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C SOUTH EST and Ra FOREST SERVICE U C SOUTH EST and Ra FOREST SERVICE U. S.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE P. 0. BOX 245, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94701 Ex~erime Species Adaptabi ity Tria For Man-made Forests n Hawaii Craig D. Whitesell Gerald A. Walters USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PSW- 118/ 1976 The Authors CRAIG D. WHITESELL is assigned to the Station's Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is principal silviculturist with the timber and watershed management work unit and is doing research on the silviculture of native and planted forests in Hawaii and Guam. I-Ie received h', bachelor's degree (1951) from West Virginia University, and his master's degree (1954) from Duke University-both in forestry. Hie has been with the Station's Hawaii staff since 1962. GERALD A. WALTERS is also assigned to the timber and watershed resource management research unit at the Institute. He is a silviculturist conducting research on the establishment of plantations of native and introduced tree species. He received his B.S. (1956) and M.S. (1967) degrees in forestry from the University of Missouri. He joined the Forest Service in 1966. U.S. Forest Service research in Hawaii is conducted in cooperation with Division of Forestry Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources CONTENTS Page Summary ........................................... 1 Introduction ........................................ 3 Tree Introductions in Hawaii ............................ 3 Methods ............................................ 5 Species Selection and Planting Practices .................. 5 Planting Site Selection and Experimental Design ........... 5 Observations. Measurements. and Performance Assessment ........................... 6 Site Conditions and Species Performance ................... 6 Hawaii Island ....................................... 6 Maui Island ....................................... 10 Molokai Island .....................................13 OahuIsland .......................................15 KauaiIsland ....................................... 18 Conclusions-A Look into the Future ...................... 21 Literature Cited ......................................22 Appendix ........................................24 SUMMARY Whitesell, Craig D., and Gerald A. Walters 1976. Species adapbbiliw Mals for man-made forests in Hawaii. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper PSW-118, 30 p., illus. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, Calif. Oxford: 232.1 1':(969). Retrieval Terms: species trials; Hawaii. In Hawaii very few of the native tree species are of craftwood, amenity plantings, or for protection for- value for timber production. Over the past 100 years, ests. Fourteen of these species are native to Australia; introduced species from the Pacific Basin proved and ten are eucalypts. On some of our test sites, sev- more useful for reforestation. Introduced species eral species grew well, at other sites few or none of were usually easier to propagate in the nurseries, and the species proved well adapted. The performance of many performed better than the native species when most of the high quality hardwood species tested was outplanted. Before 1960 the major emphasis was on disappointing. establishment of protection forests. These forests re- The eucalypts outperformed other species, espe- placed native stands decimated for fuelwood, and cially on the low quality sites. Eucalyptus camaldu- served to protect denuded watersheds and to cover lensis lived up to its worldwide reputation as the erosion scars. Interest in the establishment of new eucalypt capable of growing well on a wide range of forests for timber production developed about 1960. moisture regimes and soils. Two Southern Hemis- Species adaptability trials were begun, with the aim phere conifers initially promising are Araucaria angus- of identifying economically valuable timber trees tifolia from Brazil and Callitris endlichen from adapted to local growing conditions, and at the same Australia. Pinus kesiya and P. engelmannii were time eliminating useless candidate species as quickly among the six true pines considered promising. as possible. These trials were made on a wide range of Swietenia mahagoni, S. macrophylla and Cedrela sites. odorata showed sufficient promise to justify further Tree seeds were obtained from cooperators in 38 investigations. This was also true for Cordia sub- countries in the tropics, subtropics, and warm tem- cordata and Thespesia populnea, two species useful as perate zone. Seeds from 144 provenances, represent- craftwood and introduced by the early Polynesians. ing 90 species, were sown in beds or containers; the Many of the promising species exceeded our mini- seedlings were later outplanted as bare-root or potted mum performance standard, which is a combination stock. of 60 percent survival, height growth of 3 feet (1 m) A total of 16 planting sites were established on the per year, and 70 percent good vigor. These criteria islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu and Kauai were lowered for species planted on low rainfall sites during the 1960's. On these sites elevation ranged (under 40 inches or 1000 mm per year). Very few from near sea level to 6360 feet (1940 m); rainfall trees died from disease or insect attack. Most failures ranged from less than 20 inches to more than 200 and unsatisfactory performances relate to harsh site inches (500 to 5000 mm); and soils ranged from thin conditions, such as low soil fertility, droughts, desic- mucks overlying lava rock to deep, highly leached cating winds, and weed competition. latosols. The species rated promising for timber production The experimental plantings were laid out in a will be tested more intensively in pilot-scale plantings. randomized block design, usually with five replica- Several of the eucalypts deserve special attention for tions and 6-tree row plots for each species. When a use in short-rotation "energy plantationsn-that is, as shortage of seedlings occurred, two or more species a substitute for fuel oil in generating electricity. This were sometimes included in a row plot. Survival, is presently feasible on the islands of Hawaii and growth measurements, vigor, and stem quality of the Maui. Growth of these species suggests that under trees were recorded at the end of the first, third, and intensive management, fuelwood production on fifth years after outplanting. short rotations would become more profitable as oil Ten conifers and thirty-two hardwood species prices rise. were rated as having promise for timber production, an's activities have adversely altered growing then tested in larger scale pilot planting trials. This conditions for native forest trees on many paper presents the results of adaptability trials estab- thousands of acres in Hawaii. These lands can again lished by the U.S. Forest Service in cooperation with become productive if they are reforested. But re- the Hawaii Division of Forestry. The performance of forestation success on a particular site depends to a 90 hardwood and coniferous species-- -- from 38 coun- tries in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate large extent on the choice of tree species. Foresters - .. - - -- - - - have long been faced with this problem; in 1665 John zones of the world was appraised. Evelyn stated it in his classic work, Silva: "First it Our primary objective on most sites was to evalu- will be requisite to agree upon the species: as to what ate the performance of timber trees, especially fast trees are likely to be of greatest use, and the fittest to growing species recognized in the world market for be cultivated and then to consider how planting may their high quality. Considerable research emphasis be best effected." was therefore directed toward screening high-quality ' Species adaptability trials, which basically are hardwoods-for example, members of the mahogany short-term elimination trials, serve to identify tree family (Meliaceae). Species adapted to adverse sites, species deserving further attention for planting on such as dry and eroding lands, were also sought for i; these modified habitats. use in the establishment of protection forests. Later, Although native Hawaiian trees collectively serve for selected sites, the scope of the study was broad- I as valuable protection forests, only a few species have ened to assess the value of species for craftwood, proven satisfactory for either reforestation programs amenity plantings, and Christmas tree production. or urban beautification. Hawaiian species have not These field trials have identified 10 coniferous shown superior adaptive characteristics on sites radi- species and 32 hardwood species- that merit more in- cally altered by erosion, fire, cultivation, or other tensive trials for timber production or other uses. destructive agents. On such areas trees from other This paper reports results of the trials according to countries often prove to be more useful for the estab- site, identifying the species as promising, unsatisfac- lishment and development of man-made forests. tory, or failures, and tabulating the significant charac- These forests will help to meet the increasing demand teristics of the species performance on the individual for forest products and at the same time will provide site. A general index gives seed source and per- other benefits such as recreational areas. formance rating for each species planted; for promis- Only coordinated, long-term studies can determine ing species, site characteristics (island, elevation, rain- the suitability of exotic
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