Review Science Global Biodiversity Information Facility data accessed through the Compiling the year’s research uses of

2014 2

Foreword

This years’ Science Review demonstrates the continued growth in research that, to a greater or lesser extent, is underpinned by data made accessible by GBIF. An interesting feature of this year’s selection of papers are studies that use GBIF-mediated data to determine the causes of past extinctions, in particular the role humans may (large mammals) or may not (Mallorcan mountain goat) have played. This illustrates how the scope of GBIF extends beyond extant biodiversity to include data that speak to organisms that are now extinct: GBIF’s scope is expanding both in space and in time. Browsing the research summarized in the Review, one thing which struck me is that visitors to GBIF.org currently don’t have an easy way to discover the wealth of research that makes use of GBIF-mediated data. Imagine being able to visit the GBIF page for a particular dataset and see the research to which it contributed. Or being able to navigate through a map to see the geographic distribution of research that builds upon GBIF-mediated data. In a sense, as the body of research grows, we could envisage GBIF—or others in our wider community— developing tools to display these research outputs in much the same way that the data itself are displayed, becoming not just a means of navigating data, but a way to navigate knowledge.

ROD PAGE Chair, GBIF Science Committee

GBIF SCIENCE COMMITTEE, 2014 Roderic Page, Chair Vice Chairs Mark Costello Arturo Ariño Jean Cossi Ganglo Members Elizabeth Arnaud Guy Cochrane Kathy Willis 3

About the Science Review

The GBIF Science Review draws from the Secretariat’s Those interested in sharing research uses that have literature tracking programme, an ongoing effort to escaped our attention may relay citation information identify research uses and citations of biodiversity to [email protected]. data accessed through GBIF’s global infrastructure. Review Each issue of the Review assembles a complete The categories used in the are intended to annual list of peer-reviewed scientific papers known to help readers navigate the major subject areas of make substantive use of GBIF-mediated data. GBIF-assisted research, but some papers inevitably span multiple topics. For clarity’s sake, they appear Segments of this growing bibliographic archive­— under only one category in the Review. The countries which grew by 350 papers in 2014—appears in assigned to authors are based on the location of relevant contexts across GBIF.org. Noteworthy the institutions identified in the author information, uses also appear throughout the year in GBits, the while funding information included for the highlighted Secretariat’s newsletter; monthly slide updates papers draws upon the papers’ acknowledgements. from its communications team; and at http://gbif. org/newsroom/uses. The complete list of citations The examples summarized at the start of each section from 2008 to 2014 can be viewed at both http:// highlight a few key research investigations enhanced gbif.org/mendeley or http://www.mendeley.com/ by the free and open access available through the groups/1068301/gbif-public-library. GBIF network of Participants and publishers.

CONTENTS Uses and trends...... 4 Invasive alien species...... 6 Impacts of climate change...... 13 Species conservation and protected areas...... 19 Biodiversity and human health...... 25 Food, farming and biofuels ...... 26 Ecosystem services...... 28 Advancing biodiversity science...... 30 Data management...... 45 Data papers...... 47 GBIF as a research infrastructure...... 48 4

Uses and trends

These visualizations of the use of GBIF-mediated data serve to show not just the growing number of peer-reviewed publications appearing each year, but also the increasing number of countries, islands and territories whose institutions host authors who apply the data in their research articles. Each trend highlights the GBIF network’s widening sphere of influence and impact on scientific research related to the biological domain.

Annual number of peer-reviewed publications using GBIF-mediated data ANNUAL NUMBER OF PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES USING GBIF-MEDIATED DATA

2014 347 350 2013 249 249 2012 229 229 2011 169 169 2010 148 148 2009 89 89 2008 52 52

100 200 300

CBD: AMOUNT OF GBIF-MOBILIZED DATA INDICATES PROGRESS TOWARD AICHI TARGET 19 In the 4th Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-4), the Convention on Biological Diversity cited the amount of data mobilized through the GBIF network as a primary indicator for measuring progress toward Aichi Target 19 on the sharing of biodiversity knowledge. While judging the advances made in building systems to share biodiversity information to be ‘on track’, GBO-4 highlighted the need for further investment in data mobilization and better, more coordinated models and technologies for decision-making. Learn more at www.cbd.int/gbo4 5

NUMBER OF ARTICLES WITH AUTHORS BY COUNTRY countries with authors 114 United States using GBIF-mediated data 45 United Kingdom in peer-reviewed papers 41 Spain published in 2014 37 Germany 32 Australia 21 Mexico 77 20 France • Italy 19 Brazil • Netherlands • South Africa 17 Canada 16 Argentina 37 14 Portugal • Switzerland 38 13 China 38 10 Poland Proportion and number 79 of papers by authors 294 9 Colombia within GBIF regions 8 India • Norway

7 Belgium • Sweden 131 6 Czech Republic • Kenya • New Zealand • Russia 5 Denmark • Ecuador • Finland • Greece 4 Austria 48+21136+K 3 Chile • Hungary • Iran • Panama • Turkey 2 Costa Rica • Ethiopia • Iceland • Israel • Japan • Peru • Romania Serbia • Slovakia 1 Belarus • Bolivia • Brunei Darussalam • Bulgaria • Cameroon • Croatia • Egypt Estonia • Faroe Islands • French Polynesia • Indonesia • Kosovo • Luxembourg Malawi • Malaysia • Malta • Morocco • Namibia • Nepal • New Caledonia Nigeria • Papua New Guinea • Rwanda • Singapore • Sudan • Tunisia • Uganda Uruguay • Yemen

GBIF Regions Asia Africa Europe Latin America North America Oceania 6

invasives Invasive alien species examples data absences, especially when such absences coincide with political delineations.’ IMPROVING ECOLOGICAL FORECASTING Bradley BA, Early R & Sorte CJB (2014) Space to invade? Comparative range infilling and potential range of invasive and native plants. Global Ecology and Biogeography. doi:10.1111/geb.12275 Author countries: United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain Research funding: U.S. Dept of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program To test the assumption that species distribution models predict disproportionately smaller potential ranges for non-natives than natives, researchers compared the distributions of 13,575 native, endemic, alien and invasive plants in the United

HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA, CC BY-NC 2002, JON SULLIVAN States to determine how these groups’ different range HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/EHS8IN attributes might influence ecological forecasting. GAUGING THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHICALLY Describing GBIF as “the only source that could BIASED DATA ON DISTRIBUTION MODELS consistently provide distributional data for all of our Barnes MA, Jerde CL, Wittmann ME et al. (2014) Geographic target species at a global scale”, the study concluded selection bias of occurrence data influences transferability that invasives had not achieved the expected degree of invasive Hydrilla verticillata distribution models. Ecology of range infilling, suggesting that “plants introduced and Evolution. doi:10.1002/ece3.1120. to the US still have plenty of space to invade”. Author countries: United States, China, Australia Research funding: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; National REDUCING INVASIVE SPECIES RISKS THROUGH Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Fish and RAPID WATCH LISTS Wildlife Foundation; U.S. Forest Service; The Nature Conservancy Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M et al. (2014) A simple, This study looks at an aquatic plant, Hydrilla rapid methodology for developing invasive species watch lists. Biological Conservation 179: 25-32. doi:10.1016/j. verticillata, to assess how geospatial biases in biocon.2014.08.014 occurrence data influence species distribution Author country: South Africa models. Native to central Asia and Australia, this Research funding: South African National Department of ‘formidable global invader’ now occurs across Central Environment Affairs; DST-NRF Centre for Invasion Biology and South America, Africa, Europe, New Zealand, and most of temperate North America—a global reach that Developing biosecurity schemes that prevent the enhances its usefulness for such a study. introduction of potentially invasive alien species can be excessively complicated and expensive for Starting with 4,336 records of H. verticillata drawn many resource-poor nations. These South African from GBIF.org and other sources (including more researchers proposed a rapid, cost-effective than 1,000 identified within its native range), the method of creating species watch lists based on authors developed models that omitted native-range three consistent predictors of invasion success: data from different countries and from randomized past precedents, environmental suitability and samples within the native range. While the results introduction effort. Using GBIF-mediated data on ‘possessed strong predictive power’ for native and 419 invasive species in addition to other sources, North American ranges, they also highlighted the the authors demonstrate that this technique works impact of spatial biases resulting from political gaps quickly and transparently to produce an initial in data. To improve future model predictions and assessment of key threats across taxa that applies their use in environmental management, the authors at different national and provincial scales without encourage efforts to ‘focus on areas of conspicuous substantial financial or scientific input. 7 invasives

LEARNING THE TRAITS OF SUCCESSFUL INVADERS (eight already established in Ireland and seven other Higgins SI & Richardson DM (2014) Invasive plants have high-risk species), the Belfast-based authors combine broader physiological niches. Proceedings of the National and refine them with regional data on a variety of Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. human and physiochemical variables. This simple 111(29): 10610-10614. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406075111 method significantly improves predictions for regional Author countries: New Zealand, South Africa invasions and highlights the explicit importance of Research funding: University of Otago; Dept of Science and factors related to land use, nutrient concentration and Technology - National Research Foundation natural landscape. Seeking to learn from past invasions, the authors investigating how physiological traits of a given plant PROFILING PROBLEMATIC PLANTS may indicate its inherent invasive potential. Their Kuester A, Conner JK, Culley T et al. (2014) How weeds hindcasting exercise draws from experience, taking emerge: a taxonomic and trait-based examination using a pragmatic look at acacia and eucalypts, two tree United States data. The New Phytologist 202(3): 1055-68. groups whose 749 closely related species now occur doi:10.1111/nph.12698 Author country: United States far beyond their native Australia. Research funding: National Science Foundation By calibrating GBIF-mediated global data for both One common comparative framework for the study groups with physiological and environmental variables of invasive plants seeks to place introduced species like growth rate, respiration, temperature and and along a ‘continuum’ that ranges from naturalized soil nitrogen, the authors highlight a suite of traits to weedy to invasive. Useful as this framework is, that determine invasive success, highlighting species however, it doesn’t account for the emerging and tolerant of a broader range of environmental contexts. costly problem of herbicide resistance. The authors Notably, to test their model’s fitness, they tested it by draw on GBIF and other data sources to look for broad predicting an independent dataset comprised of all patterns in the United States across taxonomic, GBIF records for acacia and eucalypt outside Australia. physical and biochemical traits of what they call The results correctly predicted 95% of eucalypt ‘problematic plants’—the weedy, the invasive and the records and 83% of acacia records. herbicide-resistant. In addition to exploring over- and under-represented MODEL GLOBALLY, REFINE REGIONALLY families, they explore the potential of many Kelly R, Leach K, Cameron A et al. (2014) Combining global characteristics of the ‘ideal invader’. The investigation climate and regional landscape models to improve prediction of one variable—the introduction time of invasive of invasion risk. Diversity and Distributions 20(8): 884-894. doi:10.1111/ddi.12194 weeds and ‘non-problematic’ introduced non-weeks— Author country: United Kingdom relies exclusively on GBIF-mediated occurrence Research funding: Natural Heritage Research Partnership data for U.S. herbaria specimens. Their conclusions (Northern Ireland Environment Agency & Queen’s University identify plant genera and traits that warrant vigilance, Belfast) particularly among species introduced to agricultural fields that reproduce abundantly and often—prime Global climate niche models are widely used to candidates for herbicide resistance. predict the risks posed by invasive species due to changing species distributions and habitat suitability. But such models may overlook the role that finer scale factors like land use, topography and soil and water chemistry play in invasion biology—in part because of the lack of reliable global data for such characteristics. After producing global models based on GBIF-mediated data for 15 non-native aquatic plants

FAIRY MOSS (AZOLLA FILICULOIDES). CC BY-NC JOEL CARNAT HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/GMI7BX 8

CONTROLLING A POTENTIAL PLAGUE OF ‘LOCUSTS’ of chromosomes, and chromosome sets (or ploidy invasives Li G, Xu G, Guo K et al. (2014) Mapping the Global Potential level)—to test whether these variables could predict Geographical Distribution of Black Locust (Robinia the relative rarity or invasiveness of a set of 890 pseudoacacia L.) Using Herbarium Data and a Maximum flowering plants from 62 genera widely distributed Entropy Model. Forests 5(11): 2773-2792. doi:10.3390/ from tropical to boreal regions. f5112773 Author country: China GBIF-mediated data contributed to their conclusions that Research funding: National Nature Science Foundation of invasiveness is negatively related to genome size and China, Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program positively related to chromosome number and ploidy of Higher Education, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation level. The same data enabled a parallel investigation A native of eastern North America, black locust of the effect of latitude on such traits. While these (Robinia pseudoacacia) has been introduced widely results show a linear increase in genome size at higher throughout the world over the past 300 years. And latitudes, latitude appears unimportant in explaining while R. pseudoacacia has significant economic and differences in invasiveness or cytogenic traits. ecological value, that value comes with significant ANTICIPATING CONFLICTS BETWEEN INVASIVE AND risks given that the tree has become an uncontrollable IMPERILLED SPECIES invader in parts of Europe, Asia, and the South Pacific. Rose JP & Todd BD (2014) Projecting Invasion Risk of Non- Native Watersnakes (Nerodia fasciata and Nerodia sipedon) in the Western United States. PLoS ONE 9(6): e100277. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100277 Author country: United States Two natives of the eastern United State­—the common watersnake (Nerodia fasciata) and Southern watersnake (Nerodia sipedon)—have recently established reproductive populations in western North America. To calculate the risks these predators present for the region’s many modified freshwater systems, the authors modeled both snakes’ potential distribution across western North America with the explicit intention of evaluating prospective conflicts with imperiled native species. BLACK LOCUST (ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA), CC BY-SA 2015 HARUM.KOH https://flic.kr/p/seQTyw Occurrence records from GBIF and other sources for Nerodia Relying primarily on 32,434 GBIF-mediated herbarium the two species fed into distribution models records, researchers modeled the area that black that highlighted the ranges they can be expected to locust currently occupies and its potentially invade. The authors then compared these results with ‘invadable distribution’ area. The results can help the known ranges of native species—both potential guide natural resource decision makers in assessing prey as well as predators currently occupying similar whether and where the appropriate response to R. ecological niches. Together the two invaders appear to pseudoacacia is afforestation or invasive control. pose significant threats to several aquatic natives of California, including federally and state listed snakes, SMALL-SCALE PREDICTORS OF GLOBAL salamanders and frogs. In hope of helping authorities INVASIVENESS AND RARITY responsible for protecting native species elsewhere Pandit MK, White SM & Pocock MJO (2014) The contrasting to develop responses, the authors detail their effort effects of genome size, chromosome number and ploidy to design a systematic, transferable model for level on plant invasiveness: a global analysis. The New evaluating similar invasions. Phytologist 203(2): 697-703. doi:10.1111/nph.12799 Author countries: India, United Kingdom BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC EFFECTS ON SPECIES Research funding: Natural Environment Research Council DISTRIBUTION Why do some plants become endangered while Silva DP, Gonzalez VH, Melo GAR et al. (2014) Seeking the flowers for the bees: Integrating biotic interactions into niche others become invasive? Researchers compared models to assess the distribution of the exotic bee species genomic and cytogenic traits—genome size, number 9 invasives

Lithurgus huberi in South America. Ecological Modelling 273: Research Council of Canada; Endeavour International; 200-209. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.11.016 University of Sydney; Australian Research Council; European Author countries: Brazil, Argentina Social Fund and Portuguese Ministério da Educação e Research funding: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Ciência; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Whitley Wildlife e Tecnológico; Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia; Fundo Conservation Trust Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional Lithurgus huberi is the sole representative of the Seeking to improve the accuracy of invasive species Old World genus of solitary bees in the Americas, forecasting, the authors use GBIF-mediated and occurring mainly in Brazil and Argentina where it other data to contrast two models for understanding is considered a widespread but locally rare exotic. worldwide invasions of the cane toad (Rhinella Having made new observations during recent marina). The first physiological and mechanistic model fieldwork, the authors sought to assess what effect examines whether the toad’s traits adapted to its new the distribution of host plant species might have on environments (a fundamental niche shift). By contrast, this specialist bee. In addition to identifying other the second model considers the combined influence worthwhile areas to survey, this approach could also of biotic and abiotic conditions (a realized niche shift), gauge the impact of biotic variables (rather than which highlighted the role of other species in limiting abiotic ones, like climate) on the bee’s distribution. the toad’s native population—constraints absent in Australia with disastrous effect. Improved knowledge GBIF-mediated and other occurrence data fed models of the dynamics at play in each type of niche shift may L. huberi for the seven host plants known to provide improve invasion management strategies. with pollen, which generated predictions for both the bee and its hosts that largely coincide. While these results may show how biotic and abiotic factors already intersect and regulate the bee’s ecological niche, they also support the widely held theory that climate is the prime variable determining the broad- scale species distribution. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING INVASION MODELS Tingley R, Vallinoto M, Sequeira F & Kearney MR (2014) Realized niche shift during a global biological invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(28): 10233-8. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1405766111 Author countries: Australia, Brazil, Portugal| CANE TOAD (RHINELLA MARINUS) CC BY 2011, BRIAN GRATWICKE Research funding: Natural Sciences and Engineering https://flic.kr/p/ayvEys bibliography AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Barnes MA, Jerde CL, Geographic selection bias of Ecology and Evolution doi: 10.1002/ United States, Wittmann ME et al. occurrence data influences ece3.1120 China, Australia transferability of invasive Hydrilla verticillata distribution models

Beaumont LJ, Gallagher How can knowledge of the Diversity and doi: 10.1111/ Australia RV, Leishman MR et al. climate niche inform the weed Distributions ddi.12190 risk assessment process? A 20(6): 613-625 case study of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia Borges LMS, Sivrikaya First records of the warm water Bioinvasion Records doi: 10.3391/ United Kingdom, H & Cragg SM shipworm Teredo bartschi Clapp, 1923 3(1): 25-28 bir.2014.3.1.04 Germany, Turkey (Bivalvia, Teredinidae) in Mersin, southern Turkey and in Olhão, Portugal Bradley BA, Early Space to invade? Comparative Global Ecology and doi: 10.1111/ United States, United R & Sorte CJB range infilling and potential range Biogeography geb.12275 Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, of invasive and native plants 10

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES invasives Carlos-Júnior LA, Barbosa Ecological Niche Model used to Marine Environmental doi: 10.1016/ Brazil, United States NPU, Moulton TP et al. examine the distribution of an Research j.marenvres. invasive, non-indigenous coral 2014.10.004 Cheek MD First official record of a naturalised BioInvasions Records 4 www.reabic.net/ South Africa population of Mimosa albida Humb. & journals/bir/2015/ Bonpl. ex Willd. var. albida in Africa Accepted/ BIR_2015_Cheek_ correctedproof.pdf Crafton R Modeling invasion risk for Hydrobiologia doi: 10.1007/ United States coastal marine species s10750-014-2027-x utilizing environmental and transport vector data Diaz R, Manrique V, Successful Biological Control of Florida Entomologist www.bioone.org/doi/ United States, Argentina Hibbard K et al. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanales: 97(1): 179-190 pdf/10.1896/ Solanaceae) in Florida: A Review 054.097.0124 of Key Program Components DiTommaso A, Darbyshire North-East, North-Central, Mid- Invasive Plant Science doi: 10.1614/ Canada, United States SJ, Marschner CA et al. Atlantic United States and Southern and Management IPSM-D-14-00028.1 Canada: Japanese Hedgeparsley 7(4): 553-560 (Torilis japonica)—A New Invasive Species in the United States? Donaldson JE, Hui C, Invasion trajectory of alien Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/ South Africa, Australia Richardson DM et al. trees: the role of introduction 20(5): 1527-37 gcb.12486 pathway and planting history Faulkner KT, Robertson A simple, rapid methodology Biological Conservation doi: 10.1016/j. South Africa MP, Rouget M et al. for developing invasive 179: 25-32 biocon.2014.08.014 species watch lists Fuller P, Knott D, Invasion of Asian tiger shrimp, Aquatic Invasions doi: 10.3391/ United States Kingsley-Smith P et al. Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 9(1): 59-70 ai.2014.9.1.05 1798, in the western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Gallardo B Europe’s top 10 invasive species: Ethology doi: 10.1080/ United Kingdom relative importance of climatic, Ecology & Evolution 03949370. habitat and socio-economic factors 26(2-3): 130-151 2014.896417 Gallardo B & Aldridge DC Is Great Britain heading for a Ponto- Journal of Applied doi: 10.1111/1365- United Kingdom, Spain Caspian invasional meltdown? Ecology 2664.12348 García-Díaz P, Ross Understanding the biological Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/ Australia, Spain JV, Ayres C et al. invasion risk posed by the global gcb.12790 wildlife trade: propagule pressure drives the introduction and establishment of Nearctic turtles Goldsmit J, Howland Establishing a baseline for early Aquatic Invasions doi: 10.3391/ Canada K & Archambault P detection of non-indigenous species 9(3): 327-342 ai.2014.9.3.08 in ports of the Canadian Arctic González-Moreno P, Diez Beyond climate: disturbance Global Ecology and doi: 10.1111/ Spain, United States, JM, Richardson DM et al. niche shifts in invasive species Biogeography geb.12271 Switzerland, South Africa Higgins SI & Invasive plants have broader Proceedings of the doi: 10.1073/ New Zealand, South Africa Richardson DM physiological niches National Academy of pnas.1406075111 Sciences of the United States of America 111(29): 10610-10614 Hill MP, Axford JK, Predicting the spread of Aedes Austral Ecology doi: 10.1111/ Australia, South Africa & Hoffmann AA albopictus in Australia under 39(4): 469-478 aec.12105 current and future climates: Multiple approaches and datasets to incorporate potential evolutionary divergence Horvitz N, Wang A simple modeling approach to Water Resources doi: 10.1002/ Israel, China R, Zhu M et al. elucidate the main transport Research 2014WR015537 processes and predict invasive 50(12): 9738-9747 spread: River-mediated invasion of A geratina adenophora in China 11 invasives

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Hutchinson JMC, Reise A biography of an invasive terrestrial NeoBiota 23: 17-64 doi: 10.3897/ Germany, United States H, & Robinson DG slug: the spread, distribution and neobiota.23.7745 habitat of Deroceras invadens Jacobs LEO, Richardson Melaleuca parvistaminea Byrnes South African doi: 10.1016/j. South Africa DM & Wilson JRU (Myrtaceae) in South Africa: Invasion Journal of Botany sajb.2014.05.002 risk and feasibility of eradication 94: 24-32 Kalwij JM, Steyn Repeated monitoring as an effective South African doi: 10.1016/j. South Africa, Czech Republic C & le Roux PC early detection means: first records Journal of Botany sajb.2014.04.013 of naturalised Solidago gigantea Aiton 93: 204-206 (Asteraceae) in southern Africa Kelly R, Leach K, Combining global climate and Diversity and doi: 10.1111/ United Kingdom Cameron A et al. regional landscape models to Distributions ddi.12194 improve prediction of invasion risk 20(8): 884-894 Kuester A, Conner How weeds emerge: a taxonomic The New Phytologist doi: 10.1111/ United States JK, Culley T et al. and trait-based examination 202(3): 1055-68 nph.12698 using United States data Lamoureaux SL The potential distribution of New Zealand Plant http://www.nzpps. New Zealand & Bourdôt GW yellow bristle grass (Setaria Protection 67: 226-230 org/journal/67/ pumila) in New Zealand nzpp_672260.pdf Lembrechts JJ, Alien Roadside Species More PLoS ONE 9(2): e89664 doi: 10.1371/journal. Belgium, Sweden Milbau A & Nijs I Easily Invade Alpine than pone.0089664 Lowland Plant Communities in a Subarctic Mountain Ecosystem Li G, Xu G, Guo K et al. Mapping the Global Potential Forests doi: 10.3390/ China Geographical Distribution of Black 5(11): 2773-2792 f5112773 Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Using Herbarium Data and a Maximum Entropy Model Li YM, Dlugosch KM Novel spatial analysis methods Ecography doi: 10.1111/ United States & Enquist BJ reveal scale-dependent spread ecog.00722 and infer limiting factors of invasion by Sahara mustard Liu X, Li X, Liu Z et al. Congener diversity, topographic Ecology Letters doi: 10.1111/ China, Australia, heterogeneity and human-assisted 17(7): 821-9 ele.12286 United States dispersal predict spread rates of alien herpetofauna at a global scale Lübcker N, Zengeya Predicting the potential African Journal of doi: 10.2989/ South Africa TA, Dabrowski J et al. distribution of invasive silver Aquatic Science 16085914. carp Hypophthalmichthys 39(2): 157-165 2014.926856 molitrix in South Africa Novoa A, Le Roux Introduced and invasive cactus AoB Plants doi: 10.1093/ South Africa JJ, Robertson MP species-a global review aobpla/plu078 Orlova-Bienkowskaja Range expansion of Agrilus Biological Invasions doi: 10.1007/ Russia MJ & Volkovitsh MG convexicollis in European Russia s10530-014-0762-6 expedited by the invasion of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Padalia H, Srivastava Modeling potential invasion range Ecological Informatics doi: 10.1016/j. India V & Kushwaha SPS of alien invasive species, Hyptis 22: 36-43 ecoinf.2014.04.002 suaveolens (L.) Poit. in India: Comparison of MaxEnt and GARP Pandit MK, White The contrasting effects of The New Phytologist doi: 10.1111/ India, United Kingdom SM & Pocock MJO genome size, chromosome 203(2): 697-703 nph.12799 number and ploidy level on plant invasiveness: a global analysis Parsa S, Hazzi NA, Potential geographic distribution of Experimental & doi: 10.1007/ Colombia, China, Chen Q et al. two invasive cassava green mites applied acarology s10493-014-9868-x United States 65(2): 195-204 Pearson RG Asian common toads in Madagascar: Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/ United Kingdom an urgent effort to inform surveys gcb.12693 and eradication efforts 12

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES invasives Quinn A, Gallardo Quantifying the ecological niche Aquatic Conservation: doi:10.1002/aqc.2414 United Kingdom B & Aldridge DC overlap between two interacting Marine and Freshwater invasive species: the zebra mussel Ecosystems (Dreissena polymorpha) and 24(3): 324-337 the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). Qvenild M, Setten Politicising plants: Dwelling Norsk Geografisk doi:10.1080/00291 Norway G & Skår M and invasive alien species in Tidsskrift - Norwegian 951.2013.870599 domestic gardens in Norway Journal of Geography 68(1): 22–33 Ray JC, Johnson WP, Notes on Lythrum salicaria L. in Phytologia, 96(4), www.phytologia.org/ United States Ray JD & Kazmaier RT Texas and on its distribution on Palo 225–234. uploads/2/3/4/2/ Duro Creek, Randall County, Texas 23422706/964225- 234johnson_ et_al_lythrum_ salicaria_6-18.pdf Raybaud V, Beaugrand Climate-induced range shifts Biological Invasions doi:10.1007/s10530- France G, Dewarumez J-M of the American jackknife clam 17(2): 725-741 014-0764-4 & Luczak C Ensis directus in Europe Rose JP & Todd BD Projecting Invasion Risk of Non- PLoS ONE 9(6): e100277 doi:10.1371/journal. United States Native Watersnakes (Nerodia pone.0100277 fasciata and Nerodia sipedon) in the Western United States Schmitz U, Köhler First records of American Wolffia BioInvasions Records http://www.reabic. Germany S & Hussner A columbiana in Europe – Clandestine 3 (4): 213-216 net/journals/ replacement of native Wolffia arrhiza? bir/2014/Issue4.aspx Setyawan AD A new record of naturalized Biodiversitas doi:10.13057/ Indonesia Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring 15(2): 261-268 biodiv/d150221 (Selaginellaceae) from Java, Indonesia Shabani F, Kumar Future distributions of Fusarium Agriculture, Ecosystems doi:10.1016/j. Australia, Iran L & Esmaeili A oxysporum f. spp. in European, Middle & Environment agee.2014.08.005 Eastern and North African agricultural 197: 96-105 regions under climate change Silva DP, Gonzalez Seeking the flowers for the bees: Ecological Modelling doi:10.1016/ Brazil, Argentina VH, Melo GAR et al. Integrating biotic interactions 273: 200-209 j.ecolmodel. into niche models to assess the 2013.11.016 distribution of the exotic bee species Lithurgus huberi in South America Speziale KL, Lambertucci Bromus tectorum invasion in South Weed Research doi:10.1111/ Argentina SA & Ezcurra C America: Patagonia under threat? 54(1): 70-77 wre.12047 Stiels D, Gaißer B, Niche shift in four non-native Ibis 157(1): 75-90 doi:10.1111/ibi.12194 Germany Schidelko K et al. estrildid finches and implications for species distribution models Strubbe D, Beauchard Niche conservatism among Ecography 38 doi:10.1111/ Belgium, Netherlands O & Matthysen E non-native vertebrates in (3): 321-329 ecog.00632 Europe and North America Szyniszewska AM Global Assessment of Seasonal PLoS ONE 9(11): e111582 doi:10.1371/journal. United States & Tatem AJ Potential Distribution of pone.0111582 Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Taylor S & Kumar L Climate Change and Weed Impacts Pacific Science doi:10.2984/68.1.11 Australia on Small Island Ecosystems: 68(1): 117-133 Lantana camara L. (Magnoliopsida: Verbenaceae) Distribution in Fiji Taylor S & Kumar L Impacts of climate change on African Journal of doi:10.5897/ Australia invasive Lantana camara L. Environmental Science AJEST2014.1705 distribution in South Africa and Technology 8(6): 391-400 Tererai F & Wood AR On the present and potential South African Journal doi:10.1016/j. South Africa distribution of Ageratina adenophora of Botany 95: 152-158 sajb.2014.09.001 (Asteraceae) in South Africa 13 climate change climate AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Tingley R, Vallinoto M, Realized niche shift during a Proceedings of the doi:10.1073/ Australia, Brazil, Portugal Sequeira F & Kearney MR global biological invasion National Academy of pnas.1405766111 Sciences of the United States of America 111(28): 10233-8. Van Hengstum T, Impact of plant invasions on Journal of Ecology doi:10.1111/1365- Netherlands, United Hooftman DAP, local arthropod communities: 102(1): 4-11 2745.12176 Kingdom Oostermeijer JGB & a meta-analysis van Tienderen PH Villar JL, Juan A Tamarix hohenackeri bunge, a new Acta Bontanica Mexicana http://www1. Spain & Alonso MÁ record for the flora of Mexico 106: 117–128 inecol.edu.mx/ abm/verhtml/106/ Acta106(117- 128).html Weyl P & Coetzee J The invasion status of Myriophyllum Management of Biological doi:10.3391/ South Africa spicatum L. in southern Africa Invasions 5(1): 31-37 mbi.2014.5.1.03 Wittmann ME, Jerde Grass carp in the Great Lakes Canadian Journal of doi:10.1139/ United States CL, Howeth JG et al. region: establishment potential, Fisheries and Aquatic cjfas-2013-0537 expert perceptions, and re- Sciences 71(7): 992-999 evaluation of experimental evidence of ecological impact Xu Z Potential distribution of invasive Environmental Earth doi:10.1007/s12665- China alien species in the upper Ili Sciences 73(2): 779-786 014-3083-2 river basin: determination and mechanism of bioclimatic variables under climate change Impacts of climate change examples COMPARING CLIMATE MODELING METHODS niche for the species that comprise 85 arctic and Elmendorf SC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD et al. (2014) alpine plant communities in North America and Experiment, monitoring, and gradient methods used to Europe, this international team systematically infer climate change effects on plant communities yield compared the results achieved through each method. consistent patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of The researchers’ evaluation showed consistency in Sciences of the United States of America 112(2). describing overall trends and directions of change, but doi:10.1073/pnas.1410088112 a notable tendency of inferences based on present- Author countries: United States, Canada, Faroe Islands, day patterns of ecological systems to overestimate Norway, Iceland, Sweden, United Kingdom, Switzerland them—suggesting that experimental warming and Research funding: National Science Foundation; U.S. long-term monitoring may provide the most accurate Fish and Wildlife Service; Icelandic Research Fund; means of predicting impacts. Icelandic Centre for Research and Ministry of Agriculture; Research Council of Norway; Swedish Research Council for HIGH LATITUDES ≠ LOW RISK Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning; International Polar Year Program of Canada; ArcticNet; Parks Gerick AA, Munshaw RG, Palen WJ et al. (2014) Thermal Canada; Northern Scientific Training Program; National physiology and species distribution models reveal Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. climate vulnerability of temperate amphibians. Journal of Forest Service; International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Biogeography 41(4): 713-723. doi:10.1111/jbi.12261 University of Puerto Rico. Author countries: Canada, United States Research funding: Natural Sciences and Engineering The three typical approaches for forecasting Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs Program climate change impacts each have largely well- recognized constraints. But few previous studies One prevailing hypothesis has been that cold-blooded have analysed the results produced by each of the creatures inhabiting higher latitudes may be less three (experiments, monitoring observations, and vulnerable to climate change impacts than those in so-called ‘space-for-time’ substitutions). Applying the tropics thanks to their greater thermal safety GBIF-mediated data to determine a baseline thermal margin (TSM), or inherent tolerance of temperature 14

changes. But by closely examining the effects of rising by the geographically isolated Iberian peninsula’s temperatures on both the physiology and distribution geographic isolation, the authors relied on GBIF- of three northern North American frogs—Spea mediated data for 3,267 peninsular plant species to intermontana, Rana aurora and Pseudacris regilla—the identify vulnerable species and habitats and to assess authors challenge both that notion and the analytical whether the existing network of protected areas (PAs) methods previously used to justify it. will effectively protect floristic diversity up to 2020. climate change Their results comprise several important findings. First, they suggest that existing PAs appear capable of preserving all but about 100 species with distinctly northerly ranges, though only in the short term: ‘the long-term outlook for Iberian plant diversity is bleak’. In addition, contrary to consensus, shifting species ranges are not uniformly poleward and upward, as local climate, topography and the extreme pressures on northern species contribute to clear westerly and easterly trends. PROTECTING THE IRREPLACEABLE SPECIES OF THE TROPICAL ANDES Ramirez-Villegas J, Cuesta F, Devenish C et al. (2014). Using species distributions models for designing conservation strategies of Tropical Andean biodiversity under climate change. Journal for Nature Conservation 22(5): 391–404. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2014.03.007 PACIFIC CHORUS FROG (PSEUDACRIS REGILLA). © 2013 STEVEN JOHNSON Author country: Colombia, United Kingdom, Ecuador, Peru, Canada Their analysis underscores the issue that the use Research funding: Spanish Agency for International Coop- of longer-term average temperatures rather than eration and Development; The Mountain Partnership and the extreme temperatures may underestimate the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; CGIAR impact of future climates on temperature-dependent The Tropical Andes hosts a great diversity of breeders such as amphibians. In addition, their species, many of which occur nowhere else on projected distribution models, which draw upon Earth. But resource overexploitation, expanding GBIF-mediated and other data, suggest that rapid human populations and future climate change pose temperature changes will quickly erode these species’ a particularly acute combination of threats for the TSMs, meaning that even when exposure is not lethal region’s many narrowly distributed endemic species. in itself, it may translate into lower individual survival rates due to predation—all of which highlights cause Here researchers used GBIF-derived data originally for concern that all three of the study’s focal species applied in Warren et al. (2013) (http://dx.doi. will be at greater risk by 2050. org/10.1038/nclimate1887) to create ecological niche models for 1,555 birds and 9,457 vascular plants in NEAR-TERM FORECASTS FOR IBERIAN FLORA hope of gaining a comprehensive estimate of potential Heap MJ, Culham A, Lenoir J et al. (2014) Can the Iberian climate change impacts. While the resulting patterns Floristic Diversity Withstand Near-Future Climate Change? vary significantly based on different time scales Open Journal of Ecology 04(17): 1089-1101. doi:10.4236/ and dispersal scenarios, the anticipated changes oje.2014.417089 remain ‘extremely severe’, with extinction risks Author countries: United Kingdom, France, Spain likely intensifying more among plants than birds. The End-of-century predictions about climate-related authors highlight the expected influence of changing impacts on species remain subject to long-term land uses—and their absence from this study—in uncertainties regarding both the data and emissions proposing a regional conservation approach that scenarios, but land managers and policymakers must focuses on landscape-scale conditions, networks and make short-term decisions now. Recognizing the high development strategies. proportion of Europe’s plant diversity represented 15

CLIMATE CHANGE OR HABITAT LOSS: WHAT’S change climate WORSE? Riordan EC & Rundel PW (2014) Land Use Compounds Habitat Losses under Projected Climate Change in a Threatened California Ecosystem. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86487. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086487 Author country: United States Research funding: University of California Los Angeles Foundation Climate change presents a second formidable threat to species diversity in regions already under intense development pressure from growing human communities. Here the authors examine projected impacts of both on 20 key constituent species of California sage scrub, a diverse plant association containing many endemic and imperiled species. Its native range spreads across of southwestern and central western California, where land-use changes around the dense population centres have already reduced these unique coastal scrublands to as little as 10% of their original extent. Using GBIF-mediated and herbaria data to create models linked to scenario-based assessments of future climate change and land use, the results suggest that projected impacts from habitat loss could be as large if not larger on species richness patterns for coastal sage scrub than those from climate change. The potential for these distinct drivers of change to compound one another’s negative effects underscores how important it is for conservation planners and resource managers to address both. LARGE MAMMAL EXTINCTIONS: WHO (NOT WHAT) DONE IT Sandom C, Faurby S, Sandel B & Svenning J (2014) Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change. Proceedings of the Royal PURPLE SAGE (SALVIA LEUCOPHYLLA) IS ONE OF 20 CONSTITUENTS Society/Biological Sciences 281(1787). doi:10.1098/ COASTAL SAGE SCRUB SPECIES FACING LONG-TERM IMPACTS FROM BOTH rspb.2013.3254 CHANGING CLIMATES AND LAND USES. CC BY-NC 2003 ANITA GOULD Author country: Denmark HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/RHPN Research funding: 15 Juni Fonden; European Research Council Dozens of large mammals have vanished from each continent over the past 130,000 years, but the causes By combining and comparing models of of these unprecedentedly rapid and widespread glacial and interglacial climate change and the disappearances have remained enigmatic, with palaeobiogeographical spread of modern and climate change and expanding human populations extinct humans and immediate ancestors, the study seen as the leading suspects. Drawing in part on GBIF- evaluates their relative impacts on species-level mediated occurrences for 177 extinct or continentally extinctions across each region. With uniformly high extirpated mammals, the authors weigh the evidence species losses occurring where Homo sapiens was the in what they call ‘the first comprehensive, species- first hominin to appear, the results signal the strong level, fine-grained global macroecological analysis’ of hand that modern humans likely had in the loss of these large-scale Quartenary extinctions. other large mammals. 16

LONG-TERM, ON-THE-GROUND TESTING OF CLIMATE-SHIFT PREDICTIONS Savage J & Vellend M (2014) Elevational shifts, biotic homogenization and time lags in vegetation change during 40 years of climate warming. Ecography. doi:10.1111/ecog.01131 Author country: Canada climate change Research funding: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Are plant distribution shifts towards higher elevations climate-driven? To test the impacts on plant communities, the authors repeated an earlier survey of semi-permanent vegetation plots in a montane protected area in southern Québec and overlaid GBIF-mediated occurrence records in eastern North America. Major elements of the climatic predictions— elevational distribution shifts, biodiversity change, and biotic homogenization—appear consistent with observations over four decades, though the relatively

slow rate of change suggests that species may FEMALE DIANA FRITTILARY (SPEYERIA DIANA), OUACHITA NATIONAL respond more slowly than expected. FOREST, OKLAHOMA, USA. CC BY-NC 2015 GREG LASLEY HTTP://INATURALIST.ORG/OBSERVATIONS/1651875 HINDCASTING A MALLORCAN EXTINCTION WITH FOSSILIZED GOAT SCAT CLIMATE DRIVES LIFE HISTORY CHANGES IN Welker F, Duijm E, van der Gaag KJ et al. (2014) Analysis BUTTERFLY’S DECLINE of coprolites from the extinct mountain goat Myotragus Wells CN & Tonkyn DW (2014) Range collapse in the Diana balearicus. Quaternary Research 81(1): 106-116. fritillary, Speyeria diana (Nymphalidae). Insect Conservation doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.006 and Diversity 7(4): 365-380. doi:10.1111/icad.12059 Author country: Netherlands, Spain Author country: United States Research funding: Netherlands Research Council Research funding: Clemson University; Sarah Bradley Four to five millennia ago, Myotragus balearicus, a Tyson Memorial Fellowship; Blue Ridge Parkway Foundation; dwarf mountain goat inhabiting the Mediterranean American Museum of Natural History island of Mallorca, winked out of existence. Given that The Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana) is a large, humans arrived on the island at roughly the same spectacular North American butterfly that has become time, the prevailing hypotheses was that this small, increasingly rare across its historic range. In this first slow-moving endemic suffered the same fate as larger paper to study the shifting distribution of a butterfly mammals elsewhere, where extinction followed soon from the southeastern United States, the authors find after the human colonization. that the Diana fritillary has vanished from the Atlantic coastal plain—where Dutch explorer Pieter Cramer In this study, however, the authors arrive at a subtler, first described it in 1777—persisting only in two more complicated conclusion, analysing ancient disjunct populations in the Southern Appalachians and DNA, pollen and macrofossils and reconstructed the highlands of Arkansas and Oklahoma. climate models that use GBIF- and Naturalis-mediated specimen data for Buxus balearica, a once-plentiful, This analysis, which relies on an exhaustive now-rare box species. Fossilized droppings from M. compilation of records that includes GBIF-mediated balearicus suggest it depended at least seasonally on data, indicates the species’ ongoing shift to higher this plant, which previously dominated the island’s elevations and earlier female flight times—both ‘old’ vegetation until declining precipitation caused its results aligned with the predicted effects of climate retreat to small mountain populations. While contact change. Explanations for the Diana fritillary’s collapse and conflict with humans cannot be ruled out, the lack across its lowland ranges, however, are less clear, of archaeological evidence suggests that the rapid possibly including many factors such as the loss of vegetation change may have contributed to if not southern forestlands, increased deer browsing of the caused the disappearance of the tiny Mallorcan goat. understory or altered fire regimes. 17 climate change climate bibliography AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Bystriakova N, Ansell Present, past and future of the Annals of Botany doi: 10.1093/ China, United Kingdom SW, Russell SJ et al. European rock fern Asplenium 113(3): 453:465 aob/mct274 fontanum: combining distribution modelling and population genetics to study the effect of climate change on geographic range and genetic diversity Cabrelli AL, Stow A framework for assessing Biodiversity and doi: 10.1007/s10531- Australia AJ & Hughes L the vulnerability of species to Conservation 23(12): 014-0760-0 climate change: a case study of 3019-3034 the Australian elapid snakes

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Ramirez-Villegas J, Using species distributions Journal for Nature doi:10.1016/j. Colombia, United Kingdom, Cuesta F, Devenish C et al. models for designing conservation Conservation jnc.2014.03.007 Ecuador, Peru, Canada strategies of Tropical Andean 22(5):391-404 biodiversity under climate change Riordan EC & Rundel PW Land Use Compounds Habitat Losses PLoS ONE 9(1): e86487 doi:10.1371/journal. United States climate change under Projected Climate Change in a pone.0086487 Threatened California Ecosystem Sánchez-Guillén RA, Hybridization rate and climate change: Journal of Insect doi:10.1007/s10841- Mexico, Spain, Ecuador, Muñoz J, Hafernik J et al. are endangered species at risk? Conservation 014-9637-5 United States 18(3): 295-305 Sandom C, Faurby S, Global late Quaternary megafauna Proceedings of the doi:10.1098/ Denmark Sandel B & Svenning J extinctions linked to humans, Royal Society/Biological rspb.2013.3254 not climate change Sciences 281(1787) Savage J & Vellend M Elevational shifts, biotic Ecography doi:10.1111/ Canada homogenization and time lags ecog.01131 in vegetation change during 40 years of climate warming Schmitt T, Habel JC, Effects of recent and past climatic Global Change Biology doi:10.1111/ Germany Rödder D & Louy D shifts on the genetic structure of the 20(7): 2045-61 gcb.12462 high mountain yellow-spotted ringlet butterfly Erebia manto (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): a conservation problem Shabani F, Kumar Projecting date palm distribution Theoretical and doi:10.1007/s00704- Australia L & Taylor S in Iran under climate change using Applied Climatology 013-1064-0 topography, physicochemical 118(3): 553-567 soil properties, soil taxonomy, land use, and climate data Steadman DW & Changes in a West Indian bird Journal of Biogeography doi:10.1111/jbi.12418 United States Franklin J community since the late Pleistocene 42(3): 426-438 Sutkowska A, Multiple cryptic refugia of forest Plant Systematics doi:10.1007/s00606- Poland Pasierbiński A, grass Bromus benekenii in Europe and Evolution 300(6): 013-0972-x Warzecha T & Mitka J as revealed by ISSR fingerprinting 1437-1452 and species distribution modelling Tarroso P, Carrión J, Spatial climate dynamics in the Climate of the Past doi:10.5194/cpd- Portugal, United States Dorado-Valiño M et al. Iberian Peninsula since 15 000 Yr BP Discussions 10(5): 10-3901-2014 3901-3930 Valle M, Chust G, del Projecting future distribution of Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. Spain, Denmark Campo A et al. the seagrass Zostera noltii under 170: 74-85 biocon.2013.12.017 global warming and sea level rise Vilaça ST, Biosa D, Mitochondrial phylogeography of Journal of Biogeography doi:10.1111/jbi.12268 Italy, Austria, Germany, Zachos F et al. the European wild boar: the effect 41(5): 987-998 Portugal, United States, of climate on genetic diversity and Slovakia, Spain, Greece, spatial lineage sorting across Europe Poland, Belarus, Croatia, Luxembourg Watling JI, Fletcher RJ, Assessing Effects of Variation Journal of Fish and doi:10.3996/072012- United States Speroterra C et al. in Global Climate Data Sets Wildlife Management JFWM-056 on Spatial Predictions from 5(1): 14-25 Climate Envelope Models Welker F, Duijm E, van Analysis of coprolites from the extinct Quaternary Research doi:10.1016/j. Netherlands, Spain der Gaag KJ et al. mountain goat Myotragus balearicus 81(1): 106-116 yqres.2013.10.006 Wells CN & Tonkyn DW Range collapse in the Diana fritillary, Insect Conservation and doi:10.1111/ United States Speyeria diana (Nymphalidae) Diversity 7(4): 365-380 icad.12059 Zeng C, Gomez-Mestre Evolution of rapid development PLoS ONE 9(5): e96637 doi:10.1371/journal. Germany, Spain, I & Wiens JJ in spadefoot toads is unrelated pone.0096637 United States to arid environments 19

Species conservation and protected areas examples species conservation VOLUNTEER DIVERS MONITOR RED SEA REEF LIFE Branchini S, Pensa F, Neri P et al. (2014) Using a citizen science program to monitor coral reef biodiversity through space and time. Biodiversity and Conservation 24(2): 319- 336. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0810-7 Author country: Italy Research funding: Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research; Ministry of Tourism of the Arab Republic of Egypt; Egyptian Tourist Authority; Association of Italian Tour Operators; Settemari; Scuba Nitrox Safety International; Scuba School International; TuttoTurismo; Neos; Underwater Life Project; Project Aware Foundation; Viaggio nel Blu and Holiday Service diving services; Italian Ministry of the Environment and Land and Sea Protection Threats to the world’s coral reefs put the wellsprings of marine diversity and important ecosystem services at risk. Emerging research projects like SCUBA Tourism for the Environment (STE) have increasingly relied upon the passion of volunteer divers to monitor reef life. Divers collected observations of 72 Red Sea animals over four years, tested a recreational survey protocol while STE relied on GBIF-mediated occurrences to assess relative rarity. The resulting data showed no significant changes in the health or biodiversity status of reefs in the Northern Red Sea but revealed trends based on different protection strategies. In addition, analysis of the divers’ sightings showed that casual non- TWO DIVERS PASSING AT HALAHI REEF, RED SEA, EGYPT. CC BY 2011 DEREK specialists performed transects as accurately as KEATS HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/ALCBXD conservation volunteers, suggesting that such Twentieth-century conservation relied on opportunity, monitoring programmes could make cost-effective aesthetics and politics to select protected areas and reliable contributions to the Egyptian Ministry of (PAs), but advances in GIS and decision-support tools Tourism’s environmental management policies. have changed today’s equation for the better. The timing is opportune, with threats mounting in many of SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING GAPS the world’s most biologically diverse countries. IN PERU’S PROTECTED AREA NETWORK In this study researchers first examine how well Peru’s Fajardo J, Lessman J, Bonaccorso E et al. (2014) Combined use of systematic conservation planning, species PAs currently serve the country’s megadiversity, distribution modelling, and connectivity analysis reveals finding it focused primarily on conserving sites in the severe conservation gaps in a megadiverse country Amazon. A systematic analysis then probes how best (Peru). PLoS ONE 9(12): e114367. doi:10.1371/journal. to extend and prioritize a complementary network pone.0114367 that is more representative, efficient and connected. Author countries: Spain, Ecuador, United States, United After applying site-selection algorithms to distribution Kingdom, Peru models for 2,869 Peruvian animals and plants (which Research funding: Santander Universidades; Ministry rely in part on GBIF-mediated data), the team sought of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain; Universidad to achieve maximum connectivity while addressing Tecnológica Indoamérica severe gaps in conserving key areas of the Peruvian Andes and Pacific coast. 20

TESTING THE ACCURACY OF RANGE MAPS FROM THE GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN ASSESSMENT Ficetola GF, Rondinini C, Bonardi A et al. (2014) Habitat availability for amphibians and extinction threat: a global analysis. Diversity and Distributions 21: 302–311. doi:10.1111/ddi.12296 Author countries: Italy, France Research funding: University of Milano-Bicocca The range maps produced for IUCN’s landmark 2004 Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) are now themselves milestones, providing the only authoritative, global-scale source of distribution RED PANDA (AILURUS FULGENS) NEAR DOBATE, NEPAL. CC BY-NC-ND 2014 information on this unique class of vertebrates. Given MICHAEL BAMFORD HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/Q62S5G

species conservation species their increasingly wide use not just in conservation but also in biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary dataset that contains 1,120 observations, primarily studies, the authors sought to evaluate and quantify from feces deposited at feeding sites in Nepal. the maps’ levels of error and accuracy, particularly at the presumptive edges of species ranges. Their species distribution model seeks to predict areas most likely to host red panda, establishing The research compares the GAA maps with those baseline knowledge for science-based species produced solely by GBIF-mediated records for 4,507 and habitat management in the HKH. Open-access amphibian species as well as a closely curated provisions for both the dataset and the model collection of more recent observation (also supplied encourage their broader use in future research and with data via GBIF). This paired analysis demonstrates assessment. the relative accuracy of the GAA ranges even as it highlights continental-scale sampling biases and the ASSESSING SPECIES RICHNESS TO CONSERVE need for greater investment and data mobilization in BIODIVERSITY IN GUYANA both South America and tropical Asia. McPherson TY (2014) Landscape scale species distribution modeling across the Guiana Shield to inform conservation CREATING CONSISTENT, TRANSPARENT BASELINE decision making in Guyana. Biodiversity and Conservation DATA FOR THE RED PANDA 23(8): 1931-1948. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0696-4 Kandel K, Huettmann F, Suwal MK et al. (2014) Rapid Author country: United States multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic Guyana faces conservation challenges common conservation species using open access ensemble model to countries of the Southern tropics—inadequate GIS predictions: Red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Hindu- and scattered biodiversity data, limited in-country Kush Himalaya region. Biological Conservation 181: 150- expertise and funding, and growing interest in 161. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007 possible financial rewards of resource development Author countries: Nepal, United States, United Kingdom Research funding: Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, and extraction. And yet, like the rest of the countries Japan; Oregon Zoo Foundation; Rufford Small Grants on the 2.6 billion-year-old Guyana Shield, even the Foundation; People’s Trust for Endangered Species; Chester sparse scientific information available highlights its Zoo; Idea Wild biological richness. The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a rare tree-dwelling Gathering specimen data from the world’s natural mammal native to remote portions of the Hindu history museums and herbaria (with GBIF as one Kush-Himalaya (HKH). Inhabiting mountainous, often source), the author first modeled species richness for inaccessible forests with dense bamboo understories seven taxon-based groups at a landscape scale. In has made this charismatic but elusive creature hope of contributing to the development of a national even more difficult to study. IUCN lists A. fulgens as protected areas network, the maps applied three ‘vulnerable’ due to expected declines in a population conservation scenarios, two of which accommodate already estimated to be small, but data are relatively and account for the interests of Guyana’s indigenous sparse—which adds to the value of the authors’ peoples, whose traditional knowledge of biodiversity collecting (and publishing through GBIF.org) a new represent a largely untapped source. 21

IMPROVED SOURCING OF SPECIES INFORMATION corresponding to a war of independence and civil NEEDED IN SPAIN’S BIOSPHERE RESERVES war. After identifying 18 key Angolan timber trees, Pino-Del-Carpio A, Ariño AH & Miranda R (2014) Data these researchers drew upon 2,253 specimen exchange gaps in knowledge of biodiversity: implications for records from 62 collections published through GBIF. the management and conservation of Biosphere Reserves. In addition to revealing striking differences in the species conservation Biodiversity & Conservation 23(9): 2239-2258. doi:10.1007/ trees’ biogeographic patterns, the results suggest s10531-014-0718-2 that 11 species should be given higher priority for Author country: Spain conservation, particularly those concentrated in the Research funding: Association of Friends of the University Cabinda’s Maiombe forest. of Navarra UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs) have a mandate A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE DISAPPEARANCE to act as sites for learning about best practices and OF THE PASSENGER PIGEON exchanges of information that improve links between Stanton JC. Present-day risk assessment would have biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic predicted the extinction of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes development. To test their efficacy in that project, migratorius). Biological Conservation 180: 11-20. the authors review three key sources of species doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.023 information on threatened and non-threatened Author country: United States vertebrates in 34 of Spain’s 45 BRs, which comprise The astonishment expressed by so experienced the second largest national portfolio in the world. an observer as John James Audubon as he described a flock of passenger pigeons darkening The results of their analysis are surprisingly partial. the Kentucky sky for three days in 1813 finds its Management documents, GBIF-mediated data, and tragic counterbalance in the seemingly inexplicable national atlases and red books produced different extinction of Ectopistes migratorius 101 years later. species lists for each Reserve, with just 75.9% of the How did the most abundant bird in North America 566 species named across the combined sources disappear so quickly? And what—if anything—could appearing in all three. Most worryingly, threatened we have done differently? freshwater fishes and amphibians are the most poorly represented groups in the BRs’ own management Here, the author marks the centenary of the last documents, suggesting that the use of multiple bird’s demise with a comprehensive reconstruction sources (including GBIF) may improve the scientific of its rapid decline and loss as well as a retrospective basis of species management within the Reserves. IUCN Red List assessment. GBIF-mediated specimen records contribute to the breeding habitat portion of CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA’S a highly detailed model, which also accounts for the TIMBER TREES Romeiras MM, Figueira R, Duarte MC et al. Documenting biogeographical patterns of African timber species using herbarium records: a conservation perspective based on native trees from Angola. PLoS ONE 9(7): e103403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103403 Author countries: Portugal, United Kingdom Research funding: Portuguese Foundation for Science & Technology The increasing globalization of the timber trade has inevitably led to increased pressure on some tree species. But as in other tropical countries, the dearth of baseline scientific data about commercially valuable timber species in Angola could risks rapid overexploitation that no ban, restriction or sustainable harvesting scheme can fix. Recent field surveys in the vast, largely government- owned forests of southern Africa’s largest country have not closed the 40-year gap in botanical data

PASSENGER PIGEON (ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS, FORMERLY COLUMBA MIGRATORIA), PLATE 62, FROM JOHN JAMES AUDUBON’S BIRDS OF AMERICA (1827) 22

passenger pigeon’s erratic migrations, habitat loss sustained species richness in spite of increasing and nesting collapses. The results not only resolve environmental change and human encroachments. the central mystery, attributing primary responsibility to decades of commercial overharvesting, but ARE EUROPE’S MOST PROTECTED AMPHIBIANS also suggest that regular Red Listing would likely FROM SAFE FROM PESTICIDES? have unmasked the rising extinction risk—thereby Wagner N, Rödder D, Brühl CA et al. (2014) Evaluating the signalling the present-day importance of species risk of pesticide exposure for amphibian species listed in monitoring strategies in an era of rapid environmental Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive. Biological Conservation 176: 64-70. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.014 change. Author country: Germany MEASURING PARKS’ EFFECTIVENESS IN Research funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY IN KENYA In 1992, the European Union’s Habitats Directive Tóth AB, Lyons SK, & Behrensmeyer AK (2014) A Century established the Natura 2000 network of protected of Change in Kenya’s Mammal Communities: Increased areas as a keystone element of EU nature species conservation species Richness and Decreased Uniqueness in Six Protected Areas. conservation. The Directive’s Annex II designates the PLoS ONE 9(4): e93092. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093092 use of special areas of conservation (SAC) for listed Author country: United States species, including 25 amphibians. But regular use of Research funding: National Museum of Natural History herbicides and fungicides in agricultural portions of Scientific documentation of Kenya’s mammal SAC puts amphibians at risk during any life-stage, as communities since the late 19th century is robust, their permeable skin quickly absorbs higher chemical between historical specimens from the colonial era of concentrations than do other animal classes. big-game hunting and modern observations from the national parks established after the Second World War. Calculating the proportion of SAC lands treated This case study leverages those data (many accessed regularly with pesticides, this German research team through GBIF) to examine the long-term impact of relied on GBIF-mediated data and other sources to protected areas on biodiversity protection. reveal that nearly all of most at-risk amphibians had sufficient protection. However, varying levels While detailing some species turnover and a decline of exposure across site and national scales likely in the uniqueness of local mammalian communities warrants ongoing amphibian monitoring in SAC across the six parks that comprise the study area, management plans. the analysis reveals that these protected areas have

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Biodiversity and human health examples MAPPING THE NICHE OF EBOLA HOST ANIMALS Pigott DM, Golding N, Mylne A et al. (2014) Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa. eLife 3: e04395. doi:10.7554/eLife.04395 Author countries: United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Sweden Research funding: University Of Oxford; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Medical Research Council; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; German Academic health human Exchange Service; U.S. National Library of Medicine; European Union 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Wellcome Trust; Science & Technology Directorate; Fogarty International Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases In 2014, as the Ebola virus disease took hold in West Africa —an outbreak that is both the largest ever HAMMER-HEADED FRUIT BAT (HYPSIGNATHUS MONSTROSUS) WITH YOUNG. recorded and the region’s first—an international CC BY-NC 2012 STEPHEN C SMITH HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/BUNXGS team of researchers sought to identify regions and 22 million. The authors argue that these findings will countries at greatest risk from the epidemic. While help to prioritize surveillance for Ebola outbreaks and uncertainty remains about the virus’s true reservoir, improve the diagnostic capacity in at-risk regions. bats are suspected to play an important role as the life cycle of Ebola and other filoviruses. Relying on GBIF- OVERLOOKING KNOWN SOURCES OF HEALING? mediated occurrence data, the researchers modelled Amirkia V & Heinrich M (2014) Alkaloids as drug leads – A the ranges of three species believed to be the most predictive structural and biodiversity-based analysis. likely reservoirs for Ebola’s transmission to humans: Phytochemistry Letters 10: xlviii–liii. doi:10.1016/j. the hammer-headed bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), phytol.2014.06.015 little collared fruit bat (Myonycteris torquata) and Author country: United Kingdom Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat (Epomops franqueti). Are alkaloids underrepresented in modern medicine? The Combining these data with the location data on authors used GBIF-mediated occurrence records for previous zoonotic transmissions, the study identified known plant sources of alkaloids, in part, to examine at-risk areas across 22 countries in Central and potential reasons for a steep drop in the number of new West Africa with a combined human population of alkaloid-based medicines despite their 4,000-year history of human healing.

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Amirkia V & Heinrich M Alkaloids as drug leads – A Phytochemistry doi: 10.1016/j. United Kingdom predictive structural and Letters 10: xlviii–liii phytol.2014.06.015 biodiversity-based analysis Anza M, Haile E, Aconiferyl alcohol derivative from the Journal of Coastal Life doi: 10.12980/ Ethiopa Tadesse S et al. roots of Zanthoxylum chalybeum Medicine 2(12): 970-974 JCLM.2.201414J56 Borokini TI Okoubaka Aubrevillei (Pelleg Journal of Biology and doi: 10.5296/ Nigeria & Norman): A Synthesis Life Science 6(1): 67-93 jbls.v6i1.6399 of Existing Knowledge for Research and Conservation in West and Central Africa Capinha C, Rocha Macroclimate Determines the Global EcoHealth 11(3): doi: 10.1007/ Portugal J & Sousa CA Range Limit of Aedes aegypti 420-428 s10393-014-0918-y Ding WX, Gu JY, Traditional Chinese herbs as chemical Journal of doi: 10.1016/j. China Cao L et al. resource library for drug discovery of Ethnopharmacology jep.2014.05.066 anti-infective and anti-inflammatory 155(1): 589-598 26

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Grech-Baran M, Biotechnological approaches to Phytochemistry Reviews doi: 10.1007/s11101- Poland Sykłowska-Baranek enhance salidroside, rosin and its 014-9368-y K & Pietrosiuk A derivatives production in selected Rhodiola spp. in vitro cultures Monroe BP, Nakazawa Estimating the geographic International Journal doi: 10.1186/1476- United States YJ, Reynolds MG et al. distribution of human Tanapox of Health Geographics 072X-13-34 and potential reservoirs using 13(1): 34 ecological niche modeling Ondrejicka DA, Locke Status and prospects of DNA Trends in Parasitology doi: 10.1016/j. Canada SA, Morey K et al. barcoding in medically important 30(12): 582-591 pt.2014.09.003 parasites and vectors Pigott DM, Golding Mapping the zoonotic niche of eLife 3: e04395 doi: 10.7554/ United Kingdom, United N, Mylne A et al. Ebola virus disease in Africa eLife.04395 States, Canada, Sweden Samy AM, van de Mapping the potential risk PLOS Neglected Tropical doi:10.1371/journal. United States, Egypt, Sande WWJ, Fahal of mycetoma infection in Diseases 8(10): e3250 pntd.0003250 Netherlands, Sudan AH & Peterson AT Sudan and South Sudan using ecological niche modeling. Turi CE, Shipley North American Artemisia species Phytochemistry 98: 9-26 doi:10.1016/ Canada PR & Murch SJ from the subgenus Tridentatae j.phytochem. (Sagebrush): a phytochemical, 2013.11.016 botanical and pharmacological review Food, farming and biofuels examples PREDICTING CLIMATE IMPACTS ON THE With climate change expected to lead to large-scale food, & fiber fuel PROFITABILITY OF UK FISHERIES shifts in marine species distributions, researchers Jones MC, Dye SR, Pinnegar JK et al. (2014) Using scenarios explored scenarios to investigate possible impacts on to project the changing profitability of fisheries under UK fisheries. GBIF and other global databases supplied climate change. Fish and Fisheries doi:10.1111/faf.12081 the occurrence data for 31 fish and vertebrate species Author countries: Canada, United Kingdom needed to build species distribution models, which are Research funding: UK Department for Environment, Food then linked in turn to cost-benefit analyses. and Rural Affairs; Nippon Foundation; National Geographic Society; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Despite predictions that a few species like European of Canada; European Union 7th Framework Programme sea bass and sardines may increase, the results for Research and Technological Development; Natural indicate future decreases in marine productivity, Environment Research Council total catch value and weight and, thus, the fisheries’ profitability. Whether these impacts derive directly from changes in species distribution or abundance or indirectly from altered operating costs, the authors recommend increased adaptive capacity and diversification as the most effective means of minimizing and offsetting the anticipated drop in revenues.

THE WEALTH THAT BUILT THE CORNISH TOWN OF MEVAGISSEY DERIVED FROM THE SUCCESS OF SMALL FISHING BOATS THAT CALLED ITS HARBOUR HOME. PHOTO CC BY-SA 2014 LOCO STEVE HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/OG3E1S 27

STALKING THE WILD CHILI PEPPER Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP et al. (2014) Multiple lines researchers here extend these methods with the of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, addition of linguistic and ecological models. The Capsicum annuum, in Mexico. Proceedings of the National former reconstructs the crop-related vocabularies of Academy of Sciences of the United States of America protohistorical languages of northeastern and central- 111(17):6165-70. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111 east Mexico, while the latter draws on GBIF-mediated Author countries: United States, Kenya, Mexico, France Capiscum Research funding: The Fulbright Program; University data to produce distribution models for of California Institute for Mexico and the United States; annuum var. glabriusculum circa 6,000 years ago. University of California, Davis, Dept of Plant Sciences The independent evidence from each discipline points The task of locating the geographic origins and to slightly different locations, but by hypothesizing identity of crop species typically combines genetic that human interest in the chili’s wild relative first and archaeological analysis of ancient botanical appeared further south than previously believed, the remains like starch and pollen grains. To find the authors suggest that Mexican food crops arose across wild source of today’s domesticated chili pepper, a Mesoamerican Fertile Crescent.

bibliography fuel fiber & food, AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Blanchard R, O'Farrell Anticipating potential biodiversity GCB Bioenergy doi: 10.1111/ South Africa PJ, & Richardson DM conflicts for future biofuel crops gcbb.12129 in South Africa: incorporating spatial filters with species distribution models Chomicki G & Renner SS Watermelon origin solved with The New Phytologist doi: 10.1111/ Germany molecular phylogenetics including nph.13163 Linnaean material: another example of museomics

d’Eeckenbrugge GC Distribution and Differentiation PLoS ONE 9(9): e107458 doi: 10.1371/journal. France & Lacape J-M of Wild, Feral, and Cultivated pone.0107458 Populations of Perennial Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean Galluzzi G & López Conservation and Use of Genetic Sustainability doi: 10.3390/ Colombia, Italy Noriega I Resources of Underutilized Crops in 6(2): 980-1017 su6020980 the Americas—A Continental Analysis Ghamkhar K, Nichols Hotspots and gaps in the world The Journal of doi: 10.1017/ Australia, New PGH, Erskine W et al. collection of subterranean clover Agricultural Science S0021859614000793 Zealand, Spain (Trifolium subterraneum L.) Hager HA, Sinasac Predicting potential global PLoS ONE 9(6): e100032 doi: 10.1371/journal. Canada SE, Gedalof Z et al. distributions of two miscanthus pone.0100032 grasses: implications for horticulture, biofuel production, and biological invasions Hussein JM, Mshandete Molecular phylogeny of saprophytic Current Research in doi: 10.5943/ Tanzania AM & Kivaisi AK wild edible mushroom species Environmental & Applied cream/4/ 2 /1 2 from Tanzania based on ITS Mycology 4(2): 250-260 and nLSU rDNA sequences Johnson AL, Bioclimatic evaluation of geographical Botanical Journal of doi: 10.1111/ United States Govindarajulu R & range in Fragaria (Rosaceae): the Linnean Society boj.12190 Ashman T-L consequences of variation in breeding 176(1): 99-114 system, ploidy and species age Jones MC, Dye SR, Using scenarios to project the Fish and Fisheries doi: 10.1111/ Canada, United Kingdom Pinnegar JK et al. changing profitability of fisheries faf.12081 under climate change Kraft KH, Brown CH, Multiple lines of evidence for the Proceedings of the doi: 10.1073/ United States, Kenya, Nabhan GP et al. origin of domesticated chili pepper, National Academy of pnas.1308933111 Mexico, France Capsicum annuum, in Mexico Sciences of the USA 111(17): 6165-6170 28

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Sánchez S, Gómez Experiments on the life cycle and Fungal Ecology 8: 59-65 doi:10.1016/j. Spain, Austria E, Martín M et al. factors affecting reproduction funeco.2013.12.003 of Sphaerosporella brunnea provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species Shabani F, Kumar Distribution of Date Palms Experimental Agriculture doi:10.1017/ Australia L & Taylor S in the Middle East Based on 51(2): 244-263. S001447971400026X Future Climate Scenarios Shabani F & Kumar L Sensitivity Analysis of CLIMEX PLoS ONE 9(4): e94867 doi:10.1371/journal. Australia Parameters in Modeling Potential pone.0094867 Distribution of Phoenix dactylifera L. Tendall DM, Hellweg Impacts of river water consumption Environmental doi:10.1021/ Switzerland, Netherlands S, Pfister S et al. on aquatic biodiversity in life cycle Science & Technology es4048686 assessment--a proposed method, 48(6): 3236-44 and a case study for Europe Vanderplank S, Ezcurra Conservation challenges in a Biodiversity and doi:10.1007/s10531- Mexico E, Delgadillo J et al. threatened hotspot: agriculture Conservation: 23(9): 014-0711-9 and plant biodiversity losses 2173-2182 in Baja California, Mexico Volk GM, Chao CT, The vulnerability of US apple Genetic Resources doi:10.1007/s10722- United States Norelli J et al. (Malus) genetic resources and Crop Evolution 014-0194-2

Wang W, Tang X, Predicting the impacts of PLoS ONE 9(11): e111587 doi:10.1371/journal. China Zhu Q et al. climate change on the potential pone.0111587 distribution of major native non- food bioenergy plants in China

Ecosystem services

ecosystem services ecosystem examples

CALCULATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WILD FOODS IN EUROPE Schulp CJE, Thuiller W & Verburg PH (2014) Wild food in Europe: A synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecological Economics 105: 292–305. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018 Author countries: France, Netherlands Research funding: ERA-Net; European Union 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development While collecting and consuming wild food is recognized as an important cultural ecosystem service, quantitative measures of these provisions have been harder to come by. The authors synthesized data for wild food species through GBIF and other sources, using the density of occurrences and social science data about collecting and foraging to quantify and map the value of the wild game and plants consumed throughout Europe.

WILD LINGONBERRIES FOR SALE AT TAXINGE SLOTT SOUTH OF STOCKHOLM. CC BY-NC 2010 VILSESKOGEN HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/8ZVJYJ 29

BUSTLING MARKET IN BOHICON, BENIN. CC BY-NC-ND 2008 ADAM COHN HTTPS:// FLIC.KR/P/5R6DTW

Wild-harvested medicinal plants are an important ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN WEST AFRICA source of health and trade for people in sub-Saharan Africa. By combining quantitative surveys of herbal van Andel TR, Croft S, van Loon EE et al. (2014) Prioritizing markets in Ghana and Benin with the first detailed West African medicinal plants for conservation and distribution maps for 12 commercially extracted ecosystem services sustainable extraction studies based on market surveys and species distribution models. Biological Conservation 181: medicinal plants (which draw upon GBIF-mediated 173-181. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.015 data), this study assess the potential vulnerability Author country: Netherlands of species to overharvesting with the goal of Research funding: Netherlands Organization for Scientific safeguarding important provisioning services of West Research African ecosystems. bibliography AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Convertino M, Muñoz- Design of optimal ecosystem Stochastic doi: 10.1007/s00477- United States Carpena R, Kiker GA et al. monitoring networks: hotspot Environmental Research 014-0999-8 detection and biodiversity patterns and Risk Assessment

Nuutinen V, Butt KR, Dew-worms in white nights: Soil Biology and doi: 10.1016/j. United Kingdom, Jauhiainen L et al. High-latitude light constrains Biochemistry 72: 66-74 soilbio.2014.01.023 Finland, United States earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) behaviour at the soil surface Schulp CJE, Thuiller Wild food in Europe: A synthesis of Ecological Economics doi:10.1016/j. France, Netherlands W & Verburg PH knowledge and data of terrestrial 105: 292–305. ecolecon.2014.06.018 wild food as an ecosystem service Schulp CJE, Burkhard Uncertainties in ecosystem PLoS ONE 9(10): doi:10.1371/journal. Netherlands, Germany, Italy B, Maes J et al. service maps: a comparison e109643 pone.0109643 on the European scale Schulp CJE, Lautenbach Quantifying and mapping ecosystem Ecological Indicators doi:10.1016/j. Netherlands, Germany S & Verburg PH services: Demand and supply of 36: 131–141 ecolind.2013.07.014 pollination in the European Union

van Andel TR, Croft S, Prioritizing West African medicinal Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. Netherlands van Loon EE et al. plants for conservation and 181: 173-181 biocon.2014.11.015 sustainable extraction studies based on market surveys and species distribution models 30

Advancing biodiversity science examples

SUBSAMPLING DATA TO REMOVE SPECIES BIAS FROM DISTRIBUTION MODELS Beck J, Böller M, Erhardt A et al. (2014) Spatial bias in the GBIF database and its effect on modeling species’ geographic distributions. Ecological Informatics 19: 10-15. doi:10.1016/j. ecoinf.2013.11.002 Author country: Switzerland Research funding: Swiss National Science Foundation Spatial bias in species distribution data results from a dataset’s density of records reflecting factors like uneven sampling or mobilization, rather than the true density of a species.

Understanding, accounting for SARDINIAN BROOK SALAMANDER (EUPROCTUS PLATYCEPHALUS) CC BY-NC 2014 JAKOB H. and removing such inaccuracies is HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/NHKGOK an important step in improving the development and application of distribution models A detailed analysis of occurrence records for for research and decision-making. Eucalyptus nitens and E. botryoides (within and beyond their native ranges) suggests how Using as a case study the small tortoiseshell (Algais forest managers could apply such data to assess uriticae), a common Eurasian butterfly, the authors vulnerability and plan adaptation strategies. examined how the spatial clustering of GBIF-mediated data affects model quality. For widespread species MAPPING EUROPE’S HERPS with abundant data, they recommend and propose a Creemers R, Denoël M, Campos J et al. (2014) Updated subsampling routine that removes spatial bias without distribution and biogeography of amphibians and biodiversity science reducing the predictive strength of resulting models. reptiles of Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia 35(1): 1-31. doi:10.1163/15685381-00002935 OPEN ACCESS DATA IMPROVES KNOWLEDGE ON Author countries: Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, France, CLIMATIC NEEDS OF PLANTATION TREES Serbia, Belgium, Russia, Greece, Spain, Germany Booth TH (2014) Using biodiversity databases to verify and Research funding: Societas Europaea Herpetologica; improve descriptions of tree species climatic requirements. Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal); Spanish Forest Ecology and Management 315: 95-102. doi:10.1016/ Ministry of Environment; the Ministry of Education, Science j.foreco.2013.12.028 and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia; Fonds Author country: Australia de la Recherches Scientifique, Belgium; Generalitat de Research funding: CSIRO Catalunya, Spain; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Though climate research tends to focus on impacts The species distribution maps developed by Societas on native species, such changes threaten important Europaea Herpetologica for The Atlas of Amphibians commercial species, too. Australian eucalypts and and Reptiles in Europe were highly useful and original acacia are planted in more than 90 countries, and upon their release. But the scientific landscape this study examines how open-access data available has shifted considerably since 1997 with the through the Atlas of Living Australia and GBIF can growth of GIS, computing power and accumulated improve existing commercial forestry information on occurrence data, all of which have helped fuel parallel their climatic requirements. improvements in taxonomic understanding. 31

Updated with data now availalbe from GBIF.org and prone to errors attributable to biases in source data. other sources, this update to the Atlas refreshes maps This study tests five proposed methods for correcting for 218 taxa (73 amphibians and 145 reptiles) while SDM sampling bias, using records for both ‘virtual’ and working toward a distributed, interactive and dynamic real species—the latter including GBIF-mediated data online system for data on European herpetofauna. on the white-spotted slimy salamander (Plethodon The accompanying analysis seeks to identify patterns cylindraceus)—comparing the accuracy of resulting of species richness and endemism as well as major models across a range of conditions. spatial and taxonomic gaps in hope of targeting key areas for future inventory and research. In addition to highlighting the importance of bias type and intensity in selecting correction methods, the DEDUCING AVAILABLE HABITAT FOR AMPHIBIANS authors found that systematic sampling of records Ficetola GF, Rondinin C, Bonnardi A et al. (2014) Habitat generated the best and most consistently performing availability for amphibians and extinction threat: a models, offering the most efficient results as well as a global analysis. Diversity and Distributions 21: 302-311. key area for further research. doi:10.1111/ddi.12296 Author countries: Italy, France MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS REVEALS KEY DRIVERS OF ResearchSome examples funding: University of Milano-Bicocca SPECIES COMPOSITION Kent R, Bar-Massada A & Carmel Y (2014) Bird and mammal As a group, amphibians are among the world’s most species composition in distinct geographic regions and their imperilled animals, and habitat loss and degradation relationships with environmental factors across multiple represent the greatest threat they face by far. Despite spatial scales. Ecology and evolution 4(10): 1963-71l. this understanding, quantitative assessments of doi:10.1002/ece3.1072 habitat availability exist for only a few species. Author countries: United Kingdom, Israel Research funding: Israel Science Foundation; Israeli Ministry Here the authors produced the first global evaluation of Science and Technology of available habitat for amphibians by repurposing data gathered through GBIF and other sources for Which environmental factors drive global patterns of species composition? This study sought answers analysis in Ficetola et al. (see p.20). Combining science biodiversity this recent high-precision dataset with land cover, through a comparative multi-scalar analysis of the elevation, and species range maps from the distribution of mammals and breeding birds across 2004 Global Amphibian Assessment, the results Australia and the continental United States. provide deductive suitable habitat models that Using GBIF-mediated records for 1,376 bird species more accurately predict the distribution of 5,363 (572 from Australia / 804 from the U.S.) and 655 amphibians species. The approach refines the mammals (371 AU / 284 US), the authors examined expert-based polygons by defining suitable and the impact of environmental factors on the groups’ unsuitable habitats and provides a ‘coarse but robust’ distribution by systematically upscaling their assessment, establishing large-scale priorities in continent-wide analyses across grid cells ranging in data-poor areas and highlighting the need for more size from 10 to 10,000 km2. The results show that finer-scale studies of habitat requirements. climate and land use / land cover explain most of the COMPARING METHODS FOR REMOVING SAMPLING variance in species composition at all scales, although BIASES IN SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELS with consistently contrasting effects. Fourcade Y, Engler JO, Rödder D et al. (2014) Mapping DETERMINING WHERE MISTLETOE CAN GO Species Distributions with MAXENT Using a Geographically Lira-Noriega A & Peterson AT (2014) Range-wide ecological Biased Sample of Presence Data: A Performance Assessment niche comparisons of parasite, hosts and dispersers in a of Methods for Correcting Sampling Bias. PLoS ONE 9(5): vector-borne plant parasite system. Journal of Biogeography e97122. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097122 doi:10.1111/jbi.12302 Author countries: France, Germany Author country: United States Research funding: Plan Loire Grandeur Nature; European Research funding: University of Kansas; Consejo Nacional de Regional Development Fund; German Federal Environmental Ciencia y Tecnologıa, Mexico; GBIF Young Researchers Award Foundation Despite its wide use in conservation science and Climatic factors shaping the ecological dynamics practice to estimate areas most likely to host a given between parasites, their hosts and their vectors are species, species distribution modelling (SDM) remains poorly understood. This study examined whether 32

reveal ancient evolutionary history: the Case of Hypericum (Hypericaceae). Systematic Biology 64(2): 215-232. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu088 Author countries: Spain, France, United States, United Kingdom Research funding: Spanish Ministry of Science Studies that explore ancestral species ranges rely on both fossils and present-day observations, but the assumptions behind such reconstructions carry uncertainties, due in part to highly variable historic rates of extinction that can eliminate significant and unobservable fractions of scientific evidence. Here, using a large, well-known plant genus and newly available global-scale paleo-climate models, DESERT MISTLETOE (PHORADENDRON CALIFORNICUM), COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA CC BY-SA 2008 JOE DECRUYENAERE the researchers offer an example for linking the HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/4MWQEV fossil record to ecological and climatic information in a reconstructed history of Hypericum, St. John’s the distribution of desert mistletoe (Phoradendron wort. GBIF-mediated occurrences for extant species californicum) hinges on its own ecological niche in contribute to their identification of key dispersal the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, those of the trees it corridors and barriers as well as a potentially high infects or those of the birds that disperse its seeds. extinction rates in Eurasia during the recent long-term By modeling and comparing the amounts of overlap climatic oscillations. between the parasite, eight common hosts (using POLLEN SHOWS LIMITS TO THE ANDES’ INFLUENCE GBIF-mediated records) and 10 common avian dispersers, the authors uncovered broad support for Palazzesi, L, Barreda, VD, Cuitiño, JI et al. (2014) Fossil pollen records indicate that Patagonian desertification the finding that mistletoe only infects host species was not solely a consequence of Andean uplift. Nature within areas suitable and accessible to it. Communications 5:3558. doi:10.1038/ncomms4558 REVIEWING NATIONAL BALANCE SHEETS ON Author countries: Argentina, United Kingdom, Brazil CAPITAL, CAPACITY AND NATURAL HERITAGE Research funding: Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Lira-Noriega A & Soberón J (2014) The relationship among Científicas y Técnicas biodiversity, governance, wealth, and scientific capacity at a country level: Disaggregation and prioritization. Ambio. The harsh, arid grasslands of Patagonia seem like doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0581-0 a clear product of the rain shadow created by the Author country: United States uplift of southern Andes between 14 and 12 million Research funding: JRS Biodiversity Foundation years ago. But this study of plant richness, based on In this examination of the relationships between fossil spores and pollen grains from shallow marine biodiversity science biodiversity richness, wealth and institutional sediments in eastern Patagonia, hints at a more capacity in more than 200 countries and territories, dynamic past. GBIF-mediated records for closest this study used the number of records mobilized living, climate-sensitive plant relatives helped call through GBIF as part of an index of scientific capacity. attention to the earlier presence of rainforest ferns The overall picture that emerges is not simple, and gymnosperms. The disappearance of these with patterns of wealth and capacity displaying a tropical and humid-zone plants from the region within complicated pattern that cuts against conventional the past 6 million years supports an alternative wisdom. The authors conclude by encouraging scenario in which the rise of the Andes only started collaborations to improve access to primary a desertification process that later climatic changes biodiversity data (digitized or not) not yet available for further promoted. analysis, science and policy. NEOTROPICAL ORCHID BEES—LUMP OR SPLIT? BACK TO THE FUTURE: INTEGRATING THE FOSSIL Silva DP, Vilela B, De Marco P & Nemésio A (2014) Using RECORD INTO SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELLING Ecological Niche Models and Niche Analyses to Understand Speciation Patterns: The Case of Sister Neotropical Orchid Meseguer AS, Lobo JM, Ree R et al. (2014) Integrating Bees. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113246. doi:10.1371/journal. Fossils, Phylogenies, and Niche Models into Biogeography to pone.0113246 biodiversity science 33 23(5):

. In this. In ‘triple contact

: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; Fundação para: Tecnologia; Ciência e a CONACYT: : Mexico, United States : Portugal CENTIPEDE (CHILOPODA) ON THE WALL OF A CHAPEL, NORTH-EAST OF POLYGYROS CC BY 2015 LUC HTTPS://FLIC.KR/P/UJULPY T. 1108-23. doi:10.1111/mec.12671 Author country Research funding European Development Regional Fund APPLYING NICHE MODELS TO ESTIMATE RISKS OF VENOMOUS SNAKEBITES Yañez-Arenas C, Peterson Mokondoko AT, P et The al. (2014) Use of Ecological Niche Modeling to Infer Potential Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz. PLoS ONE 9(6): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100957 e100957. Author countries Research funding Human death and disease from poisonous snakebites in the tropics is so frequent that the World Health Organization classifies the phenomena as a ‘neglected tropical disease’. This study focuses its analysis on the Mexican state of Veracruz— venomous home 21 to snakes and the country’s second highest snakebite rate—seeking establish to whether estimates of suitable viper habitat can reliably predict risks. Building on ecological niche models that exploit data and otherfrom sources GBIF.org on nine viper species, the authors then apply the distance from the model’s center measure as a of environmental suitability, potential abundance and, thereby, incidence risk. While the predictive results vary across the focal species, the approach suggests the value of wider, more general application, possibly corroborated with density estimates for snake populations. DO GENES OR ECOLOGY KEEP SERPENTS SEPARATE? Tarroso Pereira P, RJ, Martínez-Freiría F et al. (2014) Hybridization at an ecotone: ecological and genetic barriers between vipers. three Iberian Ecology Molecular Sited along a transition between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian bioregions, northern Spain’s High Ebro area hosts three overlapping vipers: the ‘sister’ Vipera and the latastei morespecies aspis and V. genetically distinctive seoanei V. zone’ where hybrids are not uncommon, the authors found a unique setting investigating the processes that shape species boundaries. Combining genetic analysis of field specimens with distribution models that use data and from GBIF.org other sources, the results highlight how the ecological barriers that sharply delineate suitable habitat for each species effectively maintain distinct species despite the presence of fertile hybrids.

, sparking, disagreements over : Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Conselho de Nacional : 42(6): 1018-1028. doi:10.1111/jbi.12463 42(6): : Greece : Brazil and Eufriesea Despite a worldwide history that stretches back hundreds of millions of years and an important ecosystem function, centipedes do not suffer from scientific overexposure. This study draws GBIF-on mediated and other data characterize to key patterns and processes among 585 European species in the class Chilopoda, revealing the presence of four distinct biogeographic segments the region, in including potential a soil-invertebrate hotspot the in Balkan Peninsula—a possible legacy of providing microrefuges from recent Pleistocene glaciers. Simaiakis SM & Strona Patterns G (2014) and processes in the distribution Journal of European centipedes (Chilopoda). Biogeographyof STUDYING EUROPEAN DIVERSITY UNDERFOOT Author country Research funding The Amazon and Atlantic forests have seen alternating cycles of expansion and contraction during the past 23 million years. These processes have isolated several subpopulations of the orchid bee genera Eulaema whether they should now be considered separate populations of the same species or different species altogether. By developing ecological niche models built with data drawn and other from sources, GBIF.org this Brazilian research measured team the overlap in environments that the bees inhabit today. The comparative divergence supports a taxonomic split between the two populations while identifying key new areas for future surveys. Author country (CNPq); CoordenaçãoTecnológicoCientífico de e Aperfeiçoamento de Pe soal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) 34

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Lira-Noriega A & Range-wide ecological niche Journal of Biogeography doi: 10.1111/ United States Peterson AT comparisons of parasite, hosts jbi.12302 and dispersers in a vector- borne plant parasite system Lira-Noriega A The relationship among biodiversity, Ambio doi: 10.1007/ United States & Soberón J governance, wealth, and scientific s13280-014-0581-0 capacity at a country level: Disaggregation and prioritization Lira-Noriega A, Toro- The roles of history and ecology American Journal doi: 10.3732/ United States Nunez O, Oaks JR et al. in chloroplast phylogeographic of Botany ajb.1400277 patterns of the bird-dispersed plant parasite Phoradendron californicum (Viscaceae) in the Sonoran Desert Liston A, Cronn R Fragaria: A genus with deep historical American Journal of doi: 10.3732/ United States & Ashman T-L roots and ripe for evolutionary Botany 101: 1-14 ajb.1400140 and ecological insights Liu H & Osborne CP Water relations traits of C4 grasses Journal of Experimental doi: 10.1093/ United Kingdom, China depend on phylogenetic lineage, Botany jxb/eru430 photosynthetic pathway, and habitat water availability López-Uribe MM, Zamudio Climate, physiological tolerance and Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/ United States, Brazil KR, Cardoso CF et al. sex-biased dispersal shape genetic 23(7): 1874-90 mec.12689 structure of Neotropical orchid bees Louy D, Habel JC, Molecules and models indicate Biological Journal of doi: 10.1111/bij.12240 Germany, Bulgaria, Abadjiev S et al. diverging evolutionary effects from the Linnean Society Romania, Hungary parallel altitudinal range shifts in 112(3): 569-583 two mountain Ringlet butterflies Malpica A & Ornelas JF Post-glacial northward expansion Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/ Mexico and genetic differentiation between 23(2): 435-452 mec.12614 migratory and sedentary populations of the broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) McDonnel A Non-twining milkweed vines of Oklahoma Native www.academia. United States Oklahoma: an overview of Matelea Plant Record 14 edu/10264741/Non- biflora and Matelea cynanchoides twining_milkweed_ vines_of_Oklahoma_an_ overview_of_Matelea_ biflora_and_Matelea_ cynanchoides McMichael CNH, Palace Bamboo-dominated forests and Journal of Biogeography doi: 10.1111/jbi.12325 United States MW & Golightly M pre-Columbian earthwork formations in south-western Amazonia biodiversity science Meseguer AS, Lobo Integrating Fossils, Phylogenies, and Systematic Biology doi: 10.1093/ Spain, France, United JM, Ree R et al. Niche Models into Biogeography to sysbio/syu088 States, United Kingdom reveal ancient evolutionary history: the Case of Hypericum (Hypericaceae) Messias PA, Vidal Jr Host specificity and experimental Acta Botanica Brasilica doi: 10.1590/0102- Brazil JD, Koch I et al. assessment of the early 28(4): 577-582 33062014abb3523 establishment of the mistletoe Phoradendron crassifolium (Pohl ex DC.) Eichler (Santalaceae) in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil Mifsud S A Study of the Genus Persicaria Miller The Central http://www. Malta (Polygonaceae) in the Maltese Islands Mediterranean Naturalist maltawildplants. 5(3-4): 25-26 com/publ/#P24 Mimura M, Mishima Range shift and introgression of the BMC Evolutionary doi: 10.1186/ Japan, Sweden, China M, Lascoux M et al. rear and leading populations in two Biology 14(1): 209 s12862-014-0209-9 ecologically distinct Rubus species Mogni VY, Oakley The distribution of woody legumes Edinburgh Journal doi: 10.1017/ Argentina LJ & Prado DE in neotropical dry forests: The of Botany: 1-26 S0960428614000298 Pleistocene arc theory 20 years on 41

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Moreira X, Mooney KA, Trade-offs between constitutive Ecology Letters doi: 10.1111/ United States, Spain Rasmann S et al. and induced defences drive 17(5): 537-546 ele.12253 geographical and climatic clines in pine chemical defences Muscarella R, Galante PJ, ENMeval: An R package for conducting Methods in Ecology doi: 10.1111/2041- United States Soley-Guardia M et al. spatially independent evaluations and and Evolution 210X.12261 estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models Negret PJ & Laverde-R O The enigmatic Black Tinamou: The Auk 132(1): 132-139 doi: 10.1642/ Colombia Do distribution, climate, and AUK-14-183.1 vocalizations reveal more than one species? Novillo A & Ojeda RA Elevation patterns in rodent diversity Journal of Mammalogy doi: 10.1644/ Argentina in the dry Andes: disentangling the 95(1): 99-107 13-MAMM-A-086.1 role of environmental factors Orlova-Bienkowskaja Paridea angulicollis (Motschulsky, Caucasian Entomological http://ssc-ras.ru/ Russia MJ & Bieńkowski A 1854) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bulletin 10(1): 85-87 files/files/10_Orlova- Galerucinae) is a new genus and Bienkowskaja,%20 species for Russia Paridea angulicollis Bie__kowski.pdf (Motschulsky, 1854) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Ortego J, Bonal R, Living on the edge: the role of Plant Biology doi: 10.1111/ Spain Muñoz A et al. geography and environment plb.12272 in structuring genetic variation in the southernmost populations of a tropical oak Ortego J, Guglielmone Climatically stable landscapes Journal of Biogeography doi: 10.1111/jbi.12419 Spain, United States AA & Sork VL predict patterns of genetic structure and admixture in the Californian canyon live oak biodiversity science biodiversity Palazzesi L, Barreda Fossil pollen records indicate that Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ Argentina, United VD, Cuitiño JI et al. Patagonian desertification was not 5: 3558 ncomms4558 Kingdom, Brazil solely a consequence of Andean uplift Pappalardo P, Pringle The location, strength, and Ecography 38 doi: 10.1111/ United States JM, Wares JP et al. mechanisms behind marine ecog.01135 biogeographic boundaries of the east coast of North America Pelayo-Villamil P, Global diversity patterns of Diversity and doi: 10.1111/ Colombia,Spain, United Guisande C, Vari RP et al. freshwater fishes - potential Distributions ddi.12271 States, Italy, France victims of their own success 21(3): 345-356 Pérez-Barros P, Lovrich Is Munida gregaria (Crustacea: Polar Biology 37(10): doi: 10.1007/ Argentina GA, Calcagno JA et al. Decapoda: Munididae) a truly 1413-1420 s00300-014-1531-9 transpacific species? Pérez F, Hinojosa Decoupled evolution of foliar Journal of Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365- Chile LF, Ossa CG et al. freezing resistance, temperature 102(4): 972-980 2745.12261 niche and morphological leaf traits in Chilean Myrceugenia Perktaş U, Gür H, Climate-driven range shifts and Bird Study 62(1): 14-28 doi: 10.1080/ United States, Sağlam İK et al. demographic events over the history 00063657. Turkey, Mexico of Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi 2014.977220 Phartyal SS, Kondo A comprehensive view of Seed Science Research doi: 10.1017/ Japan, India, United States T, Fuji A et al. epicotyl dormancy in Viburnum 24(04): 281-292 S0960258514000257 furcatum: combining field studies with laboratory studies using temperature sequences Pironon S, Villellas Do geographic, climatic or Global Ecology doi:10.1111/ Spain, Sweden, J, Morris WF, Doak historical ranges differentiate the and Biogeography geb.12263 United States DF, & García MB performance of central versus 24(6): 611-620 peripheral populations? 42

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Polgar G, Zane L., Phylogeography and demographic Molecular Phylogenetics doi:10.1016/j. Brunei Darussalam, Babbucci M et al. history of two widespread and Evolution ympev.2014.01.014 Italy, Switzerland Indo-Pacific mudskippers 73: 161-176 (Gobiidae: Periophthalmus) Quintero I, González- Asynchrony of Seasons: Genetic The American Naturalist doi:10.1086/677261 Colombia, Panama Caro S, Zalamea Differentiation Associated 184(3): 352-363 P-C & Cadena CD with Geographic Variation in Climatic Seasonality and Reproductive Phenology. Richter D, Matuła The Northernmost Populations Polish Polar Research doi:10.2478/ Poland J & Pietryka M of Tetraspora Gelatinosa 35(3): 521-538 popore-2014-0027 (Chlorophyta) from Spitsbergen Rodríguez-Gómez Genetic divergence of the Journal of Zoological doi:10.1111/ Mexico F & Ornelas JF Mesoamerican azure-crowned Systematics and jzs.12047 hummingbird ( Amazilia cyanocephala, Evolutionary Research Trochilidae) across the Motagua- 52(2): 142-153 Polochic-Jocotán fault system Romiguier J Gayral P, Comparative population Nature 515: 261–263 doi:10.1038/ France, Switzerland, United Ballenghien M et al. genomics in animals uncovers the nature13685 States, United Kingdom determinants of genetic diversity Rubel F, Brugger K, The first German map of Parasites & Vectors doi:10.1186/s13071- Austria, Germany Monazahian M et al. georeferenced ixodid tick locations 7(1): 477 014-0477-7 Ruiz-Sanchez E Phylogeography of Liquidambar Ecology and Evolution doi:10.1002/ece3.938 Mexico & Ornelas JF styraciflua (Altingiaceae) in 4(4): 311-28 Mesoamerica: survivors of a Neogene widespread temperate forest (or cloud forest) in North America? Sackett LC, Seglund Evidence for two subspecies of Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. United States A, Guralnick RP et al. Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys 174: 1-11 biocon.2014.03.010 gunnisoni), and the general importance of the subspecies concept Salas JA, Burneo SF, First record of the pale-faced Check List 10(5): doi: 10.15560/ Ecuador Viteri HF & Carvajal MR bat Phylloderma stenops 1218-1222 10.5.1218 Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador Sandel M, Rhode Interspecific relationships Molecular Phylogenetics doi:10.1016/j. United States FC & Harris PM and the evolution of sexual and Evolution ympev.2014.04.018 dimorphism in pygmy sunfishes 77: 166-176 (Centrarchidae: Elassoma) Scarponi D, Huntley JW, Stratigraphic paleoecology of the Palaeogeography, doi:10.1016/j. Italy, United States biodiversity science Capraro L & Raffi S Valle di Manche section (Crotone Palaeoclimatology, palaeo.2014.02.032 Basin, Italy): A candidate GSSP Palaeoecology of the Middle Pleistocene 402: 30-43 Schwery O, Onstein As old as the mountains: the The New Phytologist doi:10.1111/ Switzerland, New Zealand RE, Bouchenak- radiations of the Ericaceae nph.13234 Khelladi Y et al. Schwinn M, Türkay Decapod fauna of the Helgoland Marine Biodiversity doi:10.1007/s12526- Germany M & Sonnewald M trench (Crustacea) a long-term 44(4): 491-517 014-0217-4 study in a biodiversity hotspot Sepúlveda D, Villalobos New record of Malthopsis gnoma Marine Biodiversity doi:10.1017/ Mexico E & Espinosa H (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae) Records, 7, e19 S1755267214000104 in the southern Gulf of Mexico Sigel EM, Windham Evidence for reciprocal origins American Journal doi:10.3732/ United States MD & Pryer KM in Polypodium hesperium of Botany 101(9): ajb.1400190 (Polypodiaceae): A fern model system 1476-1485 for investigating how multiple origins shape allopolyploid genomes Silva DP, Vilela B, De Using Ecological Niche Models and PLoS ONE 9(11): doi:10.1371/journal. Brazil Marco P & Nemésio A Niche Analyses to Understand e113246. pone.0113246 Speciation Patterns: The Case of Sister Neotropical Orchid Bees 43

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Simaiakis SM & Strona G Patterns and processes in Journal of Biogeography doi:10.1111/jbi.12463 Greece the distribution of European 42(6): 1018-1028 centipedes (Chilopoda) Šmarda P, Bureš P, Ecological and evolutionary Proceedings of the doi:10.1073/ Czech Republic, United Horová L et al. significance of genomic GC National Academy of pnas.1321152111 Kingdom, Australia, content diversity in monocots Sciences of the United South Africa, Italy States of America 111(39): eE4096–102 Solhjouy-Fard S Potential impacts of climate Entomological Science doi:10.1111/ Iran & Sarafrazi A change on distribution range of 17(3): 283-292 ens.12064 Nabis pseudoferus and N. palifer (Hemiptera: Nabidae) in Iran Sosnovsky Y Microscopical investigation of the Plant Systematics doi:10.1007/ Ukraine leaf architecture in greenhouse- and Evolution s00606-014-1184-8 cultivated Ficus (Moraceae) Srivastava G & Phytogeographical implication of PLoS ONE 9(10): e111140 doi:10.1371/journal. India Mehrotra RC Bridelia Will. (Phyllanthaceae) fossil pone.0111140 leaf from the late Oligocene of India Steidinger BS, Turner BL, Variability in potential to exploit Functional Ecology doi:10.1111/1365- United States, Panama Corrales A & Dalling JW different soil organic phosphorus 29(1): 121-130 2435.12325 compounds among tropical montane tree species Strona G, Fattorini S, ECo: A new measure evaluating the Ecological Indicators doi:10.1016/j. Italy, Portugal Montano S et al. degree of consistency between 52: 66-74 ecolind.2014.11.033 environmental factors and spatial arrangement of species assemblages Sutkowska A, Refugial Pattern of Bromus Acta Biologica doi:10.2478/ Poland Pasierbiński A, Warzecha Erectus in Central Europe Based Cracoviensia Series abcsb-2013-0026 T, Mandal A & Mitka J on ISSR Fingerprinting Botanica: 107-119 biodiversity science biodiversity Tarroso P, Pereira RJ, Hybridization at an ecotone: Molecular Ecology doi:10.1111/ Portugal Martínez-Freiría F et al. ecological and genetic barriers 23(5): 1108-23 mec.12671 between three Iberian vipers Teixeira M, Vechio FD, A New Two-Pored Amphisbaena South American doi:10.2994/ Brazil Neto AM & Rodrigues MT Linnaeus, 1758, from Journal of Herpetology SAJH-D-14-00004.1 Western Amazonia, Brazil 9(1): 62-74 (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia) Thode VA, Silva-Arias Genetic diversity and ecological Botanical Journal of doi:10.1111/ Brazil GA, Turchetto C et al. niche modelling of the restricted the Linnean Society boj.12202 Recordia reitzii (Verbenaceae) from 176(3): 332-348 southern Brazilian Atlantic forest Todou G, Onana The Ecological Niche Of Dacryodes Journal of Tropical Forest http://www. Cameroon, France JM, Akoa A et al. buettneri (Burseraceae), A Science 26(3): 420-427 frim.gov.my/v1/ Timber Tree In Central Africa JTFSOnline/jtfs/ v26n3/420-427.pdf Trainor AM & Schmitz OJ Infusing considerations of Ecology Letters doi:10.1111/ele.12372 United States trophic dependencies into 17(12): 1507-1517 species distribution modelling Van Zonneveld Application of consensus theory Applied Vegetation doi:10.1111/ Belgium, Costa Rica, MJ, Castañeda N, to formalize expert evaluations of Science 17(3): 528-542 avsc.12081 Colombia, Kenya, Scheldeman X et al. plant species distribution models Czech Republic Velez-Liendo X, Strubbe Effects of variable selection Ursus 24(2): 127-138 doi:10.2192/URSUS- Bolivia, Belgium D & Matthysen E on modelling habitat and D-12-00027R4.1 potential distribution of the Andean bear in Bolivia Velle LG, Nilsen LS, Does prescribed burning result Global Change Biology doi:10.1111/ Norway Norderhaug A & Vandvik V in biotic homogenization of 20(5): 1429-40 gcb.12448 coastal heathlands? Vieira RP & Cunha MR In situ observation of chimaerid Journal of Fish Biology doi:10.1111/jfb.12444 Portugal, United Kingdom species in the Gorringe Bank: 85(3): 927-32 new distribution records for the north-east Atlantic Ocean 44

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Visser V & Molofsky J Ecological niche differentiation of American Journal of doi:10.3732/ South Africa, United States polyploidization is not supported by Botany 102(1): 36-49 ajb.1400432 environmental differences among species in a cosmopolitan grass genus Voshell SM & Hilu KW Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular Ecology doi:10.1111/ United States biogeography, molecular dating and 23(1): 212-24 mec.12575 the role of floret structure in dispersal Vukov TD, Cvijanovi M, The Roles of Phylogeny and Climate Annales Zoologici doi: 10.5735/ Serbia, Netherlands Wielstra B & Kalezi ML in Shaping Variation in Life-History Fennici 51(5): 445-456 086.051.0505 Traits of the Newt Genus Triturus (Caudata, The roles of phylogeny and climate in shaping variation in life-history traits of the newt genus Triturus (Caudata, Salamandridae) Wasowicz P, Pasierbiński Distribution patterns in the PLoS ONE 9(7): e102916 doi:10.1371/journal. Poland A, Przedpelska-Wasowicz native vascular flora of Iceland pone.0102916 EM & Kristinsson H Watson S.-A, Morley Low global sensitivity of metabolic Oecologia 174(1): 45-54 doi:10.1007/s00442- United Kingdom, SA, Bates AE et al. rate to temperature in calcified 013-2767-8 Australia, Singapore marine invertebrates Wetterer JK Geographic distribution of Terrestrial Arthropod doi: 10.1163/ United States Gnamptogenys hartmani Reviews 7(2-4): 147-157 18749836-07021078 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), an agro-predator that attacks fungus-growing ants Wetterer JK Geographic distribution Terrestrial Arthropod doi: 10.1163/ United States of Strumigenys louisianae Reviews 7(2-4): 159-170 18749836-07021080 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Wielstra B, Sillero N, The distribution of the crested and Amphibia-Reptilia doi: 10.1163/ United Kingdom, Vörös J & Arntzen JW marbled newt species (Amphibia: 35(3): 376-381 15685381-00002960 Netherlands, Salamandridae: Triturus) – an Portugal, Hungary addition to the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe Wilk M, Pawłowska Wentiomyces sp. from plant litter Acta Mycologica doi: 10.5586/ Poland J & Wrzosek M on poor fen in northeastern Poland 49(2): 237-247 am.2014.021 Willis CG, Davis CC, Community assembly meets Frontier in Genetics 5 doi:10.3389/ United States Xi Z & Franzone B. biogeography: Malpighiaceae fgene.2014.00433 and the origin of seasonally dry tropical forest of Mexico Willis CG, Hall J-C, Rubio Diversification and the evolution Annals of Botany doi:10.1093/ United States, de Casas R et al. of dispersal ability in the tribe 114(8): 1675-1686 aob/mcu196 Canada, Spain biodiversity science Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) Wilson GW, Rentz First record of the larvae of Australian Entomologist http://search.informit. Australia DC & Venter F “Hippotion rosetta” (Swinhoe, 41(4): 203 com.au/documentSu 1892) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) mmary;dn=88095806 feeding on the foliage of nepenthes 4256642;res=IELHSS (Nepenthaceae) in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland Wright, A. N., Hijmans, Multiple sources of uncertainty affect Diversity and doi:10.1111/ United States R. J., Schwartz, M. W., & metrics for ranking conservation Distributions ddi.12257 Shaffer, H. B. (2014). risk under climate change 21(1): 111–122 Yañez-Arenas C, Peterson The Use of Ecological Niche PLoS ONE 9(6): e100957 doi:10.1371/journal. Mexico, United States AT, Mokondoko P et al. Modeling to Infer Potential pone.0100957 Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz 45

Data management

examples TOOLS TO STREAMLINE DATA QUALITY & CURATION TEXT-MINING FOR PLACE NAMES Candela L, Castelli D, Coro G et al. (2014) An infrastructure- Singh G & de By RA (2015) Spatial Extent Models for Natural oriented approach for supporting biodiversity research. Language Phrases Involving Directional Containment. Ecological Informatics 26(2):162-172. doi:10.1016/j. Transactions in GIS 19: 202–224. doi:10.1111/tgis.12105 ecoinf.2014.07.006 Author country: Netherlands Author country: Italy The presence of millions of non-geocoded records Research funding: European Union 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development mediated by GBIF sparked this exploration of assigning spatial extents to gazeteer-style names The authors introduce a set of tools developed by like ‘central northern California’. Using the two- the D4Science Data Infrastructure that support volume Ornithological Gazetteer of Brazil (Paynter acquisition and preparation of species occurrence and Traylor 1991), the authors compared and tested data from GBIF, OBIS and other sources. This suite spatial interpretations of multiple natural language seeks to reduce the time that researchers spend in phrases in hope of deriving consistent, recommended assessing the quality of data as well as curating them. approaches. CLEAN GLOBAL DATA MAY MATTER MORE THAN IMPROVING GEOREFERENCING OF SPECIMEN DATA COMPLEX MODELS WITH PREVIOUSLY DIGITIZED COLLECTIONS García-Roselló E, Guisande C, Manjarrés-Hernández A et Van Erp M, Hensel R, Ceolin D & van der Meij M (2014) al. (2014) Can we derive macroecological patterns from Georeferencing Animal Specimen Datasets. Transactions in primary Global Biodiversity Information Facility data? Global GIS 19(4): 563-581. doi:10.1111/tgis.12110 Ecology and Biogeography 24(3): 335-347. doi:10.1111/ Author country: Netherlands geb.12260 Research funding: European Union 7th Framework Author countries: Spain, Colombia, United States Programme for Research and Technological Development Research funding: ENDESA The lack of geographic precision represents a To understand the impact of data sampling biases major challenge in efforts to unlock historic natural and quality concerns in global-scale models, this history collections. Here the authors detail how the team used all available GBIF-mediated data for Netherlands’ Naturalis adopted a consistent approach fish species from marine-only orders to compare for resolving the challenges commonly presented four common procedures. Their findings suggest by the structured but poorly articulated legacy data data management data that, as long as researchers clean the original data, contained on collectors’ specimen cards for fields like correct for autocorrelation and account for obvious ‘Town/City’, ‘Province/State’ and ‘Coordinates’. Central underestimations in species richness, the work of to the approach is the use of existing GBIF-mediated improving both data quantity and quality may matter occurrences as a domain-specific knowledge base more in accurately predicting distributions than the that improves the quality and accuracy of proposed development of sophisticated mathematical models. georeferences while significantly decreasing the number of unlocatable records. 46

bibliography AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Bruno G, Gasca E The efficient management of Park Information Systems doi:10.1016/j. Italy & Monaco C resources: Natural and cultural data 42: 78-88 is.2013.12.001 in the Alpi Marittime Park area Candela L, Castelli An infrastructure-oriented approach Ecological Informatics doi:10.1016/j. Italy D, Coro G et al. for supporting biodiversity research 26(2): 162-172 ecoinf.2014.07.006 García-Roselló E, Can we derive macroecological Global Ecology doi:10.1111/ Spain, Colombia, Guisande C, Manjarrés- patterns from primary Global and Biogeography geb.12260 United States Hernández A et al. Biodiversity Information Facility data? 24(3): 335-347 Guralnick R, Conlin The Trouble with Triplets in PLoS ONE 9(12): e114069 doi:10.1371/journal. United States T, Deck J et al. Biodiversity Informatics: A pone.0114069 Data-Driven Case against Current Identifier Practices Lin Y-P, Deng D, Uncertainty analysis of crowd- Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. Taiwan, Netherlands, Lin W-C et al. sourced and professionally collected 181: 102-110 biocon.2014.11.012 Australia, Germany, France field data used in species distribution models of Taiwanese moths Lucarini D, Gigante The anArchive taxonomic Plant Biosystems - An doi:10.1080/11263 Italy, Czech Republic D, Landucci F et al. Checklist for Italian botanical data International Journal 504.2014.984010 banking and vegetation analysis: Dealing with all Aspects Theoretical basis and advantages of Plant Biology 1-8 Mathew C, Güntsch A semi-automated workflow Biodiversity Data doi:10.3897/ Germany, Sweden, A, Obst M et al. for biodiversity data retrieval, Journal 2(2): e4221 BDJ.2.e4221 Italy, United Kingdom, cleaning, and quality control Finland, Netherlands Miller JT & Jolley- Correcting the disconnect Zootaxa 3754(2): 195 doi:10.11646/ Australia Rogers G between phylogenetics and zootaxa.3754.2.8 biodiversity informatics Ningthoujam SS, NoSQL Data Model for Semi-automatic Phytochemical Analysis doi:10.1002/pca.2520 India, United Kingdom, Choudhury MD, Integration of Ethnomedicinal 25(6): 495-507 Malaysia Potsangbam KS et al. Plant Data from Multiple Sources Rao T & Rajinikanth TV A Hybrid Random Forest based Global Journal of https:// India Support Vector Machine Classification Computer Science and globaljournals.org/ supplemented by boosting Technology: C Software GJCST_Volume14/2- and Data Engineering, A-hybrid-Random- 14(1): 43-53 Forest-based- Support-Vector.pdf Rao T & Rajinikanth TV Supervised Classification of Global Journal of https:// India Remote Sensed data Using Computer Science globaljournals.org/ Support Vector Machine and Technology: C GJCST_Volume14/5- Software and Data Supervised- Engineering, 14(1). Classification-of- Remote-Sensed-data. pdf Singh G & de By RA Spatial Extent Models for Natural Transactions in GIS doi:10.1111/ Netherlands Language Phrases Involving 19: 202–224 tgis.12105 Directional Containment.

data management Thomas KA, Fornwall MD, Organization of marine phenology Ecological Informatics doi:10.1016/j. United States Weltzin JF & Griffis RB data in support of planning 24: 169-176 ecoinf.2014.08.007 and conservation in ocean and coastal ecosystems Van Erp M, Hensel R, Georeferencing Animal Transactions in GIS doi:10.1111/ Netherlands Ceolin D & van der Meij M Specimen Datasets. 19(4): 563-581 tgis.12110 Walls RL, Guralnick Meeting report: advancing practical Standards in Genomic doi:10.1186/1944- United States, Germany, R, Deck J et al. applications of biodiversity ontologies Sciences 9(1): 17 3277-9-17 French Polynesia, United Kingdom 47

Data papers

bibliography AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Alonso P & Iriondo JM URJC GB dataset: Community- PhytoKeys 35: 57-72 doi:10.3897/ Spain based seed bank of Mediterranean phytokeys.35.6746 high-mountain and semi-arid plant species at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Spain). Cally S, Solbès P, Grosso An occurence records database Biodiversity DataJournal doi: 10.3897/ France B & Murienne J of French Guiana harvestmen 2(2): e4244 BDJ.2.e4244 (Arachnida, Opiliones) Camacho A, Dorda Iberian Peninsula and Balearic ZooKeys 386: 1-20 doi: 10.3897/ Spain B & Rey I Island Bathynellacea (Crustacea, zookeys.386.6296 Syncarida) database Decker P, Reip HS Millipedes and centipedes in Biodiversity Data doi:10.3897/ Germany & Voigtländer K German greenhouses (Myriapoda: Journal 2:e1066 BDJ.2.e1066 Diplopoda, Chilopoda) Díaz A, Bover P Fossil Vertebrate Database from International Journal doi: 10.5038/1827- Spain & Alcover J Cova des Pas de Vallgornera of Speleology: 43(2) 806X.43.2.10 (Llucmajor, Mallorca) Galicia D, Pulido-Flores Hidalgo Fishes: Dataset on freshwater ZooKeys 403: 67-109 doi: 10.3897/ Spain, Mexico G, Miranda R et al. fishes of Hidalgo state (Mexico) zookeys.403.7149 in the MZNA fish collection of the University of Navarra (Spain) Griswold T, Gonzalez AnthWest, occurrence records for wool ZooKeys 408: 31-49 doi: 10.3897/ United States V & Ikerd H carder bees of the genus Anthidium zookeys.408.5633 (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidiini) in the Western Hemisphere Groom QJ The distribution of the vascular plants Biodiversity Data doi: 10.3897/ Belgium on the North Frisian Island, Amrum Journal (2) e1108 BDJ.2.e1108

Monteiro M, Reino The collection and database of ZooKeys 387: 89-99 doi: 10.3897/ Portugal, South L, Beja P et al. Birds of Angola hosted at IICT zookeys.387.6412 Africa, Nigeria (Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical), Lisboa, Portugal Morales Rozo A, Valencia Birds of Antioquia: Georeferenced ZooKeys 410: 95-103 doi: 10.3897/ Colombia F, Acosta A & Parra J database of specimens from the zookeys.410.7109 Colección de Ciencias Naturales del Museo Universitario de la Universidad de Antioquia (MUA) Pérez-Luque AJ, Bonet Sinfonevada: Dataset of PhytoKeys 35: 1-15 doi: 10.3897/ Spain FJ, Pérez-Pérez R et al. Floristic diversity in Sierra phytokeys.35.6363 Nevada forests (SE Spain)

Piazza P, Błażewicz- Distributional records of Ross ZooKeys 451: 49-60 doi:10.3897 Italy, Poland, New Zealand papers data Paszkowycz M, Sea (Antarctica) Tanaidacea from zookeys.451.8373 Ghiglione C et al. museum samples stored in the collections of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) and the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Rios P & Cristobo J Antarctic Porifera database from ZooKeys 401: 1–10 doi: 10.3897/ Spain the Spanish benthic expeditions zookeys.401.5522

Schweiger O, Harpke A, CLIMBER: Climatic niche ZooKeys 367: 65-84 doi: 10.3897/ Germany Wiemers M & Settele J characteristics of the zookeys.367.6185 butterflies in Europe 48

GBIF as a research infrastructure

We conclude this year’s Science Review with peer-reviewed papers that, rather than applying data accessed and delivered through GBIF, describe or compare elements of the network as a data and research infrastructure. Where previous years’ accounts of these ‘GBIF discussed’ papers tended to focus on forward-looking plans for the emerging biodiversity facility, scientists and researchers both within and beyond biological domains now frequently mark the example that GBIF offers—be it in the development of standards, tools, data models or workflows­—while seeking to address challenges and seek relevant precedents in the era of big data.

examples

TOWARD AN OPEN-ACCESS MODEL FOR infrastructures can play in preserving the value of ECOLOGICAL MODELS research. With the unique scientific insights possible Bonet FJ, Pérez-Pérez R, Benito BM et al. (2014) from massive global databases only now beginning Documenting, storing, and executing models in Ecology: A to emerge, they suggest that scientific and academic conceptual framework and real implementation in a global communities and their supporers should fully change monitoring program. Environmental Modelling & acknowledge the academic and scientific value of Software 52: 192-199. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.027 contributing to open-access efforts. Author country: Spain Research funding: Andalusian Regional Government DESCRIBING THE NATIONAL BENEFITS OF Modelling and data processing are now an inherent FEDERATED RUSSIAN BIODIVERSITY DATA part of ecological research, but guidance on best Ivanova NV & Shashkov MP (2014) Approaches to practices and analytical procedures around the Development of Common Information Resource on Species documentation, storage or operation of such Biodiversity. Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics work is largely absent. The Spanish authors here 9(2). http://www.matbio.org/article.php?journ_ id=18&id=199&lang=eng describe ModeleR, a workflow-based tool used in an Author country: Russia environmental monitoring programme in the Sierra Nevada region. By adopting an open access approach In introducing the GBIF network to Russian speakers, to data publication modelled on GBIF, they propose to the authors call attention to how its community extend the tool’s collaborative utility through linked standards could support the development of a and federated repositories that can be shared and Russian Biodiversity Database that would aggregate even executed by other researchers. and unify biodiversity data at a national level. CULTIVATING LONG-TERM RESEARCH VALUE COMPARING VIRTUAL HERBARIA THROUGH OPEN ACCESS DATA Jones T, Baxter D, Hagedorn G et al. (2014) Trends in Costello MJ, Appeltans W, Bailly N et al. (2013) Strategies access of plant biodiversity data revealed by Google for the sustainability of online open-access biodiversity Analytics. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1558. doi:10.3897/ databases. Biological Conservation 173:155-165. BDJ.2.e1558 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.042 Author countries: United States, Germany, Australia Author countries: New Zealand, Belgium, Germany, Using Google Analytics, the authors analyzed the Netherlands, Philippines, United States, United Kingdom digital presence of plant biodiversity data provided Research funding: European Commission 7th Framework by 15 different online resources, including GBIF.org. Programme The knowledge drawn from this analysis provides Calling attention to the fact that biodiversity data comparative statistics along with metrics about gathered on the strength of research funding ‘often usability, design, and potential future development stagnate when project funding expired’, the authors within biodiversity informatics. explore the critical roles that collaborative data research infrastructure 49

A SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL PUBLISHING AND SHARING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY DATASETS VIA THE IPT Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R et al. (2014) The biodiversity Robertson T, Döring M, Guralnick RP et al. (2014) The GBIF of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and Integrated Publishing Toolkit: Facilitating the Efficient protection. Science 344(6187): 1246752-1246752. Publishing of Biodiversity Data on the Internet. PLoS ONE doi:10.1126/science.1246752 9(8): e102623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102623 Author countries: United States, Switzerland, Brazil, United Author countries: Denmark, United States, Belgium Kingdom Working with partners from VertNET in the United Research funding: CAPES—Ciência Sem Fronteiras States and INBO in Belgium, developers at the GBIF This research team reviews knowledge of species Secretariat described the features and functions (and recognized gaps in it), with a focus on of the Integrated Publishing Toolkit software. The extinction rates, distributions and protection in discussion outlines the impetus and creation of the order to contribute to an upcoming assessment by IPT, its continuing evolution, and its impact on the the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on biodiversity research community and data publishing. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). While citing significant progress in expanding biodiversity knowledge through new global data sources like the GBIF network, they highlight these databases’ role in analysing and updating estimates on rates of species extinction, hypothesizing them to be 1,000 times higher than natural background rates—yet still likely to be underestimated for the future.

bibliography

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Amaral R, Badia RM, Supporting biodiversity studies Concurrency and doi:10.1002/cpe.3238 Brazil, Spain, Italy, Blanquer I et al. with the EUBrazilOpenBio Computation: Practice Netherlands, United Hybrid Data Infrastructure and Experience Kingdom 27(2): 376-394 Baker E, Rycroft Linking multiple biodiversity Biodiversity Data doi:10.3897/ United Kingdom S, & Smith V informatics platforms with Journal 2:e1039 BDJ.2.e1039 Darwin Core Archives Banbury BL & O’Meara BC Reol: R interface to the Ecology and Evolution doi:10.1002/ United States Encyclopedia of Life 4(12): 2577-2583 ece3.1109 Bino G, Ramp D & Identifying minimal sets of International Journal doi:10.1080/13658 Australia Kingsford RT survey techniques for multi- of Geographical 816.2013.871016 species monitoring across Information Science landscapes: an approach utilising 28(8): 1674-1708 species distribution models Bonet FJ, Pérez-Pérez Documenting, storing, and executing Environmental Modelling doi:10.1016/j. Spain R, Benito BM et al. models in Ecology: A conceptual & Software 52: 192-199 envsoft.2013.10.027 framework and real implementation in a global change monitoring program Booth TH, Nix HA, Bioclim: the first species distribution Diversity and doi:10.1111/ Australia Busby JR et al. modelling package, its early Distributions 20(1):1-9 ddi.12144 applications and relevance to most current MaxEnt studies

Cook JA, Edwards Natural History Collections BioScience doi:10.1093/ United States infrastructure research SV, Lacey EA et al. as Emerging Resources for 64(8):725-734 biosci/biu096 Innovative Education Costello MJ, Appeltans Strategies for the sustainability Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. New Zealand, Germany, W, Bailly N et al. of online open-access 173:155-165 biocon.2013.07.042 Belgium, Netherlands, biodiversity databases United Kingdom, Philippines, United States Costello MJ & Best practice for biodiversity data Biological Conservation doi:10.1016/j. New Zealand, United States Wieczorek JR management and publication 173:68-73 biocon.2013.10.018 50

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Duputié A, Zimmermann Where are the wild things? Global Ecology doi:10.1111/ France, Switzerland NE, & Chuine I Why we need better data on and Biogeography geb.12118 species distribution 23(4):457-467 Emilio G-R, Guisande Using ModestR to download, import Methods in Ecology doi:10.1111/2041- Spain, Colombia C, Juergen H et al. and clean species distribution records and Evolution 210X.12209 Favret C Cybertaxonomy to accomplish Insect Science doi:10.1111/1744- Canada big things in aphid systematics 21(3):392-399 7917.12088

Fuentes D & Fiore N The LifeWatch approach to ZooKeys 463:133-48 doi:10.3897/ Italy the exploration of distributed zookeys.463.8397 species information Graham M & Kennedy J Vesper: Visualising species archives Ecological Informatics doi:10.1016/j. United Kingdom 24:132-147 ecoinf.2014.08.004 Herrando-Perez S, Brook Ecology Needs a Convention BioScience doi:10.1093/ Spain, Australia BW & Bradshaw CJA of Nomenclature 64(4):311-321 biosci/biu013 Hoffmann A, Penner The need for an integrated Nature Conservation doi:10.3897/ Germany, France, United J, Vohland K et al. biodiversity policy support 6:49-65 natureconservation. Kingdom, Estonia, Spain, process – Building the European 6.6498 Bulgaria, Finland, Denmark contribution to a global Biodiversity Observation Network (EU BON) Hudson LN, Newbold The PREDICTS database: Ecology and Evolution doi:10.1002/ United Kingdom, Tanzania, T, Contu S et al. a global database of how 4(24): 4(24): 4701-4735 ece3.1303 Denmark, Belgium, local terrestrial biodiversity Germany, Ghana, Costa responds to human impacts Rica, Argentina, Malaysia, Mexico, Colombia, Uruguay, Hungary, Brazil, Canada, Portugal, Sweden, Guyana, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Czech Republic, Japan, Australia, India, Greece, Papua New Guinea, United States, Jordan, Philippines, Kenya, China, Finland, Nigeria, Singapore, Netherlands, Russia Isaac, N. J. B., van Strien, Statistics for citizen science: Methods in Ecology doi:10.1111/2041- United Kingdom A. J., August, TA et al. extracting signals of change and Evolution 5(10): 210X.12254 from noisy ecological data 1052-1060 Ivanova NV & Approaches to Development of Mathematical Biology http://www.matbio. Russia Shashkov MP Common Information Resource and Bioinformatics 9(2) org/article.php on Species Biodiversity ?journ_id=18& id=199&lang=eng Jones T, Baxter D, Trends in access of plant biodiversity Biodiversity Data doi:10.3897/ United States, Hagedorn G et al. data revealed by Google Analytics Journal 2:e1558 BDJ.2.e1558 Germany, Australia Kalwij JM, Robertson Spatially-Explicit Estimation of PLoS ONE 9(1):e85306 doi:10.1371/journal. South Africa MP, Ronk A et al. Geographical Representation in Large- pone.0085306 Scale Species Distribution Datasets Laurenne N, Tuominen Making species checklists Journal of Biomedical http://www. Finland J, Saarenmaa H et al. understandable to machines Semantics 5(1):40 jbiomedsem.com/ - a shift from relational content/5/1/40 databases to ontologies Mathew C, Güntsch A semi-automated workflow Biodiversity Data doi: 10.3897/ Germany, Sweden, A, Obst M et al. for biodiversity data retrieval, Journal 2: e4221 BDJ.2.e4221 Italy, United Kingdom, cleaning, and quality control Finland, Netherlands Matutinovic SF Open Access in Botany Botanica Serbica http:// Serbia 38(1): 191-195 botanicaserbica. bio.bg.ac.rs/arhiva/ pdf/2014_38_1_610_ full.pdf research infrastructure 51

AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL DOI/URL AUTHOR COUNTRIES

Mestre A, Mesquita- A review of the Entocytheridae Crustaceana 87(8- doi:10.1163/ Spain Joanes F & Monrós JS (Ostracoda) of the world: updated 9):923-951 15685403-00003337 bibliographic and species checklists and global georeferenced database, with insights into host specificity and latitudinal patterns of species richness Miyazaki Y, Murase Biological monitoring by citizens Biodiversity and doi:10.1007/s10531- Japan A, Shiina M et al. using Web-based photographic Conservation 014-0724-4 databases of fishes 23(9):2383-2391 Monteiro M, Reino The collection and database of ZooKeys 387:89-99 doi:10.3897/ Portugal, South L, Beja P et al. Birds of Angola hosted at IICT zookeys.387.6412 Africa, Nigeria (Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical), Lisboa, Portugal Parr CS, Wilson N, The Encyclopedia of Life v2: Biodiversity Data doi:10.3897/ United States Leary P et al. Providing Global Access to Journal 2:e1079 BDJ.2.e1079 Knowledge About Life on Earth Pimm SL, Jenkins The biodiversity of species Science doi:10.1126/ United States, CN, Abell R et al. and their rates of extinction, 344(6187):1246752– science.1246752 Brazil, Switzerland, distribution, and protection 1246752 United Kingdom Pylro VS, Roesch LFW, Brazilian Microbiome Project: Microbial Ecology doi:10.1007/s00248- Brazil, United Kingdom Ortega JM et al. revealing the unexplored microbial 67(2):237-41 013-0302-4 diversity--challenges and prospects Robertson T, Döring M, The GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit: PLoS ONE 9(8):e102623 doi:10.1371/journal. Denmark, United Guralnick RP et al. Facilitating the Efficient Publishing pone.0102623 States, Belgium of Biodiversity Data on the Internet Skevakis G, Makris Metadata management, International Journal doi:10.1007/s00799- Greece K, Kalokyri V et al. interoperability and Linked on Digital Libraries 014-0114-2 Data publishing support for 14(3-4):127-140 Natural History Museums Söhngen C, Bunk B, BacDive--the Bacterial Nucleic Acids Research doi:10.1093/ Germany Podstawka A et al. Diversity Metadatabase 42(1):D592–9 nar/gkt1058 Szabo I, Hurley G, A call for the preservation of The Auk 131(3):321-326 doi:10.1642/ Canada Cavaghan S et al. images, recordings, and other data AUK-13-237.1 in association with avian genetic samples, and the introduction of a solution: OMBIRDS Tewksbury JJ, Anderson Natural History’s Place in BioScience doi:10.1093/ Canada, Switzerland JGT, Bakker JD et al. Science and Society 64(4);300-310 biosci/biu032 Varela S, González- rAvis: An R-Package for Downloading PloS ONE 9(3):e91650 doi:10.1371/journal. Czech Republic, Brazil, Hernández J, Information Stored in Proyecto AVIS, pone.0091650 Spain, United States Casabella E et al. a Citizen Science Bird Project Walls RL, Deck J, Semantics in Support of Biodiversity PLoS ONE 9(3):e89606 doi:10.1371/journal. United States, Germany, Guralnick RP et al. Knowledge Discovery: An Introduction pone.0089606 France, French Polynesia, to the Biological Collections United Kingdom Ontology and Related Ontologies Wielstra B, Sillero The distribution of the crested and Amphibia-Reptilia doi:10.1163/ Portugal, Hungary, N, Vörös J et al. marbled newt species (Amphibia: 35(3): 376-381 15685381-00002960 Netherlands Salamandridae: Triturus) – an addition to the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe

Zorrilla R, Poltosi M, Conceptual View Representation of Data Science Journal 13 doi:10.2481/ Brazil infrastructure research Gadelha L et al. the Brazilian Information System on dsj.IFPDA-04 Antarctic Environmental Research GBIF Secretariat COMMUNICATIONS TEAM Universitetsparken 15 SAMPREETHI AIPANJIGULY DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø KYLE AARON COPAS Denmark TIM HIRSCH MAHEVA BAGARD LAURSEN tel +45 35 32 14 70 fax +45 35 32 14 80 COVER DESIGN email [email protected] HOOGS DESIGN web www.gbif.org