from Nuclear-Centered Generation Mix Generation Mix based on Large Scale Plants Thermal Plant Hydro Plant Residence Factory Wind Tsunami Nuclear Plant Generation 2011 Storage Storage Transmission Distribution Distribution Network Substation PV Generation Network Energy Saving Local Generation Best Energy Mix based on Distributed Generation and Network Generation Generation Battery Energy Storage GE with Fossil Energy with Sustainable Energy Lead Battery Ni-MH Battery － － e → 放 電 e → 負負 極 極 正正 極 極 ↑ e － e － ↓ H 2 O H 2 O N iO O H ← e － 水 素 H + - LNG Thermal Plant (1GW) － － e － → OH OH N i( O H ) 2 水 素 吸 蔵 合 金 オ キ シ 水 酸 化 ニ ッ ケ ル - Gas Combined Cycle (0.3GW) EDLC Li-Ion Battery 電子 － → e 放 電 - Gas Engine (10KW – 1MW) 負 極 正 極 Li+ - IGCC (Clean Coal Generation) 炭素材料 (黒鉛層間化合物) 遷移金属酸化物 - Fuel Cell 空のLi+サイト 4 Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan Issues in Power System Operation by Large Scale Instillation of Sustainable Energy ○ By large scale installation of sustainable energy such as PV generation, new problems in power grids ; Excess energy, Voltage increase and Shortage of frequency control capacity occur.
    [Show full text]