Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Central Sri Lanka Mitigating Landslide and Rock-Fall Damage in Urban Nawalapitiya

Community-based Sri Lanka disaster management

Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program afer Scities 5 Case studies on mitigating disasters in Asia and the Pacific

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Central Sri Lanka Mitigating landslide and rock-fall damage in urban Nawalapitiya

n 1965, Maginona and her family were uprooted from the busy commercial Icenter of Nawalapitiya and forced to move to hilly Soysakelle on the outskirts as a temporary shelter from flood. More than thirty years later, she continues to stay in the small matchbox house set in a row of wooden shacks high on that landslide prone hill. Here she has brought up three Maginona benefits children. At 64, with her blind husband’s pension, Maginona just about from landslide manages to make ends meet. She fears the possibility of a landslide but mitigation efforts the thought of relocating is daunting. “Every time it rains I fear the slope in Soysakelle will give way and these houses will end up on the neighbors’ below.” Abstract

Soysakelle was one community selected to pilot the community-based This case study looks at two community- disaster mitigation efforts in Nawalapitiya. Today, Maginona’s humble abode based disaster mitigation initiatives in is protected by a community-built drain, which carries storm water down Nawalapitiya, in Kandy district, central Sri the slope to the river. Lanka. It demonstrates a novel experience as state, non-government organizations, local authorities and community groups collaborated to reduce disaster vulnerability of the Mapping danger zones affected communities. In Soysakelle, this Landslide risks are assessed and incorporated partnership worked well and a storm- as part of policy planning and actions water drain was constructed, leading to further joint community efforts. In Gondennawa, the same approach did not Sri Lanka witnesses rise in landslide disasters work so well. Here, the steep sloping terrain made it difficult for people’s ith the opening up of its economy in the mid-1980s, participation in the community-proposed WSri Lanka saw rapid development and growth, fire belt and afforestation initiatives. especially in the hilly regions. It was also during this Conflict arose on issues of land period that the country witnessed an escalation ownership and different perceptions of whose responsibility it was to mitigate disasters. India These community-based mitigation efforts made use of landslide-risk maps, the technical knowledge of disasters and the public awareness generated by earlier projects implemented by the Center for Housing, Planning and Building (CHPB), Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), National Building Research Organization (NBRO) and Urban Development Authority (UDA), with support from the Nawalapitiya• Nawalapitiya Urban Council (NUC).

The inside story

Mapping danger zones, page 1 Organizations collaborate, page 3 Living with landslides, page 6 Future challenges, page 7

June 2003 in landslides. For example, in 1986, assessment team placed the direct collaboration with assistance from the following unprecedented rain, more losses at USD35.5 million. Even in UNDP and the United Nations Center than 51 lives were lost, 10,000 families 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999 and 2002, for Human Rights. This project, were rendered homeless and many landslides were responsible for heavy implemented by the National Building development projects came to a losses and continues to do so. Research Organization (NBRO), has grinding halt. been extended to year 2007 to map all Government focus on landslide prone districts in Sri Lanka. Before the country could recover from disaster mitigation since 1990 the aftermath, landslides struck several NBRO hazard-mapping project parts of the island again with greater August 1990 was a turning point in shows high risk fury in 1989. Over 300 people were government policy on natural-disaster killed and more than 15,000 families mitigation in Sri Lanka. The According to the NBRO, more than 20 became homeless. A United Nations government established the Landslide per cent of the country’s total land area Development Program (UNDP) Hazard Mapping Project as a tripartite is highly prone to landslides. The nature of the steeply rising mountainous zone, soil type, weather, as well as urbanization and human activity, have Defining landslide factfile all contributed to the increasing threat of landslides. Landslide is caused by soil or rock being displaced along a slope. The NBRO has listed 62 highly Loose boulders dislodged from the bedrock of steep hills cause rock fall. These populated/urban locations as being rocks come crashing down causing damage to property and injury to human life. vulnerable to landslides. National highways are often damaged, cutting off communication and transport. The main east-west highway, known as the A4, was damaged by major landslides at least thrice in the last five years.

Projects demonstrate disaster mitigation

For any active intervention of disaster preparedness and mitigation, the hazard zoning maps could identify areas and magnitude of the risk. To integrate this effort with the regional and urban planning process, the Sri Lanka Urban Multi-Hazard Disaster Mitigation Project (SLUMDMP) was commissioned as part of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center’s (ADPC’s) Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program (AUDMP). Under this project, the main aim was to integrate disaster mitigation into development policy and planning. To aid this process, construction guidelines and codes of practice for human settlement planning in hilly areas, as well as raising awareness among politicians, planners and masons were carried out in a number of cities, including Nawalapitiya.

However, it is often at the community level where the impact of disasters is felt and it is also where the risks can be reduced by the communities themselves. Increasingly, it is believed that when the capacities of a 2 community are recognized, the solution Highlighted earlier are the basic Reduction,” funded by the United comes from within the community itself, principles of Community-Based Kingdom’s Department for International making them stronger and self-reliant. Disaster Mitigation (CBDM) that are Development and implemented by the The solutions are realistic and the increasingly being recognized by non- Intermediate Technology Development community feels responsible and government organizations (NGOs), Group (ITDG) in Sri Lanka, the CBDM involved in the disaster mitigation government agencies and the donor approach was piloted in Nawalapitiya process. This leads to more effective community as one of the important in collaboration with the Center for and sustainable mitigation that is approaches to reducing disaster risks. Housing Planning and Building integrated as part of the development Under a South Asia program entitled (CHPB), NBRO, Nawalapitiya Urban process. “Livelihood Options for Disaster Risk Council (NUC) and local NGOs.

Organizations collaborate in mitigating disasters Examples from vulnerable communities in Nawalapitiya

awalapitiya is located in to 70pph by 2005. Proximity to schools, NKandy district at the start utilities, transport and work places has of Sri Lanka’s central placed a high value on property even mountain massif, with the in high or moderate landslide risk country’s longest river, Large boulders areas. Affected populations have Mahaweli, carving out a natural block traffic on the resigned themselves to living with the Dolosbage Road boundary for the town’s urban at Gondennawa possibility of disaster rather than be limits. The 2.6 square- after a rock fall uprooted from the conveniences kilometer town nestles offered by the location. between steep mountain slopes and the river, with altitude landslides sites can be identified. Some Communities plan mitigation ranging between 560 to 830 meters older sites have been utilized for initiatives together above sea level. Located in a wet, houses, public areas and in one mountainous zone, it receives an annual particular instance, for a school Through technical and social research rainfall of about 4,000 to 5,000 mm. building. conducted by ITDG and NBRO that Nawalapitiya is a multi-ethnic town made use of the 1:10,000 NUC hazard representing a great deal of racial and Nawalapitiya’s problems with natural maps, and the awareness-raising and religious diversity. The people here use hazards do not end with landslides. training activities implemented under both Sri Lanka’s official languages - Floods are common too, as the town’s the SLUMDMP, two of the eight pilot Sinhala and Tamil. archaic drainage system, built by the wards in Nawalapitiya were selected for British over a century ago, cannot cope the CBDM initiatives - Soysakelle and During the British colonial days, with the heavy rainfall. During the dry Gondennawa (Dolosbage Road). Nawalapitiya was used as a railway spell there is the added threat of forest Soysakelle had witnessed a recent base for the surrounding tea fire (always man-made) in the high, landslide and Gondennawa had to bear plantations. A major part of the rail grassy slopes above the town. the threat of frequent bush fires and infrastructure, including elaborate rock fall. houses and stores, now lay in a state The high population density in of disrepair and neglect. Nawalapitiya exacerbates these Before the community-based problems. A survey in 1998 showed a demonstration project initiated by the The area has long been known for population density of 66 persons per ITDG got underway, household landslides and rock fall. Several recent hectare (pph), poised to increase up members of both localities gathered to

Safer Cities

Safer Cities is a series of case studies that illustrate how people, communities, cities, governments and businesses have been able to make cities safer before disasters strike. The series presents strategies and approaches to urban disaster mitigation derived from analyses of real-life experiences, good practices and lessons learned in Asia and the Pacific. This user-friendly resource is designed to provide decision-makers, planners, city and community leaders and trainers with an array of proven ideas, tools, policy options and strategies for urban disaster mitigation. The key principles emphasized throughout Safer Cities are broad-based participation, partnerships, sustainability and replication of success stories.

The contents here may be freely quoted with credit given to the implementing institution, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), and to the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ADPC or USAID. The information in this series is provided for purposes of dissemination. For more details, please refer to the contacts listed at the end of this material. Publication of this case study was made possible through the support provided by the OFDA, USAID, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement No. 386-A-00-00-00068.

Safer Cities 5, AUDMP 3 review research findings and help design mitigation measures. Through community participation, several distinct projects were identified. Two CBOs (Community-Based Organizations) were formed to carry out the mitigation measures that were proposed. A field officer from ITDG coordinated the activities of the CBOs.

To mobilize the community, a core group was formed between the Soysakelle community participates in the drain building exercise community and the project partners - ITDG, NBRO and NUC. The Soysakelle demonstrates A CBO was formed in Soysakelle in awareness and capacity building that that it is possible July 2002. Project funds were was achieved through the SLUMDMP channeled through the Soysakelle project created a conducive Despite a recent landslide and the Prajamula Sanvidanaya (Soysakelle background for CBDM in Nawalapitiya. possibility of recurrence, people of CBO) to construct a storm-water drain. Several brainstorming sessions were Soysakelle, like Maginona, ignored the With the NBRO’s engineering expertise, organized and three meetings were suggestion of relocating due to the a system of drains was designed to held at Nawalapitiya and Colombo with area’s proximity to the town take rainwater from the community mobilization experts from center and their reluctance “We meet every populated upper slopes ITDG to formulate action plans for to leave inherited land. month on full moon down to the river. At community activities. The proposed day, a public holiday,” present, 865 feet of structural interventions for mitigation However, following said Pichchai Gani Naufer, the drain has been were designed by the NBRO in several community the CBO’s treasurer. “Each completed, and the final consultation with the communities. The meetings, a practical member cleans and link to the river is under NUC provided logistical and political solution to the problem removes sediment from construction. support toward encouraging was identified. The lack the drain outside communities to help themselves. of a proper drain in the their homes.” “This community had many congested hillside caused problems before the CBO was CBDM training conducted problems during the monsoons, formed,” said the supervising field for project partners including minor landslips, cracks in officer. “There was much animosity houses, collapsing walls and lack of between neighbors, and few were on Meanwhile in Colombo, the ITDG sanitation. Therefore, it was decided to agreeable terms with one another.” But together with the CHPB conducted two construct and maintain a storm-water the CBO managed to rope in local training workshops for Community- drain. community members toward a Based Disaster Management (CBDM) in Sinhala and Tamil. CBO leaders and project partners from Nawalapitiya attended these training sessions for a About Soysakelle, Ward No. 7, NUC clearer idea of the concept and practise Soysakelle is located on the periphery of the town center on a of CBDM. The aim was to take the Kandy CBDM concepts to the community slope that leads to the Mahaweli river. Resided predominantly •(7pph) by low-income families, it has poor infrastructure and services. through the implementing organizations The ward comprising 124 households is a melting pot of - CBOs and government partners. communities, legal and illegal settlers, long-time residents Soysakelle• Nawalapitiya and new migrants with a population density of 122pph. (122pph) (58pph) NUC’s average density is 58pph and Kandy district’s average is 7pph.

The Soysakelle community largely depends on paid labor from the town center to make ends meet. High rate of unemployment and large family size (average 5.3) has exacerbated the socio-economic conditions of the populace.

A landslide occurred here in August 1994 covering one acre of land. The main cause - river erosion and heavy rains. Two homes, 26 meters of road and storm drains were damaged. Inhabitants of the damaged houses had noticed cracks appear a week before the landslide and moved out in advance, thus no lives were lost. To fill the landslide gully, NUC had used solid waste generated within the city. This led A boulder stops just to other problems like pollution of the river and health hazards to Soysakelle short of hitting the residents. house in Gondennawa 4 common good. Fighting among lessons households, Soysakelle residents learned themselves will tell you, has lessened Participatory decision-making to noticeably since construction of the provide effective and sustainable drain started. “We meet every month solutions. on full moon day, a public holiday,” said Convince through demonstrations. Pichchai Gani Naufer, the CBO’s Coordinate by facilitating partnerships and activities. treasurer. “Each member cleans and This house in removes sediment from the drain Soysakelle was outside their homes.” renovated recently over the newly built drain issues to consider The benefit of the drain is now obvious and most residents take the task of Community’s willingness and maintenance seriously. The drain has capability (time, resources, skills) improved their lives and sanitation. to participate. Especially in the case of Kusuma Participation does not mean Perera, 40, whose home used to get contribution to labor only. flooded with water from the community Participation means contribution to toilets during a storm. Following the goal, planning process and construction of the drain, several administration. homes too have been upgraded and improved. The tree-planting campaign, which community-based initiatives across The people here can suggest more sounded ideal and practical on all South Asia. If the fire belt and tree ways to stabilize the hillside against counts, also met some obstacles. planting were done on public property earth slips but cannot yet see themselves Firstly, it was difficult to grow any type vested in the community, involvement raising necessary funds to implement of trees on the barren rocky slopes. The and sense of ownership may have those schemes. The community, due to project managers’ choice of food- been greater. This issue will need to their low income and education levels, producing trees were unsuited for the be tackled with location-specific relies to a large extent on external terrain and were constantly attacked by solutions in consultation with all agencies for solutions and funding. wild animals. Secondly, during the dry stakeholders. season, the community faced water Gondennawa provides scarcity and were not prepared to It has been difficult to hand over the important lessons maintain the plants. Of the 3,000 project to the 16-member Ekamuthu saplings that were planted over a six- Prajamula Sanvidanaya (United CBO) Two activities were identified for month period, only a few survived. of Godennawa, due to the above Gondennawa following a series of reasons. Despite the community’s community meetings. During dry The land identified for tree planting was higher level of education and weather, man-made fires destroyed the partly owned by businessmen living in employment (compared to Soysakelle), grass cover on the slopes, increasing Nawalapitiya. The community was not this CBO has found it difficult to soil erosion and the risk of landslide. A prepared to invest their efforts in maintain the interest of its members to fire belt was proposed to prevent the planting trees on land that was not their meet regularly to facilitate work on the spread. The community also suggested own. This is a common issue seen in interventions. increasing tree cover between home- steads and the upper slopes to provide a natural buffer against falling rocks. Gondennawa (Dolosbage Road) Ward No. 8 of NUC

Unfortunately, the steep sloping terrain According to the landslide maps developed by the NBRO, Gondennawa is zoned made it difficult for the community to as a high-risk area. Jayantha Perera, a lawyer, and housewife Ariyawathie participate fully in the venture. Ambakumbura do not have much in common. However, living in the same neighborhood they share a common risk - the threat of rock fall on their houses and Moreover, it was observed that the the possibility of landslide along the steep slope. community’s higher social status and involvement in the service sector meant Both have their homes, albeit very different in size and structure, along Dolosbage that many were generally not prepared Road. This community lives under the constant threat of landslide and rock fall. In to engage in activities that involved 1994, several large boulders crashed on to the Nawalapitiya-Dolosbage road hard labor. Making a 10 to15 feet wide obstructing traffic.In Gondennawa, the community is more educated and have better fire belt along 1.5 kilometers of hill job security (since most work for the Railway Department) compared with Soysakelle. slope proved to be a good example. The homes occupied by many railway workers are old quarters built for high-ranking The work, therefore, had to be railway officials, now condemned by the local authorities due to landslide and rock- fall risk. Cheaper rents here have prompted people to occupy these houses despite subcontracted to two laborers who the danger. specialized in working on that terrain. Safer Cities 5, AUDMP 5 Environmental protection reduces disaster risks

Environmental protection was to sustainable development through a Road in Sinhala and Tamil, warning the integrated as a vital part of the project reduction in natural disasters. A community of fire hazard. People living to promote interest and awareness campaign against man-made forest here claim that forest fire incidence has among the two communities and the fires was carried out, with support from reduced drastically since the rest of Nawalapitiya that good the NUC. Three large signboards were awareness campaigns were carried environmental management can lead erected at Gondennawa, Dolosbage out.

Living with landslides Communities learn to help themselves through increased awareness and capacity

Educating engineers, architects and builders

o promote safer building designed by the CHPB. An outline of with a practical component, which T construction in communities the training module is given below. involved the private sector. The nationwide, workshops aimed at craftsmen were given demonstrations improving the construction industry’s The ITDG and NBRO conducted two of new technology like gabions, flood- skills on disaster-area building workshops under the Livelihood proof walls and concrete retaining practices were conducted by the Options project aimed at craftsmen and walls. The second workshop brought SLUMDMP and the Livelihood Options engineers. The workshops provided together engineers, architects and road project. They drew participants not only construction tips on stabilizing buildings construction officials (state and private) from Nawalapitya but also from in dangerous areas. At the town hall, working in Kandy. adjoining urban areas in Kandy. The the first workshop brought together 25 modules for these workshops were skilled craftsmen for a day’s program

The training module for construction in disaster prone areas

1 Introductory session: explain course objectives, contents and structure. 2 Introduction to natural hazards and the importance of disaster mitigation. 3 Landslide mitigation: structural measures to reduce landslide risk. 4 Flood mitigation: how to build flood-proof buildings. 5 Construction considerations in areas prone to high winds/cyclone. 6 Protection of buildings and safety from lightning hazard. 7 Demonstration on application of new construction technologies. a Introduction to gabion construction. b Practical session on engineered construction (retaining walls, gabions, concrete retaining walls, flood-proof walls, lightning protectors and roof for high winds).

Course module developed by CHPB. Resource persons from CHPB, NBRO, ITDG, Meteorological Department, and the private sector. The skills training workshop gives practical demonstrations to craftsmen

Harnessing private sector interest in mitigation

Several gabion-construction retailers were happy to participate has eroded the toe or base of the old specialists and water-proofing and promote their activities and landslide and is likely to cause experts from the private sector products in these workshops,” an another disaster. Concrete participated in the Nawalapitiya skills NBRO official said. reinforcement is estimated to cost development workshops. “The most SLR2 million (USD20,610), which encouraging factor about the In the future, project managers aim cannot be raised through the project workshops was that we managed to to leverage more private participation or NUC funds, and the project get the private sector involved. The to carry out landslide protection, partners are hoping for private sector construction industry, suppliers and especially in Soysakelle. The river cooperation to build the structure. 6 Future challenges A ripple effect

he two projects described above, precautionary measures to mitigate development. The NUC, under a new Twhile being invaluable exercises hazard risks when constructing new political leadership, is pressing for in community-based approach to buildings in the areas identified as expansion of its urban limits for town disasters, are but drops in the ocean. vulnerable on the map. This will be development. The council is expected The hazard maps show clearly that presented to the NUC and handed to pass legislation that would vulnerability is spread all over the over to the NUC for implementation. incorporate the hazard and risk maps urban center and that the town has The project also hopes to raise funds in future planning activity and building little resources to handle the impact for a gabion structure to protect the approvals. It is worth mentioning of future disasters, in the face of base of Soysakelle’s old landslide. that the NUC has been increasing expanding population and limited Plans and cost estimates for this its annual budget for disaster resources. activity are completed. management from SLR50,000 (USD518) in 1999 to SLR200,000 The Livelihood Options project has Meanwhile, the Urban Development (USD2,072) in 2002. The NUC is also specific plans for future activity. A risk- Authority (UDA) is finalizing a expected to put into practise the action based map is being prepared by the comprehensive development plan plans and guidelines that emerge from NBRO with settlement guidelines for using the hazard zonation maps under both the SLUMDMP and the Livelihood the NUC. The guidelines will spell out SLUMDMP, for Nawalapitiya’s future Options projects.

Conclusion

he project has been an exercise in personal interest in its maintenance. The ITDG and NBRO hope that as a Tpartnerships and an experience in But in Gondennawa, the community partner, the NUC would take an active building upon results and lessons action required was on a steep, interest in the long-term maintenance of previous projects. This pilot inaccessible hillside where benefits of the interventions together with the demonstration project was the first were neither immediate nor personal. community. However, the council, time in Sri Lanka that textbook pressed for resources, has shown little knowledge on landslide hazard Attitude change has been slow promise of that. mitigation was applied in a practical, throughout the project. Dependency community-based effort to reduce on local government and state At this juncture, project partners may vulnerability and safeguard institutions to provide have to rethink the way forward. lives and livelihood. It was a The project answers was common and Changing urban attitudes and new experience for all the has been an the communities expected dependency on state interventions is parties involved. exercise in the NUC to take on a a slow process that will require more partnerships and larger portion of project than just these pilot demonstrations to Mobilizing an urban an experience in responsibility. It proved achieve. More consultations with the community to take building upon easier to implement community and other partners may mitigation into their own results and common activity in the pave the way for new means of hands presented project lessons of poorer sections of the town managing the work already done with partners with a number of previous in Soysakelle. Those living the communities as well as set a new challenges. Although people projects. in state-provided houses with direction for future activity. showed great enthusiasm at regular employment at the lessons the beginning of the project, when it Railway Department in Gondennawa Why partner? came to physically implementing the saw little personal gain to get involved learned activities that they themselves had in community activity. recommended, the enthusiasm Avoid duplications. waned. Continuity of interventions and much Maximize resources (human, material and information). of the future depends overly on the Build on previous and existing There were differences in the way the interest and participation of the NUC. knowledge and projects. two communities perceived the Under the previous political A project needs both structural projects and its results. The drain- leadership, the NUC played a crucial and non-structural components. building exercise in Soysakelle gave role at the start of both projects by A project needs support of senior immediate results. One storm and lending moral and logistical support. government officials and people were convinced of the benefit, But a change of political leadership community members. their lives improved and they took a has altered the situation at present.

Safer Cities 5, AUDMP 7 Further References On CBDM in Sri Lanka On CBDM Relevant Safer Cities case studies:

NBRO & ITDG South Asia, 2001, Livelihood Options ADPC Community-Based Disaster Management Safer Cities 1: Community-Based Initiatives in for Disaster Risk Reduction in Landslide Prone Course Curriculum (including Trainer’s Guide, Kathmandu Valley, January 2002. Areas. Coordinator’s Guide, Participant’s Workbook and Safer Cities 2: Coping with Flood in Cambodian Kottegoda, S., 2001, A Study of the Gender Aspects of Reading Materials). Communities, June 2002. Communities Living with Drought and Lanslides ADPC Information Resources on Community-Based Safer Cities 3: Mitigating Flood Risk in Cambodian in Sri Lanka, ITDG. Disaster Management (CD-ROM), September Communities, July 2002. CHPB, NBRO, UDA, Guidelines for Construction in 2001. Safer Cities 6: Promotion of Disaster Mitigation in Sri Disaster Prone Areas, a Product of the SLUMDMP. Lanka, October 2003.

Editorial Board About the Author

The Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) is an international development agency that promotes appropriate Safer Cities 5 has been reviewed by: technology options around the world. The ITDG was established by E.F. Schumacher, the famous economist and author of Dr. Suvit Yodmani, ADPC the widely read book Small is Beautiful. ITDG South Asia has been operating in Sri Lanka since 1989. ITDG South Asia Mr. N.M.S.I. Arambepola, ADPC currently works in the areas of energy, transport, manufacturing, agro-processing and disaster mitigation. Mr. Rajesh Sharma, ADPC Mrs. Geethi Karunaratne, CHPB The regional program for Livelihood Options for Disaster Risk Reduction, funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, was implemented in five South Asian countries - Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Mr. Lionel Hewawasam, CHPB Lanka - to showcase community-based approaches to disaster mitigation and livelihood security. In Sri Lanka, two pilot Mr. R.M.S. Bandara, NBRO community-based initiatives were implemented by ITDG and NBRO. The project had two distinct components. A structural Mr. Kishan Sugathapala, NBRO component that involved construction of drains, community mobilization and awareness creation. Mrs. Madavi Ariyabandu, ITDG

ITDG-South Asia Author: ITDG South Asia 5 Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha, Kirulapone Colombo 5, Sri Lanka Editors: Ms. Christine Apikul Tel: (94-1) 829-412 Fax: (94-1) 856-188 URL: http://www.itdg.slt.lk Email: [email protected] Mr. Srinivasan Iyer

SLUMDMP

The Sri Lanka Urban Multi-Hazard Disaster Mitigation Project (SLUMDMP) was launched in September 1997 under the Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program (AUDMP) of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). The objective is to reduce the vulnerability of Sri Lankan cities to landslides, flood and typhoons. Through activities in Ratnapura, Nawalapitiya, Kandy, Colombo and cities along the Kelani river, the SLUMDMP promoted awareness, built capacities and developed tools for incorporating risk management into urban development planning and implementation.

Project Partners

Implementation: Funding:

Center for Housing, Planning National Building Research Urban Development Authority Office of Foreign Disaster and Building (CHPB) Organization (NBRO) (UDA) Assistance (OFDA), No. 33, Sunil Mawatha, 99-1 Jawatte road, Colombo Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla U.S. Agency for Pelawatta, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka International Development Sri Lanka Tel: (94-1) 588-946, 501-834 Tel: (94-1) 875-912 (USAID) Tel: (94-1) 785-628 Fax: (94-1) 502-611 Fax: (94-1) 883-670 Fax: (94-1) 785-629 URL: http://www.nbro.gov.lk URL: http://www.chpb.gov.lk E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

AUDMP

The Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program (AUDMP) is the first and largest regional program implemented by ADPC. The AUDMP started in 1995 with core funding from USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) until 2003. The program was developed with the recognition of increased disaster vulnerability of urban populations, infrastructure, critical facilities and shelter in Asian cities. In an environment where good governance and decentralization are high in most countries’ political agenda, AUDMP aims to demonstrate the importance of and strategic approaches to urban disaster mitigation as part of the urban development planning process in targeted cities of Asia.

AUDMP supports this demonstration by building the capacity of local authorities, national governments, NGOs, businesses and others responsible for establishing public and private sector mechanisms for urban disaster mitigation as part of city management. AUDMP also facilitates knowledge sharing and dialogue between key stakeholders to promote replication of AUDMP approaches to other cities and countries worldwide. Currently, the AUDMP approaches have been introduced and sustained by national partner institutions in targeted cities of Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.

ADPC The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) is a regional resource center dedicated to safer communities and sustainable development through disaster risk reduction in Asia and the Pacific. Established in 1986 in Bangkok, Thailand, ADPC is recognized as an important focal point for promoting disaster awareness and developing capabilities to foster institutionalized disaster management and mitigation policies.

For more information, please get in touch with us at: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Tel: (66-2) 516-5900 to 10 P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang Fax: (66-2) 524-5350 Pathumthani 12120 E-mail: [email protected] THAILAND URL: http://www.adpc.net Contact: Information Scientist E-mail: [email protected] 8 Safer Cities 5, AUDMP