Energy Policies of IEA Countries Poland
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Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp Energy Policies of IEA Countries Poland 2011 Review Energy Policies of IEA Countries Poland Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland’s energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland’s power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland’s efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country’s energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government’s attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland’s potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. -:HSTCQE=U^]V]X: (61 2011 04 1P1) 978-92-64-09818-3 €75 Energy Policies of IEA Countries Poland 2011 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among 28 advanced economies, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency aims to: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2011 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available also participates in online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp the work of the IEA. Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Key recommendations ............................................................................................................... 14 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................15 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY...................................................................................................................... 17 Country overview ....................................................................................................................... 17 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 18 Energy policy institutions ........................................................................................................... 22 Key policies ................................................................................................................................. 24 Competition and consumer protection ..................................................................................... 28 Energy prices and taxes ............................................................................................................. 29 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 32 3. CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................................................................................. 33 Emissions trends and projections .............................................................................................. 33 CO2 emissions abatement potential .......................................................................................... 36 Targets and objectives ............................................................................................................... 38 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 39 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 44 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................... 45 Energy intensity ......................................................................................................................... 45 Policy framework ....................................................................................................................... 46 Policies and measures by sector ................................................................................................ 47 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 57 2011 3 OECD/IEA, © Table of contents PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................59 5. ELECTRICITY, HEATING AND NUCLEAR ENERGY .................................................................................... 61 Electricity supply and demand ................................................................................................... 61 Investment needs ...................................................................................................................... 65 Policy priorities .......................................................................................................................... 66 Nuclear Energy Programme ....................................................................................................... 66 Industry structure and regulatory framework ........................................................................... 68 Electricity pricing ........................................................................................................................ 74 District heating ........................................................................................................................... 75 Combined heat and power .......................................................................................................