1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington

2nd November 2018 Tree Logic Ref. 009317

Prepared for Kaufland Australia Pty Ltd Prepared by Greg Pollard & Stephen Frank. Tree Logic Pty. Ltd. Email: [email protected], Telephone: 03 9870 7700

Summary

Tree Logic was engaged to undertake an arboricultural assessment and prepare a report for a nominated section of the site at 1158, Nepean Highway, Mornington. The primary purpose of the report was to record attributes of the trees including their species, type and condition, to review any planning overlays relating to the trees and to advise on their arboricultural value and suitable tree protection zones to be employed should trees be retained along with site development.

One-hundred and five (105) trees were included in the assessment. Five (5) trees were growing on a neighbouring private property.

Of the 105 trees, one was of High arboricultural value, 57 were within the Moderate value range, 41 trees were of Low value, and six were rated as ‘None’ (dead and collapsed trees). From an arboricultural perspective it would be preferable to retain higher-rated trees over those of lower value.

Tree Protection Zones have been calculated for each of the trees which, if preserved free of development-related impacts, would allow the condition of the trees to be maintained. Allowing additional space for the smaller trees assessed, over and above their current TPZs, would provide greater scope for them to reach their full potential while minimising future conflicts and maintenance.

Clause 52.17 of the local planning scheme contains a permit requirement which may control the removal of Trees 1, 14, 15, 16, 50 and 54 (considered benchmark species of EVC 175: Grassy Woodland) however, there does not appear to be any specific planning overlays governing retention of other trees assessed.

Treelogic Pty Ltd Tree Report I ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington

1 Objectives

1.1 To undertake an inspection of trees within and immediately adjacent to the nominated study area within the subject site at 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington.

1.2 To record tree characteristics including species, type, age category, health, structure and useful life-expectancy.

1.3 To establish the arboricultural merit of the trees and assign an Arboricultural Rating.

1.4 To calculate Tree Protection Zones to inform decisions in relation to future site use.

2 Method

2.1 An inspection of trees within the study area, comprising a rectangular parcel of land covering the south-western section of the broader property, an area out front of the existing building, an area adjacent to existing car park off Oakbank Road and a section of trees adjacent to the eastern boundary of the site, was undertaken on 13 July, and 30 October 2018.

2.2 The trees were inspected from ground level and no inspection of below ground or internal tree parts was undertaken. Only trees within and immediately adjacent to the nominated area of study were assessed and data collected.

2.3 Observations were made of the assessed trees to determine their species, age category and condition. Tree heights were estimated, crown width was paced, and trunks measured with a diameter tape where accessible. Attributes of neighbouring trees were generally estimated. A selection of photographs of the trees and their environs were taken for further reference and inclusion in the report.

2.4 Assessment details of individual trees are listed in Appendix 1 and a copy of the tree location plan can be seen at Appendix 2. Descriptors used in the assessment can be seen in Appendix 3.

2.5 Each of the assessed trees was attributed an ‘Arboricultural Rating’. The rating correlates the combination of tree condition factors (health and structure) with tree amenity value.

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2.6 The trees have been allocated tree protection zones (TPZs) consistent with the AS 4970- 2009 Protection of trees on development sites. This method provides a TPZ that addresses both the stability and growing requirements of a tree. TPZ distances are measured as a radius, from the centre of the trunk at (or near) ground level. TPZ measurements for all assessed trees are provided in Appendix 1. It should be noted that the arboricultural rating and TPZ calculations may be different to the conservation/ecological values and protection methods used by other professions.

3 Observations

3.1 The area of interest for this report was the central section of the site at 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington, (see Figure 1 for outline of nominated study area). The study area was an existing factory with largely vacant land with some scattered trees located in the south-east of the proposed allotment with a strip of vegetation along the south-western boundary and denser vegetation to the north-east of the site.

Figure 1: Nominated Study area shown with red border

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3.2 One-hundred and five (105) individual trees were inspected with the supplied survey plan showing five trees (Nos. 8, 10, 12, 17 and 18) were growing within the neighbouring property at 1146 Nepean Highway with the remaining one-hundred (100) trees located within 1158 Nepean Highway.

3.3 The trees were predominately planted specimens of Australian origin, with the majority being native to Victoria (see figure 2 for breakdown of tree types). There were nine specimens of exotic origin (8.6% of total population, with three being Monterey Pine - Pinus radiata). There were 36 different species and cultivars indicating a diverse tree population. The assessed trees also varied widely in size and condition.

Figure 2: Breakdown of tree species type (origin)

3.4 The most common tree was the Spotted Gums (Corymbia maculata) with 28 specimens (26.6% of total population). See table 1 for breakdown of common tree species on site (greater than two specimens). The largest and most prominent tree was a Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) nominated as Tree 1. It was close to the Nepean Highway frontage in the south-western corner of the site. It is a species with a wide natural distribution and given this tree’s size (trunk diameter of 135 cm) and likely age, it is probable that it is a naturally occurring rather than deliberately planted tree.

3.5 Other trees within the property which were of greater arboricultural merit included Tree No. 24 and 101 Spotted Gums, Tree No. 30 River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Tree 25, an Argyle Apple (Eucalyptus cinerea). Tree 19 a Red Ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) also provided a substantial canopy and was well located within the site to potentially see it retained within a redevelopment of the site.

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Table 1: List of most common assessed trees (greater than 2 in number)

3.6 Each tree assessed was assigned an Arboricultural Rating. The rating reflects tree retention value from an arboricultural perspective and can be used to assist with decisions relating to tree retention and management. A tree may be assigned an Arboricultural Rating of High, Moderate, Low or None. The Moderate category often accounts for a large proportion of any tree population and is, therefore, further divided into three separate groups (Moderate A, B and C). Descriptors relating to the ratings are provided at Appendix 3. The ratings will not always be consistent with those attributed by other professions as trees may also have specific heritage, landscape or ecological values not necessarily considered in an arboricultural assessment.

3.7 Figure 3 provides a breakdown of the arboricultural ratings attributed to the 105 trees assessed (details can be seen in appendix 1). One tree (Tree 1) was of High arboricultural value, 55 trees were within the various Moderate categories, 43 trees were of Low arboricultural value and six trees had no arboricultural value (either severe decline, dead or collapsed)

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Figure 3: Breakdown of arboricultural ratings for the assessed trees. Details can be seen in appendix 1

3.8 Images of assessed trees

Image 1 (above) Tree 1, the prominent Image 2 (above) Trees 4 and 5, a pair of Low-rated Dwarf Manna Gum in the western corner of the site. Sugar Gums.

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Image 3 (above) Tree 19, the healthy Red Image 4 (above) Some of the arboriculturally insignificant Ironbark at the southern corner of Lot 2. vegetation along the south-west boundary.

Image 5 (left) Tree 24 on right being a Spotted Gum and Tree 25 on left, an Argyle Apple, both among the better of the ornamental trees within Lot 2.

Image 6 (left) Trees 29, 30 and 31 with Tree 30 being the only one of the Tr 30 three of particular merit. Tr 31 Tr 29

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Image 7 (above) Trees 38, 39 & 40 Image 8 (above) Trees 42-45 adjacent to the existing car out front of existing building. park off Oakbank Rd.

Image 9 (above) Trees 50 Black She-oak collapsed in foreground Image 10 (above) Trees at southern extent of eastern and Trees 51-53 Spotted Gums at boundary, Tree No. 101 Spotted Gum to right of image. northern extent of tree assessment near eastern boundary out front of existing building.

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4 Tree Management

4.1 The site’s development potential is being considered and existing vegetation could represent either an opportunity or a constraint to future site use.

4.2 A review of the Planning Property Report for the site, accessed at ‘planning.vic.gov.au’, reveals that there are no specific planning overlays within the local planning scheme governing the management of vegetation at the site. However, being over 4000m2 in area, Clause 52.17 (Native Vegetation) and the permit requirement within it, would apply to Victorian native vegetation.

4.3 Within Clause 52.17 is an exemption to the requirement for a permit to remove, destroy or lop native vegetation if the vegetation has been planted. With respect to the area of interest for this report, this would cover virtually all the assessed trees, apart from the large Manna Gum (Tree 1), three relatively small Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) Trees 14, 15 and 16, the over-mature Black She-oak (Allocasuarina littoralis) Tree No. 50 and a mature Boobialla (Myoporum insulare) Tree No 54 on the eastern boundary, which could be considered benchmark species of EVC 175: Grassy Woodland.

4.4 Permit requirements aside, the Arboriculural Ratings attributed to the assessed trees provide a valuable means of determining which trees would be most suitable to retain along with changes at the site. Low-rated trees are either small and could be replaced relatively easily or they are in relatively poor condition and, therefore, they should not be a constraint on site development. Moderately-rated trees would be better candidates for retention with Moderate A and B trees offering greater benefits than those in the Moderate C category. From an arboricultural perspective, the high-rated tree (Tree 1) is a prominent feature of the landscape and would be most desirable to retain and appropriately protect.

4.5 The condition of Moderate and High-rated trees is such that, provided they are afforded appropriate space, protection and maintenance, they have the capacity to remain viable for many years. The most suitable means of achieving this is by establishing and maintaining suitable Tree Protection Zones (TPZs) which are then kept free from significant changes or impacts.

4.6 The Tree protection zones (TPZs) provided for each tree in the Tree Assessment Table in Appendix 1 are calculated using the formula provided in the Australian Standard AS4970 where the Radial TPZ = Trunk diameter (DBH) measured at 1.4m above grade and multiplied by 12. TPZ distances are a radius from the centre of the trunk at (or near) ground level. A TPZ should not be less than 2 metres nor greater than 15 metres. The method for calculating, applying and managing the tree protection zone is described in Appendix 4.

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4.7 The TPZ forms an area around a tree that addresses both the stability and growing requirements of the tree and is best preserved free of any impacts. Should any construction or works be proposed within the TPZs of trees to be retained, they need to be carefully assessed to determine if the trees could tolerate the impacts being proposed and remain viable.

4.8 Of the assessed trees, the larger, mature specimens have TPZs ranging from a radius of 3 metres for Tree 54 up to the maximum 15 metre radius in the case of Tree 1. These larger trees are not expected to increase appreciably in size and the TPZs allocated under AS4970 would cater for their future needs. These trees are, however, more likely than the smaller trees inspected, to suffer branch or limb failures carrying some risk potential. Should these trees be retained, in addition to regular arboricultural maintenance, it would be prudent for the design process to avoid introducing elements which encourage prolonged use of the space below these larger trees; they would be best suited to landscaped areas.

5 Conclusions

5.1 One-hundred and five (105) trees growing within or immediately adjacent to the nominated study area within 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington were assessed to provide information to assist with planning for proposed subdivision and redevelopment at the site.

5.2 Tree details are shown in the Tree Assessment Table at Appendix 1 and their locations indicated at Appendix 2. Many of the assessed trees were of limited arboricultural value due to small size or some due to compromised condition. In a development context, retaining such trees will often require expenditure that is disproportionate to their value, however, they could still be considered where they are conveniently located and have a low-rating due to small size.

5.3 The more substantial trees inspected that would be most preferable to retain from an arboricultural perspective were;

Tree 1 - Manna Gum Tree 19 - Red Ironbark Tree 24 & 101 - Spotted Gums Tree 25 - Argyle Apple Tree 30 – River Red Gum

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5.4 The remaining trees attributed a moderate arboricultural value offer somewhat reduced, though still worthwhile, benefits in terms of established trees and they too could be considered for retention with appropriate management.

5.5 The site is not covered by specific planning overlays relating to vegetation, though Clause 52.17 (Native Vegetation) and the permit requirement within it applies to naturally occurring Victorian native vegetation. Of the assessed trees, the mature Manna Gum (Tree No. 1) is the most prominent tree that may fit this criterion, also the over-mature Black She-oak Tree No. 50 and a mature Boobialla Tree No. 54, with the much smaller Blackwoods (Trees 14, 15 and 16) also potentially qualifying, though the latter two are less likely to represent the intent behind the Clause.

5.6 The larger trees have typical quantities of deadwood present through their crowns along with some over extended branches and, if retained, they would benefit from general maintenance pruning carried out in line with AS4373-2007-Pruning of amenity trees, before any substantial increase in activity occurs at the site.

5.7 While TPZs are best maintained in their entirety, more specific information on the potential impacts of any minor TPZ encroachments or other tree-related issues could be provided as the planning and design phases for the site progress. It is recommended that TPZs of all trees intended or required to be retained are added to all design plans.

Signed

Greg Pollard P 03 9870 7700 Consulting Arborist E [email protected]

Treelogic Pty Ltd Tree Report I ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington 11 Appendix 1: Tree Assessment Table: ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington Key: DBH = Diameter at breast height, 1.4m up trunk, unless otherwise indicated. ARB rating = arboricultural rating. Mod. = Moderate. TPZ = Tree protection zone radius in metres. SRZ = Structural root zone radius in metres. Definition of the descriptor categories used in the assessment can be seen in Appendix 3.

DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Prominent landscape feature. Some deadwood & past branch failures typical for age & size of Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna tree. Trunk wound, & likely decay 1 Gum) Indigenous 135 18x18 Maturing Fair Fair 21-40 due to low dead branch. High 3.8 15.0 Lagunaria patersonia Australian Semi- 2 (Norfolk Island Hibiscus) native 13,10 4x4 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Insignificant specimen Low 1.8 2.0 Syzygium paniculatum Australian Semi- Obscured by Ivy, trunk dimension 3 (Magenta Cherry) native 35 7x8 mature Fair Obscured 11-20 estimated Mod.C 2.3 4.2 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Victorian Dead branches and limb failure. 4 'Nana' (Bushy Sugar Gum) native 52 9x11 Maturing Fair-poor Poor 6-10 Ext 10m to north Low 2.7 6.2 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Victorian Dead branches, trunk wounds, 5 'Nana' (Bushy Sugar Gum) native 44,33 10 x9 Maturing Fair-poor Poor 6-10 fungal bracket Low 2.6 6.6 Lagunaria patersonia Australian Semi- 6 (Norfolk Island Hibiscus) native 21,10 7x4 mature Fair Fair-poor 6-10 Insignificant specimen Low 1.9 2.8 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Over- 7 (Bracelet Honey-myrtle) native 60 5x15 mature Fair-poor Very Poor 1-5 Collapsed Low 2.7 7.2 Hesperocypris macrocarpa Exotic Semi- 8 (Monterey Cypress) conifer 35,35 9x9 mature Good Fair-poor 11-20 Neighbours tree. Codominant Mod.C 2.5 5.9 Lophostemon confertus Australian Semi- 9 (Brush Box) native 36 6x7 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Mod.C 2.2 4.3 Exotic Semi- 10 Acer negundo (Box Elder) deciduous 45@base 5x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Neighbours tree. Mod.C 2.4 5.4 Syzygium paniculatum Australian Semi- Multiple acute unions low on 11 (Magenta Cherry) native 45@base 8x7 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 trunk Mod.C 2.4 5.4 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian 12 (Southern Mahogany) native 65@base 9x12 Maturing Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Neighbours tree. Mod.C 2.8 7.8 Grevillea robusta (Silky Australian Semi- 13 Oak) native 28 8x7 mature Fair-poor Fair-poor 11-20 Sparse crown Mod.C 2.1 3.4 Acacia melanoxylon Semi- 14 (Blackwood) Indigenous 18,17 8x5 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Codominant, Acute union at base Mod.C 2.1 3.0 Acacia melanoxylon 15 (Blackwood) Indigenous 12 5x3 Young Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Partially suppressed Low 1.5 2.0 Acacia melanoxylon 16 (Blackwood) Indigenous 10 4x3 Young Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Self-corrected basal lean Low 1.5 2.0 Treelogic Pty Ltd Unit 4, 21 Eugene Terrace Ringwood VIC 3134 Tree Report I ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington Appendix 1: Page 1

Appendix 1: Tree Assessment Table: ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington Key: DBH = Diameter at breast height, 1.4m up trunk, unless otherwise indicated. ARB rating = arboricultural rating. Mod. = Moderate. TPZ = Tree protection zone radius in metres. SRZ = Structural root zone radius in metres. Definition of the descriptor categories used in the assessment can be seen in Appendix 3.

DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Semi- 17 (Bracelet Honey-myrtle) native 24@base 5x6 mature Fair Fair-poor 6-10 Neighbours tree Low 1.8 2.9 XCupressocyparis leylandii Exotic Semi- 18 (Leyland Cypress) conifer 20 7x5 mature Poor Fair-poor 1-5 Upper crown dead Low 1.8 2.4 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Red Australian Typical acute unions with 19 Ironbark) native [email protected] 11x14 Maturing Good Fair-poor 11-20 included bark Mod.B 3.1 10.2 Syzygium paniculatum Australian Semi- 20 (Magenta Cherry) native 25 7x6 mature Poor Fair-poor 1-5 In decline, sparse crown Low 2.1 3.0 Lophostemon confertus Australian Semi- 21 (Brush Box) native [email protected] 5x6 mature Fair Fair-poor 21-40 Small but healthy tree Low 2.3 4.8 Lagunaria patersonia Australian Semi- 22 (Norfolk Island Hibiscus) native 31 8x6 mature Good Fair-poor 11-20 Mod.B 2.2 3.7 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian Semi- 23 (Southern Mahogany) native 59 15x14 mature Fair-poor Fair-poor 11-20 Past failures, thinning crown Mod.C 2.7 7.1 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian 24 Gum) native [email protected] 13x14 Maturing Good Fair 21-40 Mod.A 2.9 9.0 Eucalyptus cinerea (Argyle Australian 25 Apple) native 69 12x10 Maturing Fair-poor Fair 21-40 Mod.B 3 8.3 Banksia integrifolia (Coast Victorian Semi- 26 Banksia) native 30,25 5x5 mature Good Fair 21-40 Small tree Mod.C 2.3 4.7 Eucalyptus saligna (Sydney Australian Semi- 27 Blue Gum) native 32 10x7 mature Poor Fair 6-10 Sparse crown, some dieback Low 2.3 3.8 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian Semi- 28 (Southern Mahogany) native 48 10x14 mature Fair-poor Poor 6-10 Central trunk failure Low 2.5 5.8 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Victorian Semi- 29 (River Red Gum) native 76 10x9 mature Fair Very Poor 6-10 Trunk failure Low 3.1 9.1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Victorian Semi- 30 (River Red Gum) native 76 17x11 mature Fair Fair >40 Mod.A 3.1 9.1 Eucalyptus globulus Australian Semi- 31 (Tasmanian Blue Gum) native 71 14x12 mature Poor Fair-poor 1-5 In decline, epicormic crown Low 3 8.5 Casuarina glauca (Swamp Australian Semi- 32 She-oak) native 30 10x6 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Suckering around base Mod.B 2.2 3.6 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Red Australian 24,31,29, Semi- 33 Ironbark) native 21,24 18x7 mature Fair Poor 6-10 Multi stemmed Low 3.3 7 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Red Australian Semi- 34 Ironbark) native 24,33 17x7 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Mod.C 2.6 4.9

Treelogic Pty Ltd Unit 4, 21 Eugene Terrace Ringwood VIC 3134 Tree Report I ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington Appendix 1: Page 2

DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Lophostemon confertus Australian Semi- 35 (Qld. Brush Box) native 32 9x6 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Mod.C 2.3 3.8 Ficus microcarpa var. hillii Exotic Semi- 36 (Hill's Weeping Fig) evergreen [email protected] 3x3 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Manipulated form, topiary Mod.C 1.6 2 Ficus microcarpa var. hillii Exotic Semi- 37 (Hill's Weeping Fig) evergreen 15 3x3 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Manipulated form, topiary Mod.C 1.6 2 Eucalyptus mannifera (Red- Australian Early- 38 spotted Gum) native 56 19x10 mature Fair Poor 6-10 Basal decay, trunk decay Low 3 6.7 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- 39 Gum) native 46 20x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.6 5.5 Corymbia citriodora (Lemon- Australian Early- 40 scented Gum) native [email protected] 12x12 mature Fair-poor Fair-poor 11-20 Suppressed. Minor decline Low 2.8 7.9 Melaleuca nesophila Australian 41 (Showy Honey-myrtle) native 20 3x4 Maturing Fair Poor 1-5 Collapsed, decay in stem Low 2 2.4 Melaleuca nesophila Australian 32,30,18, 42 (Showy Honey-myrtle) native 15 5x8 Maturing Fair-poor Poor 1-5 Low 3.2 6 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Australian Codominant. Over extended 43 'Nana' (Bushy Sugar Gum) native 42,53 12x14 Maturing Fair Fair-poor 11-20 scaffolds Mod.C 3.3 8.1 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Australian 44 'Nana' (Bushy Sugar Gum) native 28,25 9x10 Maturing Fair Poor 6-10 Low 2.7 4.5 Eucalyptus globulus Australian Early- 45 (Southern Blue Gum) native 64 13x7 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Mod.C 2.9 7.7 Grevillea robusta (Silky Australian Early- 46 Oak) native 52 14x9 mature Fair-poor Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.9 6.2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- Small Melaleuca armillaris under 47 Gum) native 36 9x6 mature Fair Fair 21-40 canopy Mod.B 2.3 4.3 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian 15,16,17, Early- 48 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 12,16 8x10 mature Fair Poor 6-10 Low 2.6 4.1 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Early- 49 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 37,17 7x8 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Low 2.6 4.9 Allocasuarina littoralis 50 (Black She-oak) Indigenous 16 4x8 Maturing Poor Poor 1-5 Collapsed Low 1.9 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- 51 Gum) native 52 15x6 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Pruned for powerline clearance Low 2.8 6.2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 52 Gum) native 42 21x9 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.8 5

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DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 53 Gum) native 39 21x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.4 4.7 Myoporum insulare 54 (Boobialla) Indigenous 18,9,14 5x6 Maturing Fair Fair 11-20 Mod.B 2.1 2.9 Pinus radiata (Monterey Exotic Semi- 55 Pine) conifer 25 16x4 mature Fair Fair 11-20 Woody weed sp. Low 2 3 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 56 Gum) native 60 23x9 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.9 7.2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 57 Gum) native 13 9x2 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Low 1.6 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 58 Gum) native 14 9x2 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Low 1.6 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 59 Gum) native 37 23x9 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.4 4.4 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 60 Gum) native 12 8x2 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Low 1.6 2 Pinus radiata (Monterey Exotic Early- 61 Pine) conifer 61 17x11 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Woody weed sp. Low 3 7.3 Pinus radiata (Monterey Exotic Early- 62 Pine) conifer 73 18x14 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Woody weed sp. Low 3.2 8.8 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 63 Gum) native 17 10x3 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 1.7 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 64 Gum) native 38 12x5 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Codominant leaders Mod.C 2.3 4.6 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Victorian Semi- 65 (River Red Gum) native 23 13x3 mature Fair-poor Fair 21-40 Mod.C 2 2.8 Angophora costata Australian Semi- 66 (Smooth-barked Apple) native 10 6x3 mature Fair-poor Fair 6-10 Suppressed Low 1.5 2 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Victorian Semi- 67 (River Red Gum) native 12 8x3 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Suppressed Low 1.6 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- 68 Gum) native 33 15x5 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.2 4 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 69 Gum) native 47 23x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.7 5.6 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 70 Gum) native 48 23x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.7 5.8

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DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian Early- 71 (Southern Mahogany) native 40 21x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.6 4.8 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Red Australian Early- 72 Ironbark) native 34 15x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.3 4.1 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Pruned for powerline clearance - 73 Gum) native 58 23x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 east Mod.B 2.7 7 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 74 Gum) native 13 9x2 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Low 1.6 2 Australian Semi- 75 Eucalyptus sp. (Gum Tree) native 20 4x1 mature Dead Poor <1 None 1.8 2.4 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 76 Gum) native 10 8x2 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Self-sown Low 1.5 2 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian 10,21,17, Early- 77 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 20 4x12 mature Fair-poor Very Poor <1 Tree collapsed None 2.2 4.2 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Semi- 78 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 11,17,11 9x6 mature Fair Fair 11-20 3 stems Mod.C 2 2.8 Fraxinus angustifolia Exotic Semi- 79 (Narrow-leaved Ash) deciduous 14 7x4 mature Poor Poor <1 None 1.7 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 80 Gum) native 13 7x2 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Low 1.6 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 81 Gum) native 18 9x3 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Self-sown Mod.C 1.8 2.2 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Semi- 82 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 16 7x5 mature Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Mod.C 1.7 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 83 Gum) native 24 13x6 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.1 2.9 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 84 Gum) native 30 14x7 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.3 3.6 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 85 Gum) native 16 10x4 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Suppressed Mod.C 1.8 2 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Semi- 86 Gum) native 26 13x6 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.2 3.1 Eucalyptus conferruminata Australian Semi- 87 (Bald Island Marlock) native 7,10 7x3 mature Fair Fair 11-20 Mod.B 1.5 2 Corymbia citriodora (Lemon- Australian Early- 88 scented Gum) native 53 16x14 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 2.6 6.4

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DBH HxW ULE Arb. SRZ TPZ No Species Type Age Health Structure Comment (cm) (m) (yrs) Rating (m) (m) Corymbia citriodora (Lemon- Australian Early- 89 scented Gum) native 35,21 14x10 mature Fair Fair-poor 21-40 Mod.B 2.5 4.9 Eucalyptus conferruminata Australian Semi- 90 (Bald Island Marlock) native 14 7x6 mature Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 1.6 2 Melaleuca armillaris Victorian Semi- 91 (Bracelet Honey Myrtle) native 12 3x7 mature Fair-poor Very Poor <1 Collapsed None 1.7 2 Melaleuca styphelioides Australian Semi- 92 (Prickly-leaved Paperbark) native 9,7,5 4x2 mature Poor Poor 1-5 Low 1.5 2 Hakea laurina (Pinchusion Australian 93 Hakea) native 11,9,21 5x6 Maturing Fair Poor 1-5 Root plate failure Low 2 3 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Victorian Semi- 94 (River Red Gum) native 40 16x7 mature Fair-poor Poor 6-10 Extensive decay in trunk Low 2.6 4.8 Australian Semi- 95 Acacia sp. (Wattle) native 20,22 11x4 mature Dead Poor <1 None 2.3 3.6 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian Semi- 96 (Southern Mahogany) native 31 15x5 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Mod.C 2.4 3.7 Eucalyptus bicostata Victorian Early- 97 (Victorian Blue Gum) native 43,57 22x11 mature Fair-poor Fair 11-20 Mod.C 3.1 8.6 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian 98 (Southern Mahogany) native 92 23x16 Maturing Fair Fair-poor 11-20 Mod.C 3.4 11 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- 99 Gum) native 53 20x14 mature Fair Fair-poor 21-40 Past branch failure Mod.C 2.8 6.4 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian Early- Extensive decay in trunk. 100 Gum) native 36 16x8 mature Poor Poor 1-5 Dieback Low 2.3 4.3 Corymbia maculata (Spotted Victorian 101 Gum) native 61 17x11 Maturing Fair Fair 21-40 Mod.B 3 7.3 Acacia longifolia var. Victorian Early- 102 sophorae (Coast Wattle) native 8,9,9,6 4x7 mature Fair Fair-poor 6-10 Woody weed sp. Low 1.6 2 Angophora costata Australian Early- Decay in trunk, previous branch 103 (Smooth-barked Apple) native 36 12x6 mature Fair-poor Fair-poor 6-10 failure Low 2.3 4.3 Eucalyptus botryoides Victorian Early- 104 (Southern Mahogany) native 58 14x13 mature Fair-poor Poor 1-5 Multiple branch failures Low 2.8 7 Australian Semi- 105 Eucalyptus sp. (Gum Tree) native 21 10x1 mature Dead Poor <1 None 2 2.5

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Tree Survey and Protection Zones Coordinate Reference System: Lot 2, 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington EPSG:28355 | GDA 94 MGA Zone 55

Legend Arboricultural Rating High Moderate A Moderate B Moderate C Low None Tree Protection Zone TPZ

Client: Kaufland Australia Data Sources: Map 1/2 Author: Treelogic Aerial imagery: Nearmaps 2018-02-21 Date: 2018-11-02 Feature survey: 23236-0-RFL-A Tree Survey and Protection Zones Coordinate Reference System: Lot 2, 1158 Nepean Highway, Mornington EPSG:28355 | GDA 94 MGA Zone 55

Legend Arboricultural Rating High Moderate A Moderate B Moderate C Low None Tree Protection Zone TPZ

Client: Kaufland Australia Data Sources: Map 2/2 Author: Treelogic Aerial imagery: Nearmaps 2018-02-21 Date: 2018-11-02 Feature survey: 23236-0-RFL-A

Appendix 3: Arboricultural Descriptors (June 2017)

Note that not all the described tree descriptors may be used in a tree assessment and report. The assessment is undertaken with regard to contemporary arboricultural practices and consists of a visual inspection of external and above-ground tree parts.

1. Tree Condition

The assessment of tree condition evaluates factors of health and structure. The descriptors of health and structure attributed to a tree evaluate the individual specimen to what could be considered typical for that species growing in its location under current climatic conditions. For example, some species can display inherently poor branching architecture, such as multiple acute branch attachments with included bark. Whilst these structural defects may technically be considered arboriculturally poor, they are typical for the species and may not constitute an increased risk of failure. These trees may be assigned a structural rating of fair-poor (rather than poor) at the discretion Poor Fair Good of the assessor. Tree condition (Health & structure)

Diagram 1 provides an indicative distribution curve for tree Diagram 1: Indicative normal distribution curve condition to illustrate that within a normal tree population the for tree condition majority of specimens are centrally located within the condition range (normal distribution curve). Furthermore, that those individual trees with an assessed condition approaching the outer ends of the spectrum occur less often. 2. Tree Name

Provides botanical name, (genus, species, variety and cultivar) according to accepted international code of taxonomic classification, and common name. 3. Tree Type

Describes the general geographic origin of the species and its type e.g. deciduous or evergreen.

Category Description Indigenous Occurs naturally in the area or region of the subject site. Remnant. Occurs naturally within some part of the State of Victoria (not exclusively) but is not Victorian native indigenous (component of EVC benchmark). Could be planted indigenous trees. Australian native Occurs naturally within Australia but is not a Victorian native or indigenous Exotic deciduous Occurs outside of Australia and typically sheds its leaves during winter Exotic evergreen Occurs outside of Australia and typically holds its leaves all year round Exotic conifer Occurs outside of Australia and is classified as a gymnosperm Native conifer Occurs naturally within Australia and is classified as a gymnosperm Native Palm Occurs naturally within Australia. Woody monocotyledon Exotic Palm Occurs outside of Australia. Woody monocotyledon

4. Height and Width

Indicates height and width of the individual tree; dimensions are expressed in metres. Crown heights are measured with a height meter where possible. Due to the topography of some sites and/or the density of vegetation it may not be possible to do this for every tree. Tree heights may be estimated in line with previous height meter readings in conjunction with assessor’s experience. Crown widths are generally paced (estimated) at the widest axis or can be measured on two axes and averaged. In some instances, the crown width can be measured on the four cardinal direction points (North, South, East and West).

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Crown height, crown spread are generally recorded to the nearest half metre (crown spread would be rounded up) for dimensions up to 10 m and the nearest whole metre for dimensions over 10 m. Estimated dimensions (e.g. for off-site or otherwise inaccessible trees where accurate data cannot be recovered) shall be clearly identified in the assessment data.

5. Trunk diameters

The position where trunk diameters are captured may vary dependent on the requirements of the specific assessment and an individual trees specific characteristics. DBH is the typical trunk diameter captured as it relates to the allocation of tree protection distances. The basal trunk diameter assists in the allocation of a structural root zone. Some municipalities require trunk diameters be captured at different heights, with 1.0 m above grade being a common requirement. The specific planning schemes will be checked to ascertain requirements. Stem diameters shall be recorded in centimetres, rounded to the nearest 1 cm (0.01 m). Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Indicates the trunk diameter (expressed in centimetres) of an individual tree measured at 1.4m above the existing ground level or where otherwise indicated, multiple leaders are measured individually. Plants with multiple leader habit may be measured at the base. The range of methods to suit particular trunk shapes, configurations and site conditions can be seen in Appendix A of Australian Standard AS 4970-2009 Protection of trees on development sites. Measurements undertaken using foresters’ tape or builders’ tape.

Basal trunk diameter The basal dimension is the trunk diameter measured at the base of the trunk or main stem(s) immediately above the root buttress. Used to ascertain the Structural Root Zone (SRZ) as outlined in AS4970.

6. Health

Assesses various attributes to describe the overall health and vigour of the tree.

Category Vigour, Extension Decline symptoms, Foliage density, colour, Pests and or disease growth Deadwood, Dieback size, intactness Above typical. Good Excellent. Full Negligible Better than typical Negligible canopy density

Typical vigour. Typical. Minor Minor or expected. Little Minor, within damage Fair >80% canopy deficiencies or defects or no dead wood thresholds density could be present.

Exhibiting deficiencies. Below typical - More than typical. Small Exceeds damage Fair to Poor Could be thinning, or low vigour sub-branch dieback thresholds smaller

Exhibiting severe Excessive, large and/or Minimal - deficiencies. Thinning Extreme and contributing Poor prominent amount & declining foliage, generally to decline size of dead wood smaller or deformed

Dead N/A N/A N/A N/A

7. Structure

Assesses principal components of tree structure (Diagram 2).

Descriptor Zone 1 - Root plate & Zone 2 - Trunk Zone 3 - Primary Zone 4 - Outer crown and lower stem branch support roots Good No obvious damage, No obvious damage, Well formed, attached, No obvious damage, disease or decay; disease or decay; spaced and tapered. disease, decay or obvious basal flare / well tapered No history of failure. structural defect. No stable in ground history of failure.

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Fair Minor damage or Generally, well Minor damage, disease Minor damage or decay attached, spaced and or decay; minor branch decay. Basal flare tapered branches. end-weight or over- present. Minor structural extension. No history of deficiencies may be branch failure. present or developing. No history of branch failure. Fair to Poor Moderate damage or Moderate damage or Weak, decayed or Moderate damage, decay; minimal basal decay; approaching with acute branch disease or decay; flare. recognised attachments; previous moderate branch end- thresholds branch failure weight or over-extension. evidence. Minor branch failure evident. Poor Major damage, disease Major damage, Decayed, cavities or Major damage, disease or decay; fungal fruiting disease or decay; has acute branch or decay; fungal fruiting bodies present. exceeds recognised attachments with bodies present; major Excessive lean placing thresholds; fungal included bark; branch end-weight or pressure on root plate fruiting bodies excessive over-extension. Branch present. Acute lean. compression flaring; failure evident. Stump re-sprout failure likely. Evidence of major branch failure. Very Poor Excessive damage, Excessive damage, Decayed, cavities or Excessive damage, disease or decay; disease or decay; branch attachments disease or decay; unstable / loose in cavities. Excessive with active split; failure excessive branch end- ground; altered lean. Stump re-sprout imminent. History of weight or over-extension. exposure; failure major branch failure. History of branch failure. probable

4 Diagram 2: Tree structure zones 3

1. Root plate & lower stem 2 2. Trunk 3. Primary branch support 4 4 4. Outer crown & roots Adapted from Coder (1996) 1

Structure ratings will also take into account general branching architecture, stem taper, live crown ratio, crown symmetry (bias or lean) and crown position such as tree being suppressed amongst more dominant trees. The lowest or worst descriptor assigned to the tree in any column could generally be the overall rating assigned to the tree. The assessment for structure is limited to observations of external and above ground tree parts. It does not include any exploratory assessment of underground or internal tree parts unless this is requested as part of the investigation. Trees are assessed and then given a rating for a point in time. Generally, trees with a poor or very poor structure are beyond the benefit of practical arboricultural treatments. The management of trees in the urban environment requires appropriate arboricultural input and consideration of risk. Risk potential will consider the combination of likelihood of failure and impact, including the perceived importance of the target(s).

8. Age class

Relates to the physiological stage of the tree’s life cycle.

Category Description

Young Sapling tree and/or recently planted. Approximately 5 or less years in location.

Tree increasing in size and yet to achieve expected size in situation. Primary Semi-mature developmental stage.

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Early-mature Tree established, generally growing vigorously. > 50% of attainable age/size.

Mature Specimen approaching expected size in situation, with reduced incremental growth.

Mature full-size with a retrenching crown. Tree is senescent and in decline. Over-mature Significant decay generally present.

9. Useful life expectancy

Assessment of useful life expectancy provides an indication of health and tree appropriateness and involves an estimate of how long a tree is likely to remain in the landscape based on species, stage of life (cycle), health, amenity, environmental services contribution, conflicts with adjacent infrastructure and risk to the community. It would enable tree managers to develop long-term plans for the eventual removal and replacement of existing trees in the public realm. It is not a measure of the biological life of the tree within the natural range of the species. It is more a measure of the health status and the trees positive contribution to the urban landscape.

Within an urban landscape context, particularly in relation to street trees, it could be considered a point where the costs to maintain the asset (tree) outweigh the benefits the tree is returning. The assessment is based on the site conditions not being significantly altered and that any prescribed maintenance works are carried out (site conditions are presumed to remain relatively constant and the tree would be maintained under scheduled maintenance programs).

Useful Life Expectancy Typical characteristics <1 year Tree may be dead or mostly dead. Tree may exhibit major structural faults. Tree (No remaining ULE) may be an imminent failure hazard. Excessive infrastructure damage with high risk potential that cannot be remedied. 1-5 years Tree is exhibiting severe chronic decline. Crown is likely to be less than 50% typical (Transitory, Brief) density. Crown may be mostly epicormic growth. Dieback of large limbs is common (large deadwood may have been pruned out). Tree may be over-mature and senescing. Infrastructure conflicts with heightened risk potential. Tree has outgrown site constraints. 6-10 years Tree is exhibiting chronic decline. Crown density will be less than typical and (Short) epicormic growth is likely to present. The crown may still be mostly entire, but some dieback is likely to be evident. Dieback may include large limbs. Over-mature and senescing or early decline symptoms in short-lived species. Early infrastructure conflicts with potential to increase regardless of management inputs. 11-20 years Tree not showing symptoms of chronic decline, but growth characteristics are likely (Moderate) to be reduced (bud development, extension growth etc.). Tree may be over-mature and beginning to senesce. Potential for infrastructure conflicts regardless of management inputs. 21-40 years Trees displaying normal growth characteristics, but vigour is likely to be reduced (Moderately long) (bud development, extension growth etc.). Tree may be growing in restricted environment (e.g. streetscapes) or may be in late maturity. Semi-mature and mature trees exhibiting normal growth characteristics. Juvenile trees in streetscapes. >40 years Generally juvenile and semi-mature trees exhibiting normal growth characteristics (Long) within adequate spaces to sustain growth, such as in parks or open space. Could also pertain to maturing, long-lived trees. Tree well suited to the site with negligible potential for infrastructure conflicts.

Note that ULE may change for a tree dependent on the prevailing climatic conditions, sudden changes to a tree’s growing environment creating an acute stress or impact by pathogens. The ULE may not be applicable for trees that are manipulated, such as topiary, or grown for specific horticultural purposes, such as fruit trees. There may be instances where remedial tree maintenance could extend a tree’s ULE.

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10. Arboricultural Rating

Relates to the combination of tree condition factors, including health and structure (arboricultural merit), and also conveys an amenity value. Amenity relates to the trees biological, functional and aesthetic characteristics (Hitchmough 1994) within an urban landscape context. The presence of any serious disease or tree-related hazards that would impact risk potential are taken into account.

Category Description Tree of high quality in good to fair condition; good vigour. Generally, a prominent arboricultural/landscape feature. Particularly good example of the species; rare or uncommon. Tree may have significant conservation or other cultural value. High These trees have the potential to be a medium- to long-term components of the landscape (moderately long to long ULE) if managed appropriately. Retention of these trees is highly desirable. General - Tree of moderate quality, in fair or better condition. Tree may have a condition, and or structural problem that will respond to arboricultural treatment. These trees have the potential to be a moderate- to long-term component of the landscape (moderate to long ULE) if managed appropriately. Retention of these trees is generally desirable. The following sub-categories relate predominately to age and size and amenity. Moderate A. Moderate to large, maturing tree. Contributes to the landscape character. Tree may have conservation or other cultural value.

B. Moderate sized, established tree, > 50% of attainable age/size. Contributes to the landscape character.

C. Small and/or semi-mature tree, established, >5 years in the location. May not be a dominant canopy. No special qualities.

Unremarkable tree of low quality or little amenity value. Tree in either poor health or with poor structure or a combination. Short to transitory useful life expectancy. Tree is not significant because of either its size or age, such as young trees with a stem diameter below 15 cm. Tree < 5 years in location. These trees are easily Low replaceable. Trees regularly pruned to restrict size. Tree (species) is functionally inappropriate to specific location and would be expected to be problematic if retained. Retention of such trees may be considered if not requiring a disproportionate expenditure of resources for a tree in its condition and location.

Trees of low quality with an estimated remaining ULE of < 5 years. Tree has either a severe structural defect or health problem or combination that cannot be sustained with practical arboricultural techniques and the loss of the tree would be expected in the short term. Trees that are dead or are showing signs of significant, immediate, and irreversible overall decline. Tree infected with pathogens of significance to either the health or safety of the tree or other adjacent trees. None Tree whose retention would not be viable after the removal of adjacent trees (includes trees that have developed in close spaced groups and would not be expected to acclimatise to severe alterations to surrounding environment – removal of adjacent shelter trees). Tree has a detrimental effect on the environment, for example, the tree is a recognised environmental woody weed with potential to spread into waterways or natural areas. Unremarkable tree of no material landscape, conservation or other cultural value.

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Trees have many values, not all of which are considered when an arboricultural assessment is undertaken. However, individual trees or tree group features may be considered important community resources because of unique or noteworthy characteristics or values other than their age, dimensions, health or structural condition. Recognition of one or more of the following criteria is designed to highlight other considerations that may influence the future management of such trees.

Significance Description

Horticultural Value/ Outstanding horticultural or genetic value; could be an important source of Rarity propagating stock, including specimens that are particularly resistant to disease or exposure. Any tree of a species or variety that is rare.

Historic, Aboriginal Tree could have value as a remnant of a particular important historical period or Cultural or Heritage a remnant of a site or activity no longer in action. Tree has a recognised Value association with historic aboriginal activities, including scar trees. Tree commemorates a particular occasion, including plantings by notable people, or having associations with an important event in local history.

Ecological Value Tree could have value as habitat for indigenous wildlife, including providing breeding, foraging or roosting habitat, or is a component of a wildlife reserve. Remnant Indigenous vegetation that contribute to biological diversity

Bibliography: Coder, K D. (1996) Construction damage assessments: trees and sites, University of Georgia, USA

Hitchmough, J.D. (1994) Urban landscape management, Inkata Press, Australia

Gooding, R.F., Ingram, J.B., Urban, J.R., Bloch, L.B., Steigerwaldt, W.M, Harris, R.W. and Allen, E.N. (2000) Guide for plant appraisal, 9th edition, International society of Arboriculture, USA

Pollard, A. H. (1974) Introductory statistics: a service course, Pergamon Press Australia, Australia.

Standards Australia (2009) Australian Standard AS 4970-2009 Protection of trees on development sites.

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Appendix 4: Tree protection zones

Introduction

In order to sustain trees on a development site, consideration must be given to the establishment of tree protection zones.

The physical dimensions of tree protection zones can sometimes be difficult to define. The projection of a tree’s crown can provide a guide but is by no means the definitive measure. The unpredictable nature of roots and their growth, differences between species and their tolerances, and observable and hidden changes to the trees growing environment, as a result of development, are variables that must be considered.

Most vigorous, broad canopied trees survive well if the area within the drip-line of the canopy is protected. Fine root density is usually greater beneath the canopy than beyond (Gilman, 1997). If few to no roots over 3cm in diameter are encountered and severed during excavation the tree will probably tolerate the impact and root loss. A healthy tree can sustain a loss of between 30% and 50% of absorbing roots (Harris, Clark, Matheny, 1999), however encroachment into the structural root system of a tree may be problematic.

The structural root system of a tree is responsible for ensuring the stability of the entire tree structure in the ground. A tree could not sustain loss of structural root system and be expected to survive let alone stand up to average annual wind loads upon the crown.

Allocation of tree protection zone (TPZ)

The most important consideration for the successful retention of trees is to allow appropriate above and below ground space for the trees to continue to grow. This requires the allocation of tree protection zones for retained trees

The method of allocating a TPZ to a particular tree will be influenced by site factors, the tree species, its age and developed form.

Once it has been established, through an arboricultural assessment, which trees and tree groups are to be retained, the next step will require careful management through the development process to minimise any impacts on the designated trees. The successful retention of trees on any particular site will require the commitment and understanding of all parties involved in the development process. The most important activity, after determining the trees that will be retained is the implementation of a TPZ.

The intention of tree protection zones is to:  mitigate tree hazards;  provide adequate root space to sustain the health and aesthetics of the tree into the future;  minimise changes to the trees growing environment, which is particularly important for mature specimens;  minimise physical damage to the root system, canopy and trunk; and  define the physical alignment of the tree protection fencing

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The Australian Standard AS 4970-2009 Protection of trees on development sites has been used as a guide in the allocation of TPZs for the assessed trees. The TPZ for individual trees is calculated based on trunk (stem) diameter (DBH), measured at 1.4 metres up from ground level. The radius of the TPZ is calculated by multiplying the trees DBH by 12. The method provides a TPZ that addresses both the stability and growing requirements of a tree. TPZ distances are measured as a radius from the centre of the trunk at (or near) ground level. The minimum TPZ should be no less than 2m and the maximum no more than 15m radius. The TPZ of palms should be not less than 1.0m outside the crown projection.

Encroachment into the TPZ is permissible under certain circumstances though is dependent on both site conditions and tree characteristics. Minor encroachment, up to 10% of the TPZ, is generally permissible provided encroachment is compensated for by recruitment of an equal area contiguous with the TPZ. Examples are provided in Diagram 1. Encroachment greater than 10% is considered major encroachment under AS4970-2009 and is only permissible if it can be demonstrated that after such encroachment the tree would remain viable.

Diagram 1A Diagram 1B

Diagram 1: Examples of minor encroachment into a TPZ. (Extract from: AS4970-2009, Appendix D, p30 of 32)

The 10% encroachment on one side equates to approximately ⅓ radial distance. Tree root growth is opportunistic and occurs where the essentials to life (primarily air and water) are present. Heterogeneous soil conditions, existing barriers, hard surfaces and buildings may have inhibited the development of a symmetrically radiating root system.

Existing infrastructure around some trees may be within the TPZ or root plate radius. The roots of some trees may have grown in response to the site conditions and therefore if existing hard surfaces and building alignments are utilised in new designs the impacts on the trees should be minimal. The most reliable way to estimate root disturbance is to find out where the roots are in relation to the demolition, excavation or construction works that will take place (Matheny & Clark, 1998). Exploratory excavation prior to commencement of construction can help establish the extent of the root system and where it may be appropriate to excavate or build.

The TPZ should also give consideration to the canopy and overall form of the tree. If the canopy requires severe pruning in order to accommodate a building or other works and in the process the form of the tree is diminished it may be worthwhile considering altering the design or removing the tree.

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General tree protection guidelines The most important factors are:  Prior to construction works the trees nominated for tree works should be pruned to remove larger dead wood. Pruning works may also identify other tree hazards that require remedial works.  Installation of tree protection fencing. Once the tree protection zones have been determined the next step is to mulch the zone with woodchip and erect tree protection fencing. This must be completed prior to any materials being brought on-site, erection of temporary site facilities or demolition/earth works. The protection fencing must be sturdy and withstand winds and construction impacts. The protection fence should only be moved with approval of the site supervisor. Other root zone protection methods can be incorporated if the TPZ area needs to be traversed.  Appropriate signage is to be fixed to the fencing to alert people as to importance of the tree protection zone.  The importance of tree preservation must be communicated to all relevant parties involved with the site.  Inspection of trees during excavation works.

Exploratory excavation The most reliable way to estimate root disturbance is to find out where the roots are in relation to the demolition, excavation or construction works that will take place (Matheny & Clark, 1998).

Exploratory excavation prior to commencement of construction can help establish the extent of the root system and where it may be appropriate to excavate or build. This also allows management decisions to be made and allows time for redesign works if required.

Any exploratory excavation within the allocated TPZ is to be undertaken with due care of the roots. Minor exploration is possible with hand tools. More extensive exploration may require the use of high- pressure water or air excavation techniques. Either hydraulic or pneumatic excavation techniques will safely expose tree roots; both have specific benefits dependent on the situation and soil type. An arborist is to be consulted on which system is best suited for the site conditions.

Substantial roots are to be exposed and left intact.

Once roots are exposed decisions can be made regarding the management of the tree. Decisions will be dependent on the tree species, its condition, its age, its relative tolerance to root loss, and the amount of root system exposed and requiring pruning.

Other alternative measures to encroaching the TPZ may include boring or tunnelling. How to determine the diameter of a substantial root The size of a substantial root will vary according to the distance of the exposed root to the trunk of the tree. The further away from the trunk of a tree that a root is, the less significant the root is likely to be to the tree’s health and stability.

The determination of what is a substantial root is often difficult because the form, depth and spread of roots will vary between species and sites. However, because smaller roots are connected to larger roots in a framework, there can be no doubt that if larger roots are severed, the smaller roots attached to them will die. Therefore, the larger the root, the more significant it may be.

Gilman (1997) suggests that trees may contain 4-11 major lateral roots and that the five largest lateral roots account (act as a conduit) for 75% of the total root system. These large lateral roots quickly

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taper within a distance to the tree, this distance is identified as the Structural Root Zone (SRZ). Within the SRZ distance, all roots and the soil surrounding the roots are deemed significant.

No root or soil disturbance is permitted within the SRZ. In the area outside the SRZ the tree may tolerate the loss of one or a number of roots. The table below indicates the size of tree roots, outside the SRZ that would be deemed substantial for various tree heights. The assessment of combined root loss within the TPZ would need to be undertaken by an arborist on an individual basis because the location of the tree, its condition and environment would need to be assessed.

Table 1: Estimated significant root sizes outside SRZ

 Height of tree  Diameter of root  Less than 5m  ≥ 30mm  Between 5m -  ≥ 50mm  More than  ≥ 70mm

Ground buffering Where works are required to be undertaken within the tree root zone, surface, ground buffering and trunk and limb protection must be provided to minimise the potential for soil to become compacted and avoid potential for impact wounds to occur to surface roots, trunk or limbs. Refer below.

Diagram 2 buffering an: Examples of ground d trunk and limb protection.

(Extract from: AS4970-2009, Appendix D, pg17)

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RE: Arboricultural Consultancy

Disclaimer Whilst the material contained in this Report has been formulated with all due care and skill, Tree Logic Pty Ltd (ACN 080 021 610) (Tree Logic) does not warrant or represent that the material is free from errors or omission, or that it is exhaustive. Tree Logic disclaims, to the extent permitted by law, all warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied.

To the extent permitted by law, you agree that Tree Logic, its employees and agents, are not liable to you or any other person or entity for any loss or damage caused or alleged to have been caused (including loss or damage resulting from negligence), either directly or indirectly, by your use of the information (including by way of example, arboricultural advice) made available to you in this report. Without limiting this disclaimer, in no event will Tree Logic be liable to you for any lost revenue or profits, or for special, indirect, consequential or incidental damage (however caused and regardless of the theory of liability) arising out of or related to your use of that information, even if Tree Logic has been advised of the possibility of such loss or damage.

Whilst the information contained in this Report is considered to be true and correct at the date of publication, changes in circumstances after the time of publication may impact upon the accuracy of this report. This disclaimer is governed by the law in force in the State of Victoria, Australia.

Reliance This Report is addressed to you and may not be distributed to, or used or relied on by, another person without the prior written consent of Tree Logic. Tree Logic accepts no liability to any other person, entity or organisation with respect to the content of this Report unless that person, entity or organisation has first agreed in writing to the terms upon which this Report may be relied on by that other person, entity or organisation.

The report and any values expressed therein represent the opinion of Treelogic’s consultant and Treelogic’s fee is in no way conditional upon the reporting of a specified value, a stipulated result, the occurrence of a subsequent event, nor upon any finding to be reported.

There is no warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied by Tree Logic Pty. Ltd., that problems or deficiencies of the plants or site in question may not arise in the future. Tree condition can change quickly in response to environmental conditions or altered growing conditions.

There can be no guarantees provided for on-going tree safety. It should be noted that not all of the potential structural concerns associated with trees can be eliminated and that there will always be a residual risk following any mitigation works. Also not all tree defects are observable and extreme weather events are unpredictable. Since trees are complex, living organisms, it is difficult to quantify and precisely measure all variables when inspecting a standing tree for hazard.

Trees should be reassessed on a regular basis; the scheduled period of reassessment will be dependent on the characteristics of the tree, the landscape context and perceived targets, and resources available to maintain them.

Treelogic Pty Ltd Tree Report I ArbRpt-1158 Nepean Highway-Mornington