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Eucalyptus Genus: a Review

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Gagan Shahet al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(10),609-617 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Eucalyptus Genus: A Review Gagan Shah*1, Jaideep Bajaj2, Varinder Soni3, R.K Dhawan2 *Deparment of Pharmacognosy, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India 2Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar Punjab, India 3Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar Punjab, India Received on:25-07-2016; Revised on: 11-08-2016; Accepted on: 04-09-2016 ABSTRACT Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees (and a few shrubs) in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. This review article is presented to compile all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological Activities of Eucalyptus species which were performed by widely different methods. Literature indicates various Eucalyptus Species possesses analgesic, antifungal, antiinflamatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidative properties. Literature also indicates various other effect of Eucalyptus species such as Antiviral, Antitumour, antihistaminic, anticancer cytochrome p450 inhibitor and hepatoprotective effect have also been reported by many Researcher. The present review articles critically discusses some Eucalyptus Species and about their Chemical constituents and Biological activities. This review indicate that Eucalyptus species have potential therapeutic effects. KEY WORDS: Eucalyptus, Phytochemical, Pharmacological activities. INTRODUCTION MAJOR SPECIES A large genus of evergreen aromatic tress, rarely shrubs (mallees), There are over 500 species of Eucalyptus. The major ones are enlisted indeginous to Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea and the neighbouring below. Major Species of Eucalyptus. Major Species of Eucalyptus. islands, where they constitute a large portion of the forest vegetation, Eucalyptus amygdalina Eucalyptus microthecaamygdalina giving it a characteristic appearance. Various species of Eucalyptus Eucalyptus australiana Eucalyptus nitens are cultivated, particularly in sub-tropical and warm temperate regions, Eucalyptus botryoides Eucalyptus ovata Eucalyptus calophylla Eucalyptus pauciflora on account of their economic value. About 100 species have been Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus perriniana tried in India at different times and some of them are under cultivation1. Eucalyptus citriodora. Eucalyptus pilularis Eucalyptus cladocalyx Eucalyptus polyanthemos Eucalyptus consideniana Eucalyptus polybractea Eucalyptus species (Family- Myrtaceae) are remarkable for their Eucalyptus cypellocarpa. Eucalyptus populnea rapid growth and some of them, in their natural habitat, attain Eucalyptus dives Eucalyptus radiata Eucalyptus gigantea gigantic sizes and are among the tallest trees of the World. Most of Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus risdonni the species are popularly called GUM TREES in Australia, although Eucalyptus gomphocephala Eucalyptus robusta the exudation from them is not a gum, but an astringent, tanniferous Eucalyptus grandis Eucalyptus rossi Eucalyptus gunnii Eucalyptus rostrata substance called KINO. Eucalyptus incrassate Eucalyptus saligna Eucalyptus kino Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus largeflorens Eucalyptus sieberiana *Corresponding author. Eucalyptus lesouefii Eucalyptus smithii Gagan Shah Eucalyptus macrocarpa Eucalyptus tereticornis Assistant Professor Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Eucalyptus tetrodonta Khalsa College of Pharmacy Eucalyptus maculata Eucalyptus umbra Amritsar, Punjab, India Eucalyptus marginata Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus melanophloia Eucalyptus viminalis Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus wandoo Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.10 Issue 10 October 2016 609-617 Gagan Shahet al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(10),609-617 Biological activity TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Plantae- Plants Antimicrobial Subkingdom Tracheobionata-Vascular plants Eucalyptus camaldulensis, the bark had the antimicrobial property. Suuperdivision Spermatophyta-Seed plants Bark extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, showed inhibition zones Division Magnolipphyta- Flowering plants of comparable magnitude with those of the standard antimicrobial Class Magnolipside- Dicotyledons agents. Therefore, the use of chewing sticks from these plants will Subclass Rosidae be more beneficial if the bark is not peeled off, otherwise the Order Myrtales antimicrobial property of the bark will not be fully exploited11. Family Myrtaceae-Myrtle family Genus Eucalyptus Anti-Nociceptive Chemical and biological investigations on Eucalyptus species. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, possesses an anti-nociceptive effect against both acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced thermal stimulation12. Eucalyptus albens Antioxidative The extracts obtained by ethanol digestion and by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE; CO with 15% ethanol) of leaves from Eucalvptus Chemical constituents 2 camaldulensis var. brevirostris trees showed the most promising Sideroxylonal C, a new phloroglucinol dimer, was isolated from the antioxidative activities. Gallic and ellagic acid were found to be the flowers of Eucalyptus albens through bioassay-guided fractionation. prevailing antioxidants in the ethanolic extract. The main two compounds of the SFE extract with antioxidative activity revealed to Biological activity be flavones. To a high degree of probability they were identified as Sideroxylonal C inhibited human plasminogen activator inhibitor 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy flavone and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-8- type-1 at 4.7 microM without any significant effect on human tissue methyl flavone, respectively13. plasminogen activator 2. Cytotoxic Eucalyptus amplifolia Extracts obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis cytotoxic activity against human ECV-304 cells14. Chemical constituents Euglobal-Am-2, -IVb and –VII (acylphloroglucinol-monoterpenes) were isolated from this species. Eucalyptus citriodora Biological activity Chemical constituents Euglobal-Am-2 isolated from leaves of Eucalyptus amplifolia Essential oil (Cineole. Citronellal, Citronellic Acid)15. Sterols (9β- exhibited significant inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Sitosterol)16 activation induced by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)3 . Biological activity Eucalyptus camaldulensis Analgesic Using acetic acid-induced writhes in mice and hot plate thermal Chemical constituents stimulation in rats, it was shown that the essential oil of Eucalyptus Essentional oil (Aromandendrene Myrtenal, Borneol, Camphene, citriodora induced analgesic effects in both models, suggesting Carvacrol Citronellal Citronellyl acetate, Cryptone--Terpenyl peripheral and central actions. acetate)4. Flavonoids (Apigenin, Chrysin, Flavone , Luteolin, Eriodictyol, Hesperetin, Naringenin, Pinocem-brin)5. Triterpenoids Antifungal activity ( Oleanolic Acid, Maslinic Acid, Camaldulic Acid, Camaldulensic The antibiotic effect of the active ingredients in Meijer medicated Acid)6-10. chest rub (Eucalyptus oil, camphor and menthol) as well as the inactive Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.10 Issue 10 October 2016 609-617 Gagan Shahet al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(10),609-617 ingredients (thymol, oil of turpentine, oil of nutmeg and oil of cedar cypellocarpins A, B , and C , along with seven known compounds, leaf) were studied in vitro using the fungal pathogens responsible were isolated from the dried leaves of Eucalyptus cypellocarpa. for onychomycosis, such as the dermatophytes Tricophyton rubrum, Three new acylated flavonol glycosides, cypellogins A, B and C, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton along with eight known phenolic compounds, were isolated from the floccosum and Epidermophyton stockdale. The zones of inhibition dried leaves of Eucalyptus cypellocarpa21. data revealed that camphor menthol thymol. and oil of Eucalyptus citriodora were the most efficacious components against the test Biological activity organisms. The MIC (100) for mixtures of these four components in Above mentioned new compounds and a known related glucoside various carrier solvents revealed that formulations consisting of (chromene glucoside) showed potent in vitro antitumor-promoting 5 mg/mL concentrations of each have a potential to be effective in activity in a short-term bioassay evaluating the inhibitory effect on controlling onychomycosis17. The volatile oil extracted from the leaves Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation induced by 12-O- of Eucalyptus citriodora showed a wide spectrum of antifungal tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). These compounds also activity. suppressed an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis induced with nitric oxide and TPA on mouse skin22. Anti-inflammatory Essential oil from the Eucalyptus citriodora produced Eucalyptus globules anti-inflammatory effects, as demonstrated by inhibition of rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran, neutrophil migration Chemical constituents into rat peritoneal cavities induced by carrageenan, and vascular Essential oil (1,8-Cineole, Carvone, Citral, Citronellal , Geranyl acetate, permeability induced by carrageenan and histamine. -Pinene, -Pinocarvone , β-Pinene)23-25. Hydrocarbons (4-Hydroxytri triacontane-16,18-dione,16-Hydroxy Btritriacontanonen -Tritriacontane Bone Resorption Inhibition 16,18-dione)26. Eucalyptus essential oil and monoterpenes are efficient inhibitors of bone resorption in the rat18. Biological activity Natural repellent Antibacterial Ixodes ricinus can transmit several
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  • Indicative Planting Lists for the Camden LGA

    Indicative Planting Lists for the Camden LGA

    Indicative Planting Lists for the Camden LGA This list is to offer an indicative guide for trees, shrubs and grasses which do well in the Camden Local Government Area . This list is not exclusive but can be used as a helpful guide . Definitions (For the purpose of the Camden LEP) “tree” means any plant with a sturdy, dominant single main stem and (a) is more than 3 metres high or (b) has a spread of more than 3 metres or (c) has a trunk diameter of more that 150mm measured 1 metre above ground level. “littoral” means the foreshores, riverbanks and the plants of that habitat. “macrophytes” means the conspicuous plants that dominate wetlands, shallow lakes and streams. “salinity” means common salt which is toxic to most land plants when present in high levels in the soil. The selection of street trees should have regard to the following: • Power/Gas/Water/Sewer/Cable Lines • Street Lights • Pruning and shaping resilience of trees • Easements • Driveways & Bus Stops • Pedestrian crossings • House Frontages & Set Backs • Lateral spreading habits of trees • Road Verge & Nature Strip widths • Waste Service collections • Vehicle vision lines • Cultural and Heritage amenity. • Above ground Services. 1 Indicative Nature Strip - Street Tree selection Species Name Common Name Height Width Native Acer palmatum ‘Senkaki’ Coral Bark Maple 4m 3m Acer rubrum ‘October Red Maple 9m 7m Glory’ Acmena smithii ‘Red Red Head Acmena 6m 2m yes Head’ Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle 8m 4m yes Angophora costata Dwarf Dwarf Angophora 4m 2m yes ‘Darni’ costata ‘Darni’