4.1 VEGETATION COMMUNITIES AND WILDLIFE HABITATS .........................................4-4 4.2 SENSITIVE HABITAT .................................................4-16 BIOLOGICAL 4.3 HABITAT CONNECTIVITY ....................................... 4-20 4.4 SPECIAL-STATUS SPECIES ..................................... 4-26 4.5 INVASIVE SPECIES .................................................. 4-28 4RESOURCES 4.6 WILDLAND FIRE ....................................................... 4-33 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN American River Parkway | 4-1 CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The Parkway is a 29-mile riparian corridor home to abundant biological resources, the living organisms that inhabit Parkway today. Historically, what is now the Parkway and its surrounding lands contained an extensive landscape of riparian and upland habitat in sprawling floodplains influenced by recurring seasonal flooding of the American River. Natural processes determined the composition and dynamics of approximate 100-year period from the 1860s to the 1970s. With the river valley’s mosaic of habitats and the vegetation and wildlife the construction of Folsom Dam in 1955, the hydrology of the species of the valley. river changed dramatically. As a result, the river currently supports limited regeneration of early successional riparian species (e.g., Historic land uses have substantially affected Parkway vegetation, willows and cottonwood) on much of the floodplain, except on resulting in fragmented and oftentimes degraded habitats. Much the river channel edges, lower point bar surfaces, and in-channel of the floodplain upstream of the Sailor Bar and Upper Sunrise Area islands (ESA 2018). Plans consists of dredge tailings and mining debris created over an 4-2 | NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN American River Parkway CHAPTER 4 | BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES The riparian forest and woodland of LAR channel is type of vegetation community, or collection of vegetation attributes across a landscape, that has declined dramatically in California in recent history. Grasslands, savannas, and freshwater marshes are similarly reduced across many of the landscapes in which they historically occurred in California, including the Parkway. Still, the Parkway provides a contiguous naturalized environment unlike any other area in metropolitan Sacramento. A variety of plants and wildlife native to California rely upon the continued functionality of the habitat types found within the Parkway for survival. The Parkway’s biological resources are significant not only for the ecological functions they serve, but also as a main source of attraction to Parkway users. Nature-viewing, citizen science, interpretive programming, and volunteer restoration activities in the Parkway all depend highly on the continued health and integrity of its biological resources. While most of the historical human uses that permanently altered the ecological makeup of the Parkway are no longer present, continued encroachment and increasing Native vegetation on the banks of levee borrow pit in the Woodlake Area. Photo Credit: Wildlife Conservation Board intensity of human uses in and adjacent to the Parkway may further adversely impact the biological resources of the Parkway. Active and adaptive management is needed to sensitive habitat, or habitat containing sensitive vegetation prevalence of wildfire in the Parkway, and provides a history ensure continued human use of the Parkway complements communities or is critical for special-status wildlife, in the of wildfire activity in the Parkway. its habitats, plants, and wildlife. The NRMP provides an Parkway. Section 4.3 Habitat Connectivity defines the Nomenclature used throughout the document follows Jones important opportunity to protect, improve, and restore the components of habitat connectivity and describes the status et al. (1992) for mammals, American Ornithologists’ Union Parkway’s biological resources in conjunction with preserving of connectivity across the Parkway landscape. Section (1996) for birds, Jennings (1983) for reptiles and amphibians, its flood control capacity and recreational features. 4.4 Special-Status Species give detail on the special- and Baldwin et al. (2012) for plants. Vegetation communities status plants and wildlife species that are known to occur This chapter provides an overview of the biological were classified according to the Manual of California in the Parkway. Section 4.5 Invasive Species describes resources of the Parkway. Section 4.1 Vegetation Vegetation (MCV), 2nd Edition (Sawyer et al. 2009) and/ the dominant, non-native plant and wildlife species that Communities and Wildlife Habitats lists and describes or Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural adversely impact native plants and wildlife in the Parkway. the Parkway’s vegetation communities. Section 4.2 Communities of California (Holland 1986). Section 4.6 Wildfire summarizes wildfire’s impacts on Sensitive Habitat provides an overview of the four types of natural resources, describes conditions that influence the NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN American River Parkway | 4-3 4.1 VEGETATION COMMUNITIES AND WILDLIFE HABITATS Vegetation community structure and composition gradually relationships and landform type, were used to distinguish as yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), vetch (Vicia transitions from low elevation Sierra Nevada Mountain vegetation types across the Parkway. spp.), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), and pepperweed foothills between Folsom Dam and Nimbus Dam, to the (Lepidium latifolium). It is important to emphasize that Where possible, vegetation communities were classified Sacramento River valley floor downstream of Nimbus Dam, grasslands infested with invasive plant species provide according to the MCV (Sawyer et al. 2009). Successional and then to the LAR confluence with the Sacramento River. limited habitat value for native plant and wildlife species. shifts in vegetative cover and composition due to Between Nimbus Dam and the Sacramento River, valley However, they could provide opportunities for future habitat hydrogeomorphic changes, vegetation management, fire, floor riparian habitats occur within a narrow band along the restoration efforts that would support native species. and other factors make it difficult to define the limits of all- banks of the LAR. Here, topographically variable uplands natural communities according to the MCV classification Other common non-native grass species observed within support mainly hardwood forests and grasslands (Figure system, which relies solely on the dominant species to the valley and foothill grassland community include wild oats 4-1 Vegetation Communities). At the lower end of the river define plant associations and alliances. As such, it does not (Avena spp.), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceus), ripgut brome corridor, near the confluence with the Sacramento River, the accurately characterize the hydrogeomorphic components (Bromus diandrus), red brome (Bromus madritensis), and flat valley floor supports a structurally diverse complex of that influence plant communities in the Parkway. In foxtail barley (Hordeum murimum). Native grass species are grassland, elderberry savanna, freshwater marsh, riparian these instances, vegetation classifications are based on occasional and include creeping wildrye (Elymus triticoides) scrub and woodland, and deciduous hardwood forest. the Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural and needlegrass (Nassella spp.). A variable mix of native Parkway vegetation is intrinsically tied to channel dynamics, Communities of California (Holland 1986). and non-native forbs are common in these areas and topography, elevation, distance from the river, and frequency include bur clover (Medicago polymorpha), filaree (Erodium of inundation (Watson 1985). 4.1.1 Valley and Foothill Grassland spp.), California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), frying pan A mosaic of vegetation communities has been mapped The Parkway contains 525 acres of valley and foothill poppy (Eschscholzia lobbii), narrow tarplant (Holocarpha within the Parkway (Figure 4-1 Vegetation Communities). The grasslands (Holland 1986). The largest contiguous area virgata), common madia (Madia elegans), telegraph weed Parkway contains 10 vegetation communities and two land of valley and foothills grasslands occurs in the Woodlake (Heterotheca grandiflora), perennial mustard (Hirschfeldia cover types: developed land and unvegetated areas. The Area, although other notable grasslands are present incana), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), poison hemlock following vegetation community and land cover descriptions in the Rossmoor Bar, Discovery Park East, River Bend, (Conium maculatum), common sunflower (Helianthus were derived from data provided by Regional Parks natural Upper Sunrise, and Sailor Bar Areas. These communities annuus), and manroot (Marah fabacea and M. watsonii). resource management staff, the River Corridor Management provide habitat for pollinators and opportunities for raptor Figure 4-1 Vegetation Communities shows the mosaic of Plan (RCMP) (Jones & Stokes 2002), and the American and other bird species’ foraging and ground nesting. vegetation communities in the Parkway. River Parkway Floodway Vegetation Management Plan However, decades of anthropogenic impacts have (FVMP) (EDAW 2009). Existing communities are defined by facilitated the spread of non-native species and restricted vegetation attributes and characteristics, such as structure, the establishment of native perennial