DOCSLIB.ORG

Range Size and Growth Temperature Influence Eucalyptus Species Responses to an Experimental Heatwave

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Range Size and Growth Temperature Influence Eucalyptus Species Responses to an Experimental Heatwave Macquarie University PURE Research Management System This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Aspinwall, M.J., Pfautsch, S., Tjoelker, M.G., et al. (2019), Range size and growth temperature influence Eucalyptus species responses to an experimental heatwave. Global Change Biology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1665– 1684. which has been published in final form at: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14590 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. 1 DR. MICHAEL J ASPINWALL (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-0199-2972) DR. JOHN E DRAKE (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-1758-2169) DR. OWEN K ATKIN (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-1041-5202) Article type : Primary Research Articles Range size and growth temperature influence Eucalyptus species responses to an experimental heatwave Running title: mechanisms of tree heatwave tolerance Michael J. Aspinwall1,2*, Sebastian Pfautsch1, Mark G. Tjoelker1, Angelica Vårhammar1, Malcolm Possell3, John E. Drake1,4, Peter B. Reich1,5, David T. Tissue1, Owen K. Atkin6, Paul D. Rymer1, Siobhan Dennison7, Steven C. Van Sluyter7 1Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia 2Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville FL 32224 USA 3School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 4Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210 USA. 5Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N., St Paul, MN 55108, USA 6Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 7Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia *Corresponding author:Author Manuscript email: [email protected], phone: +1-904-620-5626 This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/GCB.14590 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 2 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 3 Abstract Understanding forest tree responses to climate warming and heatwaves is important for predicting changes in tree species diversity, forest C uptake, and vegetation – climate interactions. Yet, tree species differences in heatwave tolerance and their plasticity to growth temperature remain poorly understood. In this study, populations of four Eucalyptus species, two with large range sizes and two with comparatively small range sizes, were grown under two temperature treatments (cool, warm) before being exposed to an equivalent experimental heatwave. We tested whether the species with large and small range sizes differed in heatwave tolerance, and whether trees grown under warmer temperatures were more tolerant of heatwave conditions than trees grown under cooler temperatures. Visible heatwave damage was more common and severe in the species with small rather than large range sizes. In general, species that showed less tissue damage maintained higher stomatal conductance, lower leaf temperatures, larger increases in isoprene emissions and less photosynthetic inhibition than species that showed more damage. Species exhibiting more severe visible damage had larger increases in heat shock proteins (HSPs) and respiratory thermotolerance (Tmax). Thus, across species, increases in HSPs and Tmax were positively correlated, but inversely related to increases in isoprene emissions. Integration of leaf-gas exchange, isoprene emissions, proteomics, and respiratory thermotolerance measurements provided new insight into mechanisms underlying variability in tree species heatwave tolerance. Importantly, warm-grown seedlings were, surprisingly, more susceptible to heatwave damage than cool-grown seedlings, which could be associated with reduced enzyme concentrations in leaves. We conclude that species with restricted range sizes, along with trees growing under climate warming, may be more vulnerable to heatwaves of the future. Keywords: forests, heat shock proteins (HSPs), heat stress, isoprene, photosynthesis, thermal acclimation Introduction Extreme climatic events (i.e., drought, heatwaves, floods) are the hallmark of contemporary climate change (Collins et al., 2013; Meehl & Tebaldi, 2004). These extreme events are expected to exert stronger selective pressures on organisms than gradual changes in mean climatic conditions (Gutschick & BassiriRad, 2003; Parmesan, 2006; Reyer et al., 2013). Heatwaves, This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 4 loosely defined as a period of consecutive (>3) excessively hot days (Perkins & Alexander, 2013), are extreme climatic events that could negatively impact the function and survival of organisms; in some regions, the frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves are increasing (Coumou & Robinson, 2013; Seneviratne, Donat, Mueller & Alexander, 2014). The potential for heatwaves to negatively impact the persistence of species, and the diversity and function of ecosystems, underscores the need for determining the patterns and mechanisms underlying variation in organismal responses to heatwaves (Buckley & Huey, 2016). Plant species with large geographic range sizes may cope better with climate change and extreme events than species with smaller range sizes (Aitken, Yeaman, Holliday, Wang & Curtis-McLane, 2008; González-Orozco et al., 2016; Pacifi et al., 2015; Thuiller, Lavorel & Araújo, 2005). This prediction is based on the expectation that species with broad climatic distributions possess wider environmental tolerances, thereby allowing them to inhabit a broader range of habitats (Hamrick, Godt & Sherman-Broyles,1992; Leimu, Mutikainen, Koricheva & Fischer, 2006; Morin & Thuiller, 2009; Slayter, Hirst & Sexton, 2013). Yet, predicting species responses to climate change based on range size alone has its limitations (Pacifi et al., 2015; Pearson & Dawson, 2003), and empirical tests of the relationship between species range size and vulnerability to climate change are rare (Fensham, Fraser, Macdermott & Firn, 2015; Lacher & Schwartz, 2016). Heatwaves are also occurring under background temperatures that are, on average, warmer (Collins et al., 2013). It is not clear how plants growing and existing in warmer climates will respond to heatwaves. Plants often acclimate photosynthetic and respiratory rates in response to long-term warming (Aspinwall et al., 2016; Atkin & Tjoelker, 2003; Gunderson, Norby & Wullschleger, 2000; Slot & Kitajima, 2015), yet the role of thermal acclimation in conferring high-temperature tolerance is not known. A few studies have shown that trees exposed to short-term warming or high temperature events (minutes, hours) exhibit less tissue damage and physiological stress when exposed to extended heatwaves, compared to trees with no such history (Colombo & Timmer, 1992; Daas, Montpied, Hanchi & Dreyer, 2008; Ghouil et al., 2003; Niinemets, 2010). Yet, Drake et al. (2018) found that Eucalyptus parramattensis trees grown at ambient and warmed (+3 °C) temperatures showed equivalent physiological responses and coped equally well with an experimental heatwave of four consecutive days with This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 5 temperatures > 43 °C. Additional studies are needed to assess how trees living in a warmed climate will respond to heatwaves of the future. Prolonged exposure to excessively high temperatures can impact plant performance at multiple scales (shown conceptually in Figure 1). High air temperatures directly affect leaf temperature (Tleaf), and along with associated increases in vapor pressure deficit of the atmosphere (VPD) influence stomatal conductance (gs), which in union with VPD modifies Tleaf via the extent of transpirational cooling. As Tleaf increases beyond the optimum temperature of photosynthesis, net photosynthesis (A) is reduced by several related processes (Lin, Medlyn & Ellsworth, 2012) including reduced gs, increased photo- and mitochondrial (i.e. dark) respiration (R, von Caemmerer & Quick, 2000; Peñuelas & Llusià, 2002), inhibition of Rubisco activase and deactivation of Rubisco (Hozain, Salvucci, Fokar & Holaday, 2010; Law & Crafts-Brandner, 1999; Salvucci & Crafts-Brandner, 2004), as well as damage to photosystem II (Allakhverdiev et al., 2008; Wise, Olson, Schrader & Sharkey, 2004). Excessively high Tleaf also (i) stimulates the synthesis of isoprene (Is) (among isoprene emitting species) which may help stabilize thylakoid membranes (Monson et al., 1992; Pollastri, Tsonev & Loreto, 2014; Singaas, Lerdau, Winter & Sharkey, 1997; Velikova et al., 2011; Vickers, Gershenzon, Lerdau & Loreto, 2009), and (ii) can increase production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) that act as chaperonins for other proteins, protect against oxidative damage, and stabilize cellular membranes (Figure 1, Heckathorn, Downs, Sharkey & Coleman, 1998; Mittler, 2002; Vierling, 1991). A few studies have demonstrated that tree species may vary in their physiological and biochemical responses to heatwaves (Ameye et al., 2012; Guha, Han, Cummings, McLennan & Warren, 2018; Wujeska-Klause, Bossinger & Tausz, 2015). Even when high temperatures reduce A, some tree species maintain high gs (and transpiration) which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eucalyptus Study Group Article
    Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants Eucalyptus Study Group ISSN 1035-4603 Eucalyptus Study Group Newsletter December 2012 No. 57 Study Group Leader Warwick Varley Eucalypt Study Group Website PO Box 456, WOLLONGONG, NSW 2520 http://asgap.org.au/EucSG/index.html Email: [email protected] Membership officer Sue Guymer 13 Conos Court, DONVALE, VICTORIA 3111 Email: [email protected] Contents Do Australia's giant fire-dependent trees belong in the rainforest? By EurekAlert! Giant Eucalypts sent back to the rainforest By Rachel Sullivan Abstract: Dual mycorrhizal associations of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in a nurse-pot system The Eucalypt's survival secret By Danny Kingsley Plant Profile; Corymbia gummifera By Tony Popovich Eucalyptus ×trabutii By Warwick Varley SUBSCRIPTION TIME Do Australia's giant fire-dependent trees belong in the rainforest? By EurekAlert! Australia's giant eucalyptus trees are the tallest flowering plants on earth, yet their unique relationship with fire makes them a puzzle for ecologists. Now the first global assessment of these giants, published in New Phytologist, seeks to end a century of debate over the species' classification and may change the way it is managed in future. Gigantic trees are rare. Of the 100,000 global tree species only 50, less than 0.005 per cent, reach over 70 metres in height. While many of the giants live in Pacific North America, Borneo and similar habitats, 13 are eucalypts endemic to Southern and Eastern Australia. The tallest flowering plant in Australia is Eucalyptus regnans, with temperate eastern Victoria and Tasmania being home to the six tallest recorded species of the genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey and Pollen Flora Suitable for Planting in SE
    Honey & pollen flora suitable for planting in south-eastern NSW Agnote DAI-115 Second edition, Revised April 2002 Doug Somerville District Livestock Officer (Apiculture) Goulburn Trees and shrubs are planted for a number of species that have a flowering time different from reasons — as windbreaks, for shade or shelter, and that of the crops. for aesthetic reasons. By carefully selecting the • Avoid selecting winter flowering species for the species you may also produce an environment Tablelands. The temperature is often too low for attractive to native birds and bees. bees to work these sources efficiently. If they It is doubtful whether enough flowering shrubs do, health problems in the bee colony may and trees can be planted on a farm or recreational result. activity area to be a major benefit to commercial • When planting near drains, sewers and beekeeping. But there is good reason to believe buildings, consider whether the plantings may they can benefit small static apiaries. A cause damage in the future. commercial stocking rate for beehives is about one • Select salt tolerant species in areas where this hive per 4–12 ha. This figure varies with the honey is, or may be, a problem. and pollen yielding capacity of the flora. • Windbreaks should be planted three to four Consider these points before selecting species plants wide. Consider an extra one or two rows on the basis of honey and pollen yielding capacity: chosen for honey and pollen production, and to • Multiple plantings of a range of species are increase the aesthetic appeal of the plantings. more desirable than two or three plants of many species.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 3 Section 5A Assessments “Seven Part Tests”
    APPENDIX 3 SECTION 5A ASSESSMENTS “SEVEN PART TESTS” Appendix 3: Seven Part Tests Swamp Sclerophyll Forest Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995). It is not listed under the schedules of the Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999). Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions includes and replaces Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest in the Sydney Basin bioregion Endangered Ecological Community. This community is associated with humic clay loams and sandy loams, on waterlogged or periodically inundated alluvial flats and drainage lines associated with coastal floodplains (NSW Scientific Committee 2011). It occurs typically as open forests to woodlands, although partial clearing may have reduced the canopy to scattered trees or scrub. The understorey may contain areas of fernland and tall reedland or sedgeland which in turn may also form mosaics with other floodplain communities and often fringe wetlands with semi-permanent standing water (NSW Scientific Committee 2011). Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains generally occurs below 20 metres ASL, often on small floodplains or where the larger floodplains adjoin lithic substrates or coastal sand plains (NSW Scientific Committee 2011). The species composition of Swamp Sclerophyll Forest is primarily determined by the frequency and duration of waterlogging and the texture, salinity nutrient and moisture content of the soil. The species composition of the trees varies considerably, but the most widespread and abundant dominant trees include Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany, Melaleuca quinquenervia and, south from Sydney, Eucalyptus botryoides Bangalay and Eucalyptus longifolia Woollybutt (OEH 2015a).
    [Show full text]
  • Eucalyptus Species for Taranaki
    Eucalyptus Species for Taranaki 14 Introduction conditions. Especially suited to saline winds. This This information sheet follows on from the information species holds its form, mills extremely well at a young sheet, ‘Eucalyptus’ (No.13), which discusses general age, and is largely unaffected by pests and diseases. management issues such as siting, selecting tree stocks, Eucalyptus nitens shining gum E. nitens is more tolerant planting regimes, silviculture, establishment, weed to wet sites and is suited to planting in all damper sites control, planting technique, fertiliser requirements, and that E. fraxinoides won't tolerate, for example, low lying pest and disease control. damper areas along streambanks and on hillsites affected by springs. It is also equally suited to drier As no one species of eucalypt will thrive over the range 'fraxinoides' sites. Generally, E. nitens is suited to of sites in a similar manner to Pinus radiata, selecting the planting in soils that are a bit damper than pine will most suitable species for a particular site is of critical tolerate. Furthermore, the tree has good form, a fast importance. Species selection is just as important, if not growth rate, and is resistant to cold. It has a good more, than issues associated with their subsequent reputation for milling and exceptional peeling management. properties (better than radiata pine), although more trial work on drying properties is required. E. nitens A lack of objective, accessible, practical local knowledge used to be affected by the paropsis tortoise beetle and experience of eucalypt growing in Taranaki makes (Paropsis charybdis), but since that beetle has been it difficult for people seeking advice on correct species controlled, the species is largely free of pest and disease to plant.
    [Show full text]
  • 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington
    1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington 2nd November 2018 Tree Logic Ref. 009317 Prepared for Kaufland Australia Pty Ltd Prepared by Greg Pollard & Stephen Frank. Tree Logic Pty. Ltd. Email: [email protected], Telephone: 03 9870 7700 Summary Tree Logic was engaged to undertake an arboricultural assessment and prepare a report for a nominated section of the site at 1158, Nepean Highway, Mornington. The primary purpose of the report was to record attributes of the trees including their species, type and condition, to review any planning overlays relating to the trees and to advise on their arboricultural value and suitable tree protection zones to be employed should trees be retained along with site development. One-hundred and five (105) trees were included in the assessment. Five (5) trees were growing on a neighbouring private property. Of the 105 trees, one was of High arboricultural value, 57 were within the Moderate value range, 41 trees were of Low value, and six were rated as ‘None’ (dead and collapsed trees). From an arboricultural perspective it would be preferable to retain higher-rated trees over those of lower value. Tree Protection Zones have been calculated for each of the trees which, if preserved free of development-related impacts, would allow the condition of the trees to be maintained. Allowing additional space for the smaller trees assessed, over and above their current TPZs, would provide greater scope for them to reach their full potential while minimising future conflicts and maintenance. Clause 52.17 of the local planning scheme contains a permit requirement which may control the removal of Trees 1, 14, 15, 16, 50 and 54 (considered benchmark species of EVC 175: Grassy Woodland) however, there does not appear to be any specific planning overlays governing retention of other trees assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Advice for the Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest in the Sydney
    The Threatened Species Scientific Committee provided their advice to the Minister on 27 September 2019. The Minister approved this Conservation Advice on 26 June 2020 and agreed that a recovery plan is required is required. Conservation Advice1 for the Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion This document combines the approved conservation advice and listing assessment for the threatened ecological community. It provides a foundation for conservation action and further planning. Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest with overstorey dominated by bangalay x Sydney blue gum hybrid, Spring Farm. © Matt White Conservation Status The Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion is listed in the Critically Endangered category of the threatened ecological communities list under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). At the time of this advice, the ecological community corresponds closely with the NSW listed ecological community of the same name and with NSW Plant Community Type (PCT) 774. The ecological community was assessed by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee who recommended that the ecological community merits listing as Critically Endangered and that a recovery plan is required for the ecological community. The Committee’s assessment and recommendations are at Section 5.4 and Appendix D. The Committee’s assessment of the eligibility against each of the listing criteria is: Criterion 1: Critically Endangered Criterion 2: Critically Endangered Criterion 3: Insufficient data Criterion 4: Critically Endangered Criterion 5: Insufficient data Criterion 6: Insufficient data The decline in geographic distribution since 1750 assessed under criterion 1, and the restricted geographic distribution plus the action of threatening processes assessed under criterion 2 would also represent a Critically Endangered status under Criteria A3 and B of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (Bland et al 2017) and under the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1770 Landscape of Botany Bay, the Plants Collected by Banks and Solander and Rehabilitation of Natural Vegetation at Kurnell
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main Backdrop to encounter: the 1770 landscape of Botany Bay, the plants collected by Banks and Solander and rehabilitation of natural vegetation at Kurnell Doug Benson1 and Georgina Eldershaw2 1Botanic Gardens Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd Sydney 2000 AUSTRALIA email [email protected] 2Parks & Wildlife Division, Dept of Environment and Conservation (NSW), PO Box 375 Kurnell NSW 2231 AUSTRALIA email [email protected] Abstract: The first scientific observations on the flora of eastern Australia were made at Botany Bay in April–May 1770. We discuss the landscapes of Botany Bay and particularly of the historic landing place at Kurnell (lat 34˚ 00’ S, long 151˚ 13’ E) (about 16 km south of central Sydney), as described in the journals of Lieutenant James Cook and Joseph Banks on the Endeavour voyage in 1770. We list 132 plant species that were collected at Botany Bay by Banks and Daniel Solander, the first scientific collections of Australian flora. The list is based on a critical assessment of unpublished lists compiled by authors who had access to the collection of the British Museum (now Natural History Museum), together with species from material at National Herbarium of New South Wales that has not been previously available. The list includes Bidens pilosa which has been previously regarded as an introduced species. In 1770 the Europeans set foot on Aboriginal land of the Dharawal people. Since that time the landscape has been altered in response to a succession of different land-uses; farming and grazing, commemorative tree planting, parkland planting, and pleasure ground and tourist visitation.
    [Show full text]
  • EA App. K Veg Management
    DRAFT VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN EXTENSION OF SAND QUARRY CLEARY BROS (BOMBO) GERROA A report prepared by KEVIN MILLS & ASSOCIATES PTY LIMITED SEPTEMBER 2006 06/04/2 DRAFT VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN EXTENSION OF SAND QUARRY CLEARY BROS (BOMBO) GERROA a report prepared by KEVIN MILLS & ASSOCIATES ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS 114 NORTH CURRAMORE ROAD JAMBEROO NSW 2533 ABN 346 816 238 93 for CLEARY BROS (BOMBO) PTY LIMITED PO BOX 210 PORT KEMBLA NSW 2505 September 2006 06/04/2 Kevin Mills & Associates Pty Limited ACN 003 441 610 as trustee for Kevin Mills & Associates Trust COPYRIGHT © Kevin Mills & Associates 2006 All intellectual property and copyright reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1968, no part of this report may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or updated in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to Kevin Mills & Associates. Kevin Mills & Associates Draft Vegetation Management Plan i Cleary Bros (Bombo) Quarry, Gerroa VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN EXTENSION OF SAND QUARRY CLEARY BROS (BOMBO) GERROA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 2 THE PROJECT AREA .......................................................................................... 1 3 EXISTING VEGETATION AND HABITATS.........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest of the Sydney Basin Bioregion Ecological
    1 ELDERSLIE BANKSIA SCRUB FOREST OF THE SYDNEY BASIN BIOREGION: DRAFT 2 DESCRIPTION 3 4 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY 5 Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest of the Sydney Basin Bioregion (hereafter Elderslie Banksia 6 Scrub Forest or the ecological community) is a scrub-forest or woodland occurring on sand 7 deposits in the Camden area of south-western Sydney. The canopy is dominated by Banksia 8 integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (coast banksia). The understorey is typically shrubby with 9 scattered herbs, sedges and ferns (Tozer et al., 2010). 10 1.1 Name of the ecological community 11 The name of the ecological community is Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest of the Sydney Basin 12 Bioregion. The ecological community was nominated and placed on the 2011 Finalised Priority 13 Assessment List as part of a broader ecological community ‘Hinterland Sand Flats Forest and 14 Woodland of the Sydney Basin Bioregion’. Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest is one component of 15 that nomination which is being assessed separately due to its unique nature. 16 The name of the ecological community reflects its structure and location. It also aligns with a 17 listing by the New South Wales (NSW) Scientific Committee under the Threatened Species 18 Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) of the same name. Information regarding the NSW listed 19 ecological community can be found at: 20 http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/ElderslieBanksiaScrubForestCommunityE 21 ndComListing.htm 22 1.2 Location and physical environment 23 The Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest ecological community is located in the Sydney Basin 24 Bioregion as defined by version 7 of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia 25 (IBRA v 7).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5), While Fungal Biomass Was Below Detection Limits
    FUNGI IN LOWLAND RIVER FLOODPLAIN ECOSYSTEMS Submitted by Janice Laraine Williams B. App. Sc. (Env. Anal.), B. Sc. (Hons) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Environmental Management and Ecology School of Life Sciences Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia November 2010 Frontispiece: Sexual reproductive structures of an aquatic Oomycete growing on Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves submerged in a laboratory mesocosm. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents iii List of Figures vi List of Tables xviii Abstract xix Statement of Authorship xx Acknowledgements xxi Chapter 1 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Ecological Studies of Fungi in Australia 1 1.2 Floodplain Wetland Ecosystems 1 1.3 Carbon Cycles in Wetlands 2 1.4 Aim 2 1.5 Approach 2 1.6 Organisation of the Thesis 3 Chapter 2 5 Carbon Cycling in Lowland River Floodplain Wetlands 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The Breakdown and Decomposition of Plant Detritus 7 2.3 The Influence of Environmental Conditions 10 2.4 The Wetland Biota 21 2.5 Wetland Carbon Cycles 24 2.6 Plant detritus as a carbon resource 36 2.7 Fungal Ecology 38 2.8 Summary 52 Chapter 3 54 Pilot Study: Fungal Community Structure on a variety of substrates from within a floodplain wetland. 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Materials and Methods 56 3.3 Results 60 iii 3.4 Discussion 64 3.5 Conclusions 69 Fungal activity on Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves under aquatic conditions is enhanced by terrestrial aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Max Watson's Vasona Eucalyptus Grove - Legend
    Max Wat~on's Vasona Eucalyptus Grove- Legend Vasona Lake Park, 298 Garden Hill Drive, Los Gatos CA 95030 (408) 358-3741 Original plantings by Max Watson: Nov. 1964, Jan. 1967 & Oct. 1970 Map Revisions by Grace Heintz:June 1983 & Sept. 1986 I Dave Dockter: Feb 1995\ Dockter-Coate: 2005 16 44\\ 44 34 \ . ' 44· ·39 39 39 33 - 13 \ 27 '· .,, , " " , \., "asona Lak·e . o%" / ~,,·,27~ ' u u --· , , "" ",t, . " . / ' · 4,. ""' «.~ ,., ' ' ' - ,,fY' "·"' " ' '· //..i ~ce., ' ·. "• '' .,. '. ' J '/ "· (~ ~ c-43- ~ I 1 28 ~o~ ~ r I /111 '-.' 1 1 " ' ·:--."-• -. - / / I " ''"'"> < I y ~ ..] . ·~ ./~ ..,...-c~1-~\... 9 ~< ' '"' ~ ~ -. - - ~ '• ·' .s:-c/{Le I"·JO' / ; ..... 14 1 I ~>:1.-..' ~-=-·· _../,- :.,---- --_ -;;~Vfo>) t. 7 " ~·/· ~ ..,__ ~( I ' 2 '- '-. " ,. "" ., " u _,.. ~.._ _____...- / ;,P';""""!' -<./ ,;• "' . - •'' I ' . ' ' " AC- " ;;, ;.:r, :::;:.-- -9 39\2~ -..... _;..:::\ ·1 6_:...--- ,..- 6· 3f· ~ -;;... .,,_t' 5~" s~ ----.. ' " .._~ / // ~ ?-. \ " -. ' .. ,,,, ./ 7 1 37 '40 32 ...... __-r~ :;:-24 . 37 .· . ~l l'> ... -:::_,.. -.---.:_32 ___.. 1 1 ~ ~ 31 ~ . 31- ~~~ -0 " V asona Lake County Park, Los Gatos, CA. One of the best public collections of ornamental eucalyptus species in the Bay Area is located at V asona Lake County Park in Los Gatos. Originally planted by local eucalyptus · enthusiast Max Watson in 1964, most of the trees have been identified and labeled Directions and map to the Vasona Lake County Park, Los Gatos. CA as to species. The 40+-year-old trees provide valuable examples of more than 40 different can be accessed online at www.oark.here.org. The entrance to Vasona Lake Park is located at 333 Blossom Hill Road in Los Gatos. Frein southbound eucalyptus species appropriate for both landscape evaluation and botanical study.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Pest Management of Eucalypt Psyllids (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea)
    17 Integrated Pest Management of Eucalypt Psyllids (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea) Dalva Luiz de Queiroz1, Daniel Burckhardt2 and Jonathan Majer3 1Embrapa Florestas, Colombo-PR 2Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel 3Department of Environment and Agriculture Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth 1Brazil 2Switzerland 3Australia 1. Introduction Eucalypts, which are native to Australia, grow rapidly and have multiple uses. Because of these properties, they are planted on all continents except for Antarctica. In Brazil, many eucalypt species find suitable weather and environmental conditions to develop and today they are commercially grown on a large scale. In 2010, plantations covered a surface of over 4.75 million hectares (ABRAF, 2011). In Australia, eucalypts host an abundant fauna of phytophagous insects, among which the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are particularly species rich. Psyllids are tiny sap-sucking insects resembling minute cicadas and they generally develop on woody dicotyledons (Hodkinson, 1974; Burckhardt, 1994; Hollis, 2004). Most species have very restricted host plant ranges. Larvae can be free-living or develop in open or closed galls, whereas others build waxy coverings, called lerps, under which they develop (Hodkinson, 1984, 2009; Hollis, 2004; Burckhardt, 2005). The subfamily Spondyliaspidinae (Aphalaridae sensu Burckhardt & Ouvrard, 2011) is almost exclusively restricted to Australia and to host plants of the Myrtaceae, in particular Eucalyptus species (Burckhardt, 1991; Hollis, 2004). Unsurprisingly, several Australian spondyliaspidine species have been introduced into other continents where they have become pests (Burckhardt, 1994; Burckhardt et al., 1999; Hollis, 2004). In Brazil, the first spondyliaspidine found was Ctenarytaina spatulata, when it was observed in 1994 in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in Paraná State (Iede et al., 1997).
    [Show full text]